（5年高考3年模擬A版）天津市高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題三推理判斷課件.pptx

1、專(zhuān)題三推理判斷,高考英語(yǔ)（天津?qū)Ｓ茫?一、以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行判斷 判斷是指對(duì)已知的事實(shí)仔細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)之后做出的合理的決定。這里所說(shuō)的合理的決定,并非指唯一的決定。對(duì)同一事實(shí)所作的判斷可能不止一個(gè)。譬如,兩個(gè)人都對(duì)某天早晨的陰天作了觀察,一個(gè)人可能會(huì)做出天要下雨的判斷,出門(mén)時(shí)帶了雨傘;而另一個(gè)判斷天將放晴,因此出門(mén)時(shí)沒(méi)帶雨傘。誰(shuí)的判斷是正確的,只有等未來(lái)的天氣變化后才能得到驗(yàn)證。人們不僅在生活中需要進(jìn)行判斷,在閱讀中同樣需要進(jìn)行判斷。 在閱讀中判斷,一定要以材料提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù),做出的判斷要合乎情,方法技巧,理。閱讀判斷的方法和步驟如下: 1.通過(guò)辨認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)的技巧,了解并理解有關(guān)的事實(shí)或證據(jù)。 2

2、.對(duì)這些事實(shí)或證據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和評(píng)價(jià)。 3.在分析和評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上作合理的決定。有時(shí)需要借助常識(shí)做決定。 如: 例The brown bear approached the family in order to. A.catch shore birdsB.start an attack C.protect the childrenD.set up a barrier for itself (原文) The Brown Bear My wife Laura and I were on the beach,with three of our children,taking,pictures of sho

3、re birds near our home in Alaska when we spotted a bear.The bear was thin and small,moving aimlessly. Just a few minutes later,I heard my daughter shouting,“Dad!The bear is right behind us!”An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the last mi

4、nute.This one was silent and its ears pinned backthe sign(跡象)of an animal that is going in for the kill.And it was a cold April day.The bear behaved abnormally,probably because of hunger. I held my camera tripod(三腳架)in both hands to form a barrier as the bear rushed into me.Its huge head was level w

5、ith my chest and shoulders,and the tripod stuck across its mouth.It bit down and I found myself supporting its weight.I knew I would not be able to hold it for long.,分析根據(jù)文章第二段第二句和第三句 An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the last minute. T

6、his one was silent and its ears pinned backthe sign of an ani-mal that is going in for the kill. 可以判斷出這頭熊接近這家人是要展開(kāi)攻擊,故選擇B項(xiàng)。 文中所描述的細(xì)節(jié)很清晰地闡述了熊的行為,但由于問(wèn)題和選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置,需要考生將細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行處理做出簡(jiǎn)單判斷才能獲取正確答案。,二、緊扣文章主旨進(jìn)行推理 推論不同于判斷。盡管二者都以事實(shí)為依據(jù),但推論超越了已知的事實(shí),是對(duì)未知所作的陳述。假如一個(gè)司機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)馬路前方圍著一大群人, 他就會(huì)對(duì)此(已知的事實(shí))做出發(fā)生了車(chē)禍的推論;如果他發(fā)現(xiàn)馬路前方有一個(gè)小孩在玩皮球,

7、他必須立即做出緊急剎車(chē)或從側(cè)面繞過(guò)去的判斷。 在閱讀中,讀者要從文字的表面深入到字里行間,理解所讀的內(nèi)容,悟出作者的言外之意。 只有對(duì)字面的含義有了深刻的理解,方可推斷出作者未明確說(shuō)出來(lái)的意思、作者的態(tài)度及寫(xiě)作的意圖等。下面舉幾個(gè)文學(xué)作品的例子,說(shuō)明如何在閱讀中作推論。 (1).The young man quickly answered,“Yes,sir.” 從“quickly”和“Yes,sir.”可以推論出,說(shuō)話者似乎態(tài)度謙卑,甚至有,點(diǎn)誠(chéng)惶誠(chéng)恐。 (2)“.Lots of people think Im just a green kid(child).Ill show them.” g

8、reen原意為“綠色的”,由此引申為“不成熟的”,green kid可以理解為“毛孩子”。從“Ill show them.”可推論出兩層意思:“許多人認(rèn)為我只是個(gè)毛孩子,我要做個(gè)樣子讓他們看看?！?表示很自信);“許多人認(rèn)為我只是個(gè)毛孩子,我要給他們一點(diǎn)顏色看看?！?威脅的口氣) (3)When the phone finally rang,Joe leaped from the edge(邊緣)of his chair and grabbed(搶;抓)for it. 在這段材料中,有幾個(gè)能引發(fā)聯(lián)想的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ):finally,leaped,edge以及grabbed?！癴inally”這個(gè)詞暗

