詞句段落文章結(jié)構(gòu)的寫法.doc

詞的寫法1. 一般詞匯和具體詞匯 比較而言，有些詞比另一些詞的意思要具體些。例如professionals和scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists等詞相比意思更為廣泛，但scientists和physicists, chemists相比，意思又泛了一些。 具體詞匯有助于使文章清楚、準(zhǔn)確、生動(dòng)和鮮明，因?yàn)榕c一般詞匯相比，具體詞匯的信息量大表達(dá)力強(qiáng)。試比較： a good man kind, honest, just, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorable good food tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, fresh, appetizing , abundant 運(yùn)用具體詞匯和提供細(xì)節(jié)應(yīng)結(jié)合起來，這樣便可產(chǎn)生有效果的、給人深刻印象的章。例如： General: It is often windy and dusty here in spring. Specific: In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs. General: Students do many interesting things after classes. Specific: Every morning and afternoon the sports fields are alive with energetic students. Football and basketball matches, volleyball, and badminton, track-training and gymnastics are all in full swing. Even the alleyways under the trees and around the flower beds provide enough space for enthusiasts to practice. Through the windows comes the pitter-patter of ping-pong balls, the sound of songs and music, or laughter and discussion.2. 用詞寬度要適當(dāng)好的短文不僅用詞貼切，還會(huì)有一定的用詞寬度（breadth of vocabulary）。描寫同一事物或表達(dá)同一概念，可供選擇使用的詞語常常有很多。例如： 修飾名詞weather的形容詞褒義：agreeable, charming, clear, fine, pleasant, splendid, warm貶義：awful, bad, cold, dull, frightful, terrible, wretched 修飾名詞development的形容詞表性質(zhì)：alarming, amazing, full, general, great, important, new, recent, startling表種類：commercial, economic, historical, human, industrial, intellectual, national, social 修飾形容詞necessary的副詞absolutely, entirely, highly, imperatively, most 修飾動(dòng)詞increase的副詞gradually, greatly, highly, largely, rapidly, remarkably, slightly, steadily3. 習(xí)語習(xí)語是有特殊意思的固定詞組，其意思和組成這個(gè)習(xí)語的各個(gè)詞的意思大步相同。例如read a book便不是一個(gè)習(xí)語，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)短語的意思就是組成它的三個(gè)詞的意思的結(jié)合，而且還可以換成別的詞，諸如a newspaper, a novel等。但就不同了：組成這個(gè)短語的四個(gè)詞單獨(dú)都不表示這個(gè)短語的意思，而且更換其中任何一個(gè)詞該詞組就不成為一個(gè)可以讓人看懂的短語。英語中的習(xí)語很豐富。下面各種類型的習(xí)語是最常見的：Phrasal verbs put up with Turn out Come acrossN.+prep.+n. a straw in the wind The apple of ones eye Like a fish out of water In a world of ones own Prep.+n on the air At length With flying colors V.+n. kill two birds with one stone go to the dogs as as as easy as pie as big as life as different as night and day as poor as a church mousePairs of words high and dry in black and white touch and go Sayings A stitch in time saves nine. Take it or leave it. Love me, love my dog.1. We should try to use their knowledge and skill to our advantage. We should utilize their knowledge and skill to our advantage. 2. There are great changes in recent years. There are dramatic changes in recent years. 3. If you are going to live in a foreign country, you must be used to new manners and customs. If you are going to live in a foreign country, you must adapt yourself to new manners and customs. 4. Mr. Wang will be free tomorrow afternoon. Mr. Wang will be available tomorrow afternoon. 5. We want more changes in our food here. We demand more variety in our food here. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)類型英語句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜程度可分為：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型：1. 主語+謂語動(dòng)詞（+狀語）此句型特點(diǎn)：該句型中動(dòng)詞后面不帶賓語，所以用于此句型的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是不及物動(dòng)詞。Man proposes; God disposes. 謀事在人，成事在天。Modesty benefits; pride hurts. 謙受益，滿招損。The sun rises and the sun sets. 日升日落。這種句型謂語動(dòng)詞后往往帶有狀語：Great minds think alike. 英雄所見略同。The sun sets in the west. 太陽從西邊落下。2 主語+系動(dòng)詞+主語補(bǔ)足語（表語）此句型特點(diǎn)：句中動(dòng)詞一般是動(dòng)詞或其他系動(dòng)詞。 最常見的是形容詞、名詞（短語）作表語：He looks unhappy.The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.The best proof of love is trust.Bread is the staff of life. 也可用介詞短語作表語：Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 副詞不能作表語：He looks happily. (wrong) 在英語中，除了動(dòng)詞以外，還有以下系動(dòng)詞：a) 表主語特征、狀態(tài)：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appearThe iron feels hot. The food tastes delicious.b) 表主語由一種狀態(tài)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài)：become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, comefall asleepgo hungry; go sour; go wrongHope your dreams will come true.c) 表主語保持某種狀態(tài)：continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, proveThe weather continued fine for several days.He held silent for the whole day.He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy.You may rest assured that he will come to the party.d) 近似于不及物動(dòng)詞的系動(dòng)詞：sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be bornAll the audience sat silent.He was born poor. She married young. (She was young when she married.) He died young.3 主語+謂語+賓語 英語中絕大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞適用于這一句型，而且能作賓語的成分很多。 Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能當(dāng)飯吃。 I want to go home now. （不定式作賓語） Ive finished reading the book. （動(dòng)名詞作賓語） Ill pick you up this evening. （代詞作賓語）4 主語+謂語+雙賓語有些動(dòng)詞后邊需要兩個(gè)賓語：一個(gè)指人的賓語，稱之為間接賓語；另一個(gè)指物的賓語，稱之為直接賓語。