工程碩士英文入學考試完形與閱讀.ppt

1、能夠運用英語語言知識,在語篇的水平上理解一篇150200詞的題材熟悉、難度適中的一般性短文，并完成短文中的選擇填空。,完形填空題,單詞及詞組 詞的搭配 基本句型結構 語法規(guī)則 上下文邏輯關系,完型填空,詞匯及搭配知識,語法及句法知識,-語篇知識,在語篇水平上對英語的理解及應用能力,這不僅需要詞匯知識、語法知識，還需要對文章上下文邏輯關系有清晰的認識。 完形填空所進行的“閱讀理解”是對短文的情節(jié)、內(nèi)容進行理解，結合上下文，對選擇項進行正確判斷，使短文的意思和結構完整。,詞匯知識,1. 名詞的可數(shù)不可數(shù)，加不加s，前面用什么限定形式 2. 形容詞、副詞用什么級 3. 代詞的性、數(shù)和格是否對應 4.

2、 動詞用及物還是不及物 5. 動詞用謂語形式還是非謂語形式，前者用什么時、體、語態(tài)、語氣；后者用什么體、語態(tài) 6. 情態(tài)動詞用哪種情態(tài)意義 7. 連詞用連接副詞還是介詞 8. 介詞由后面的名詞（介詞賓語）決定還是受前面的詞（動詞、名詞或形容詞）的支配 9. 詞形相近，拼寫哪個正確，各為什么詞性，如為動詞，哪個及物哪個不及物 10. 詞的意義，根據(jù)上下文需用什么意義的詞 11. 詞義相近，有何差異（有搭配和上下文決定取舍）,句法結構知識,1. 空檔所缺應是什么句子成分 2. 主語和謂語動詞是什么，主謂是否一致 3. 空檔所在句是什么句型（陳述、否定、疑問、祈使） 4. 空檔所在句是否涉及什么特殊

3、句型（存在、強調、省略、倒裝） 5. 句子是否需要或已經(jīng)用了倒裝 6. 句子是否完整，動詞缺不缺補足成分 7. 句中包含什么類型的從句，從句完整不完整 8. 兩個分句在意義上是什么關系（并列分句或主從句），該用什么意義上的連接詞,搭配知識,1. 習語、慣用法的固定搭配 2. 關聯(lián)詞，句中有沒有與空缺相呼應的關聯(lián)部分 3. 動詞需什么類型的主語 4. 動詞需什么類型的狀語修飾語 5. 動詞允許有哪些動詞搭配模式，后接什么類型的賓語（從句、雙賓語、復合賓語等），賓語用不定式還是動名詞 6. 動詞、名詞、形容詞需什么介詞與之搭配 7. 形容詞允許用什么形容詞搭配模式，后接從句、不定式還是介詞短語 8

4、. 動詞與賓語名詞的搭配用法 9. 名詞需什么類型的修飾語,語篇知識,表示轉折：but, yet, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, 表示并列：and, or, for, neither, nor 表示遞進：also, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition, 表示讓步：although, though, as, despite, in spite of, for all 表示列舉：first(ly), first of all, to start/begin with, second(ly),

5、third(ly), then, next, last, finally, for one thingfor another thing 表示舉例：for example, for instance, takefor example, such as 表示解釋：namely, in other words, in fact, rather, actually 表示強調：indeed, certainly, above all 表示比較：similarly, likewise, like, in comparison (with) 表示對比：in/by contrast (to), unlike

6、, on the contrary, contrary to, in opposition to 表示原因：because, since, now that, as 表示結果：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result, in consequence, accordingly 表示總結：in conclusion, to sum up, in short, in brief, in a word, on the whole, finally, ultimately 表示時間：at the same time, in the mea

7、ntime, meanwhile, while ,閱讀理解,能夠綜合運用英語語言知識和基本閱讀技能，讀懂難度適中的一般性題材和體裁的文章。能夠基本上掌握文章大意并能領會作者的意圖和態(tài)度。,閱讀理解題,歸納概括題(主旨題) 正誤判斷題 推理結論題 暗示推測題 語氣態(tài)度題,客觀試題,細節(jié)論據(jù)題 詞匯釋義題,主觀試題,基本語言知識,1. 詞匯知識 - 核心,構成文章的基礎 2. 語法知識 -組詞造句的手段,構成文章的必要條件 3. 文體知識 -連句成章的手段,使文章豐富多彩,1. 能夠掌握文章的中心思想、主要內(nèi)容和細節(jié)； 2. 理解上下文的邏輯關系,能根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義; 3. 能根據(jù)所讀材料進行一

8、定的判斷和推論; 4. 能對文章的結構和作者的態(tài)度等作出分析和判斷,基本閱讀技能,主旨大意題,具體提問方式通常為： 1. What is the main idea/ the subject of the passage? 2.The key point/The main idea of the passage /The best summary is _. 3.The passage mainly deals with (is mainly about) _. 4.Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the articl

9、e? 5.The main point the author makes in the passage is _. 6.The best suitable title for the passage would might be _. 7.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? 8.The authors purpose of writing this passage is _.,要把握文章的中心，首先必須抓住每一段落的中心，然后就可歸納出文章的中心思想。而各個段落的要點一般是由主題句體現(xiàn)的。,事實和細節(jié)題 問句式,What do