9、示Joe 等電話已多時(shí)了。“l(fā)eaped”和“grabbed”暗示他的緊張而迫不及待的心情。“from the edge of his,chair”暗示他坐臥不安地期待著。讀者從上述的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)可以推論出作者的真正意圖是說(shuō)明這個(gè)電話很重要。如果作者不制造懸念,而采用直接描寫(xiě)的手法(如下所示),就會(huì)平鋪直敘,激發(fā)不出讀者的想象力,文章也就失去了感染力。 Joe was very nervous and anxious as he waited for an important phone.Un-able to relax for a moment,he sat on the edge of his

10、 chair.When the phone rang,Joe reached for it. 讀者應(yīng)該記住,推論一定要緊扣文章中提供的事實(shí)和證據(jù)。離開(kāi)文章中的事實(shí),曲解文章的事實(shí),或?qū)ξ恼碌氖聦?shí)缺乏全面的了解,都可能會(huì)做出不合理的推論。如: The old man staggered(搖搖晃晃地走)along the sidewalk.He grabbed at,the picket fence to keep from falling.His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind. 粗心的讀者可能會(huì)從“staggered”,“gr

11、abbed.from falling” 推斷出這個(gè)老人喝醉了。但這種推論缺乏足夠的證據(jù),因?yàn)樽x者忽略了“His torn gray overcoat.in the winter wind”這一事實(shí)。事實(shí)上,作者描寫(xiě)了一幅凄涼的情景。合理的推論應(yīng)該是:這個(gè)老人上了年紀(jì),貧病交加,身體很虛弱。 在做閱讀題時(shí),經(jīng)常能夠遇到推理判斷題,幫助學(xué)生解題的一個(gè)重要方法就是緊扣文章的主旨,這樣所做出的推斷才是合理且與文章的中心思想相符的。如: The story of Grace inspires people to.,A.stick to their dreams B.treat animals frien

12、dly C.treasure what they have D.face difficulties bravely (原文) Tail Spin Two dolphins race around in a big pool in the Ocean Park.The smaller dol-phin,Grace,shows off a few of her tricks,turning around and waving hello to the crowd.The most amazing thing about her,however,is that shes even swimming

13、at all.She doesnt have a tail.,Grace lost her tail as a baby when she got caught up in a fish trap.When the dolphin arrived at the Ocean Park in December 2005,she was fighting for her life.“Is she going to make it?”Her trainer,Abbey Stone,feared the worst.Grace did make itbut her tail didnt.She ende

14、d up losing her flukes and the lower part of her peduncle. Over the past six years,she has learned to swim without her tail.Dolphins,swim by moving their flukes and peduncle up and down.Grace taught her-self to move another waylike a fish!She pushes herself forward through the water by moving her pe

15、duncle from side to side. The movements put harmful pressure on Graces backbone.So a company offered to create a man-made tail for her.The tail had to be strong enough to stay on Grace as she swam but soft enough that it wouldnt hurt her. The first time Grace wore the artificial tail,she soon shook

16、it off and let it sink to the bottom of the pool.Now,she is still learning to use the tail.Some days she wears it for an hour at a time,others not at all.“The new tail isnt necessary for her to feel comfortable,”says Stone,“but it helps to keep that range of motion(動(dòng)作)and build muscles(肌肉).”,Now,the

17、 dolphin is about to get an even happier ending.This month,Grace will star in Dolphin Tale,a film that focuses on her rescue and recovery.Her progress has inspired more than just a new movie.Many people travel from near and far to meet her.Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail gives people so muc

18、h courage. 分析通過(guò)審題我們可以看出此題需要考生通過(guò)對(duì)全文的理解抓住主旨,然后再針對(duì)作者的寫(xiě)作目的進(jìn)行合理推斷。文中的海豚Grace在面對(duì)困難時(shí)沒(méi)有放棄,而是勇敢地面對(duì)和克服困難,這讓讀者通過(guò)Grace的故事受到了啟發(fā),就像文章最后一句寫(xiě)到的那樣:“Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail gives people so much courage”,所以緊扣主旨可 以推測(cè)出本題選擇D項(xiàng)。,三、準(zhǔn)確推測(cè)作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度 在一篇文章中,不管作者對(duì)某一觀點(diǎn)是支持、反對(duì)還是中立,是同情、冷漠還是失望,是批評(píng)還是贊揚(yáng),主觀還是客觀,都表達(dá)了作者一定的觀點(diǎn)和

19、態(tài)度。只是這些觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的提出有的直截了當(dāng),有的隱含在字里行間,有的通過(guò)所用詞語(yǔ)的褒貶來(lái)體現(xiàn),有的則需要通讀全文,把握主旨才能領(lǐng)會(huì)。一般情況下,所選的文章不帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩,因此不會(huì)引起太大的爭(zhēng)議和分歧。 有關(guān)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的試題可細(xì)分為作者態(tài)度題(支持或贊同;中立或客觀;懷疑、批評(píng)或反對(duì))和作者觀點(diǎn)題(表明作者對(duì)某事物的觀點(diǎn))。題干中的關(guān)鍵詞有attitude,opinion,tone等。其命題模式如下:,(1)某一事物是好是壞,作者對(duì)它是支持還是反對(duì),態(tài)度都非常明確,而帶中立色彩的詞最不可能是正確答案。在問(wèn)作者對(duì)某事物的態(tài)度時(shí),表示“客觀”的詞多為正確選項(xiàng),如:objective,impa

20、rtial等;問(wèn)作者對(duì)其提到的人或事的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度時(shí),答案只能是肯定或否定,支持或反對(duì)。如:critical,approving,disapproving,supporting等。 (2)既然寫(xiě)了文章,那么作者的態(tài)度就不可能是漠不關(guān)心的,因此見(jiàn)到in-different,uninterested這類(lèi)詞可以首先排除。 (3)考生不要把自己的好惡態(tài)度混進(jìn)去,要注意區(qū)分作者本人的態(tài)度和作者引用的觀點(diǎn)的態(tài)度。 (4)當(dāng)作者的態(tài)度沒(méi)有明確提出時(shí),考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者使用的詞語(yǔ)的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度,如:wonderful(ly),successful(ly),positive(ly),ac-,tive(l

21、y),negative(ly),unfortunate(ly),doubtful(ly)等。 (5)區(qū)別作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度與其他人的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度。文章中陳述的內(nèi)容并非都是作者的觀點(diǎn),作者引用別人的觀點(diǎn)時(shí),是作為支持或抨擊的對(duì)象,因此別人的觀點(diǎn)是為了證明作者觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。作者的觀點(diǎn)一般與文章主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)。如: What is the authors general attitude towards the book? A.Contradictory.B.Supportive. C.Cautious.D.Critical. (原文) Science has a lot of uses.It can unc

22、over laws of nature,cure diseases,make bombs,and help bridges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it,does that theres always a temptation(誘惑)to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful.David Brooks,author of The Social Animal:The Hid-den Sources of Love,Character,and Achievement,a

23、ppears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation. Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal,however,is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books.It is an at-tempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on b

24、ig ques-tions:What has science revealed about human nature?What are the sources of character?And why are some people happy and successful while others arent? To answer these questions,Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines(學(xué),科).Considering this,you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of

25、 facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(非常規(guī)的),and perhaps unfortunate,way.Instead of introducing scientific theories,he tells a story,within which he tries to make his points,perhaps in order to keep the readers attention.So as Harold and Erica,the hero and heroine in his story,li

26、ve through childhood,we hear about the science of child development,and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters. On the whole,Brookss story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would ex-pect,his writing is mo

27、stly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers,how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems

28、partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science. 分析本文作者介紹了Brooks寫(xiě)的一本書(shū),有些考生認(rèn)為既然是介紹這本書(shū),那么作者對(duì)所介紹的書(shū)就應(yīng)該持支持態(tài)度。做題切不可主觀臆斷,一定要綜合全文,從字里行間盡可能多地尋找能夠體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的表達(dá)。從文章第三段中的“But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox, and perhaps unfortunate,way.”和最后一段可以看出作者對(duì)這本書(shū)的態(tài)度是批評(píng)的。,注意:找文中帶有感情色彩的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,根據(jù)作者 使用詞語(yǔ)的褒貶性來(lái)判斷作者的態(tài)度。一般來(lái)講,如果文中出現(xiàn)的褒義詞比較多,那么作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往是正面或積極的;如果文中出現(xiàn)的貶義詞較多,那么作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往是負(fù)面或消極的;如果文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)多少表示褒貶的詞語(yǔ),通篇使用的都是中性詞語(yǔ),那么作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往是中立的。 表示積極的詞:suppor