10、es (did) somebody (something) do? What do people like to do for? What effect did something have on? What is (was) the purpose of? Why is (was) if necessary for somebody (not) to do something? Why is (was) somebody becoming? Where should somebody do something? Where is (was)located? How many (days, m

11、onths, years, hours, minutes, etc.) does (did) somebody do something? How/when did something happen? Which of the following people should (not) do it? Which of the following did somebody have to deal with?,事實和細節(jié)題 不完整的陳述句式,Somebody has (had) been known to do something only when he (she) is (was) . Ac

12、cording to the passage, somebody does (did) something (in order) to The value of something amounts to A certain kind of person is someone who People are looking for better ways to From their experience, they concluded that When doing something, it is important to Apparently he (she) felt (thought) t

13、hat When “it” happened, he was doing The reason why he did it was According to the author, “it” was caused by ,事實和細節(jié)題 排除式,In the passage, the author refers to something or somebody as all of the following except . Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? According to the passage, whic

14、h of the following is NOT true? Which of the following is NOT stated in ? Which of the following is NOT listed as ? Which of the following is NOT necessary for ? From the report you can NOT get the information of Which of the following is NOT included in the display? Which of the following could NOT

15、 be a consumer as described in the passage? The author does NOT tell us ,判斷推理題,有關判斷推理題常見的題型有： It can be inferred from the passage that The writer implies that The author apparently suggests that Which of the following cant be inferred from the passage? It can be concluded from the passage that The p

16、aragraph preceding this one would most likely state Where would this paragraph most probably appear? The purpose of this passage is ,推理題,1. 對文章中某些細節(jié)的推斷; 2.針對主題思想，作者的意圖的推斷 3.針對作者思路的推斷； 4.針對作者的態(tài)度、語氣、觀點的推斷,1. The student looked at his returned exam. He tore it up and threw it in the waste basket. Q: Wh

17、at inference can we make from this sentence? 2. The child took a toy off the shelf in the store. Her mother spoke to her and she began to cry. Q: What do you think her mother said to her? Why did the child cry? 3. The student took a book from the shelf in the library. Then he put it back. Q: Did the

18、 student get the book he was looking for? 4. Let me say immediately that if I thought more gun control laws would help diminish the tragic incidence of robberies, muggings, rapes and murders in the United States, I would be the first to vote for them. Q: What did the author think of the gun control

19、laws? 5. While the strike was on, the students had to clean their own dormitories. Q: Did the students clean their own dormitories as a rule? Who held the strike?,In the living room, the grandmother sat in her usual chair. She looked down at her lap while one hand absently stroked the other. The mot

20、her pressed the drip-dry mens shirts, one after the other, and hung them on hangers with more than the usual thump of her iron and clanking of the hangers. Every few minutes she glanced at the wall clock, with a worried twitch of her eyebrows. Davey, the ten-year-old, ran into the room and turned on

21、 the television. But the mother pushed past him, snapped it off, and gritted between her teeth, “You cant have that boob tube on tonight!” he opened his mouth in surprise, then turned and ran out, slamming the door. Once again, the iron thumped, the shirt hangers clanked. To the two women, the hands

22、 of the clock seemed to be paralyzed. 1. What are some of the stated details? 2. What feeling or emotion is implied by these black-type phrases and words in the passage? 3. What are some of the simple unstated facts? 4. What deeper inference can we make about this situation?,推理時必須： 1. 理解文章的字面意義； 2.

23、注意作者遣詞造句的特點，弄清詞的含蓄意義； 3. 提醒自己作者想讓我們推斷什么； 4. 利用文章中明確表示的內(nèi)容，進行推理，挖掘作者在文章中的隱含意義。 必須記?。涸谕评頃r，要忠于原文，要在文章中尋找并確定可供推理的依據(jù)，即 已知的部分- 推理的前提，從中推測出未知的部分- 推理的結果，切忌把自己的觀點當作作者的觀點。,作者在寫一篇文章時，經(jīng)常持有某種態(tài)度或傾向。在表露自己感情態(tài)度時，作者往往非常注意表達思想的不同方法。作者的語氣和態(tài)度往往不是直接在文章中寫出來，而是通過對詞匯的選擇或其他修辭手段(如：嘲諷、諷刺等)體現(xiàn)出來。運用不同含義或具有不同感情色彩的詞匯，可以表明作者對某些具體事物或問

24、題的不同態(tài)度。因此要特別注意琢磨文中所使用詞匯的特點，可以通過對作者使用詞匯(特別是動詞、形容詞和副詞)的分析，推斷作者的思想傾向和感情，弄清作者的態(tài)度是贊成，還是反對；是肯定還是否定；是中立、冷淡還是同情、厭惡等，從而把握作者的論述基調。,觀點態(tài)度題,通常有以下幾種方式： 1. According to the author, _. 2. In the authors opinion, _. 3. The author thinks (believes, suggests, deems) that _. 4. The author gives impression that _. 5. How does the author feel about _. 6. What is the authors opinion (idea) about _? 7. Which of the following will the author agree (disagree) with? 8. The authors attitude towards might be summarized an one of _. 9. The tone of the passage can best be described as (is) _. 10. What