間接賓語和直接賓語統(tǒng)稱為雙賓語。 He showed the guard his passport. I will buy you a meal. He showed his passport to the guard. I will buy a meal for you.5 主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語） 有些動(dòng)詞后面接賓語時(shí)意思不完整，因而在賓語后還需接補(bǔ)充說明賓語的補(bǔ)足語賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語統(tǒng)稱為復(fù)合賓語。常見帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, leave, find, make, vote, etc.They appointed John chairman.I believe him to be true.The chairman declared the meeting over.They elected John chairman.You can leave the door open.注意：區(qū)分雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語 比較： I made John our chairman. I made John a cake. 判斷兩種賓語的方法: 在賓語后加上be動(dòng)詞，若能構(gòu)成完整的句子，則是補(bǔ)足語。 John is our chairman. John is a cake.句子的類型句子按結(jié)構(gòu)劃分有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句和并列復(fù)合句四種。簡(jiǎn)單句只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而且句子的各個(gè)成分都由單詞或短語表示，但可以有幾個(gè)賓語、定語和狀語。例如：1) Time is money.2) Computer can also help children of all ages with lessons and homework.3) Only by bringing into full play the intelligence and wisdom of the whole nation can we attain our lofty goal of accomplishing socialist modernization.注意：有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的句子，像He and his brother went to town and bought a pile of books.這樣的句子，再有的語法書上算簡(jiǎn)單句，但在有的書上算并列句。并列句包含兩個(gè)或更多的獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句，用并列連詞（）連接起來，也可以不用連詞而用分號(hào)連接。 The heavy rain started suddenly, and we stopped our marching. Frank wanted to go swimming; Mary decided to go shopping. We must redouble our efforts, or we will never be able to catch up with the others.復(fù)合句包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或更多的從句，并用連詞來表明它們之間的關(guān)系。從句可以當(dāng)全句的某一成分，如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和同位語。一般說來，主句表述主要的意思，次要從句表述次要的意思。 并列復(fù)合句即并列句和復(fù)合句的結(jié)合。它至少有兩個(gè)從句和一個(gè)次要從句。例如：When the bell rang, jack was listening to a tape and Linda was reading.After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drop her course.句型多樣化1. I met a writer who is related to a politician. (5)I met a newspaper writer who is related to a senator. (56)I met a columnist who is related to a senator from New York. (67)I met the columnist William F. Buckley, who is related to Senator James L. Buckley of New York. (78)I met the columnist William F. Buckley, who is the brother of Senator James L. Buckley of New York. (8)2. Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. 3. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.4. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers.Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a littleguilty. b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort tosmoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes. a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. b) It is widely / commonly thought / believed / held / accepted that birth control is quite necessary in China. a) Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years. The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States.復(fù)雜句復(fù)雜句的六種內(nèi)部關(guān)系：1. cause and effect 因果關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞：1) 表示原因：as, since, due to ,owing to2) 表示結(jié)果：hence, thus, therefore, as a consequence, as a result, consequently3) thereby (通過這種方法可以) The ecological problems are being aggravated; hence, it is imperative that we take measures to curb the pollution of the environment. The government should raise the public awareness of environment preservation, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable environment.2. exemplification舉例關(guān)系 標(biāo)志詞：takefor example, for instance, to illustrate, as an apt illustration, consider, for example, namely The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate. Take China for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is standard practice for them to choose Hollywood blockbusters over domestic films. Animals are humans companions. As an apt illustration, dolphins often rescue sailors from sinking ships.3. comparison and contrast對(duì)比關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞：while/ whereas/ whilst, in contrast While/ whereas/ whilst modern man leads a stressful life, our ancestors could often perform their business in a leisurely fashion. The educational and medical facilities in big cities are mostly very advanced. In contrast, their counterparts in the country tend to be inferior quality.4. concession讓步關(guān)系 標(biāo)志詞：despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, nonetheless, nevertheless, even though, even if In spite of the disadvantages animal experimentation can bring about, many scientists insist on continuing this practice. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; nonetheless, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research.5. supposition假設(shè)關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞：provided that, suppose that Provided that we can minimize the pain of test animals, animal experimentation should be continued. Suppose that large companies are moved to the countryside, the traffic congestion in cities will be alleviated substantially.6. modification修飾關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞：that , which In this day and age, we have a proliferation of buildings that look exactly like the buildings our ancestors built. Today, teenage students are under increasingly severe stress in their studies, which has disturbed and alarmed many adults.英語造句的基本原則1. 完整（統(tǒng)一性）一個(gè)完整的句子表達(dá)單一的完整的思想。1) Born in a small town in South China I the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.2) He was bon in a small town in South China in the early50s. In his childhood he liked to sing. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician.原句的兩部分之間沒有邏輯上的聯(lián)系，因?yàn)樵?0年代初出生于華南一個(gè)小城市的人并不一定會(huì)成為著名的音樂家。這個(gè)句子因此缺少完整性。改后的句子解釋了那人是怎樣成了音樂家的。1) Du fu was one of the greatest poets.2) Du fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Period.第一句有毛病，因?yàn)樗磉_(dá)的思想不完整：時(shí)代和國(guó)家都沒提到。加了the Tang Period句子的意思就清楚了，因?yàn)槲覀兌贾捞剖侵袊?guó)歷史上一個(gè)朝代。注意：不隨意使用等連詞，以免把語義不相關(guān)的句子連在一起，造成句子概念模糊，意思混亂。例如：1) I was walking in the park yesterday morning and saw a snake.2) I saw a snake while I was walking in the park yesterday morning.I was walking in the park yesterday morning when I saw a snake.原句中前后的兩部分含義各自獨(dú)立，把其中一部分內(nèi)容改成從句就通順了。2. 連貫 連貫是指句子各部分之間清楚而合理的聯(lián)系。不連貫的句子通常有以下幾種毛?。浩叫薪Y(jié)構(gòu)有缺點(diǎn)，代詞指不清楚，修飾語與被修飾語的關(guān)系不明確，在人稱、數(shù)、語態(tài)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣上有混亂之處。1) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.2) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.平行的意思最好用平行的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，這樣會(huì)使句子清楚連貫以及重點(diǎn)突出。1) She told my sister that she was wrong.2) “I am wrong,” she said to my sister.My sister was told that she was wrong. 上面的句子代詞指代不清。第一句中的第二個(gè)she可以指主語，也可以指my sister。1) On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”2) When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up and said,On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said,1) I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen.2) I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportsmen.In a magazine I read an interesting story about sportsmen. 第一句中的似乎是修飾這個(gè)詞，而實(shí)際上應(yīng)修飾，這種模棱兩可的修飾應(yīng)避免，缺點(diǎn)都是修飾語沒有放在正確的位置造成的。Exercise:We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.1) We have great faith and high hopes for her.2) He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.3) To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.4) Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.5) The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.6) An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.7) Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.3. 簡(jiǎn)潔 英語中有句諺語：Brevity is the soul of wit.（言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。）簡(jiǎn)潔清楚是英語造句的一個(gè)重要原則。好的英語句子應(yīng)該使用最少的詞語表達(dá)完整的意思，盡量避免用詞重復(fù)和話語羅嗦。試比較下列各組句子：1) He returned in the early part of the month of august.2) He returned in early august.1) In my opinion, I think your plan is not feasible.2) In my opinion, your plan is not feasible.1) Mary is a quiet and careful woman.2) Mary is quiet and careful.1) The machine was designed jointly by the old engineer in collaboration with some foreign experts.2) The machine was designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some foreign experts.不難看出上述各組句子中前一句都存在語義重復(fù)的問題，改成后一句就簡(jiǎn)潔清楚了。4. 多樣性 英語寫作還要求所寫出的句子不能太刻板單調(diào)。如果在一篇短文中多次重復(fù)使用某一基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)或某一類型句子，句式缺乏多樣性，讀起來就會(huì)枯燥乏味。我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí)應(yīng)運(yùn)用多種句式，及借助于修辭、長(zhǎng)短句交替、變換句型、變換句子成份的位置等使文章的句是豐富多樣，內(nèi)容的表達(dá)饒有興趣。1) Against the wishes of her husband, she joined the cult-Falungong. (介詞短語提至句首起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用)2) Driving to work on Monday, Helen saw a terrible accident. (現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語)3) Angered by what I said, Charles slammed the door behind him. (過去分詞短語作原因狀語)4) To make our city greener, the government launched a campaign of afforestation. (不定式短語)5) Tired of study, I took a short break. (形容詞短語)Exercise 指出下列各句中的錯(cuò)誤，并加以改正：1) Our host entertained us with many interesting stories of adventure, he had been a member of an exploration team working in the Arctic.2) Lin looks like Li, however, they are not related.3) When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I had not heard him when he came back. Because I had been sleeping soundly.4) I lost some important documents and found them three days later. The police had helped me.5) Listening attentively, a faulty sound was heard.6) He returned back home after he graduated from college.7) These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.8) We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.常見錯(cuò)誤1. 中式英語 由于文化、傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)慣的不同以及語言本身的差異，英漢兩種語言對(duì)同一事物或同一概念的表達(dá)有時(shí)大相徑庭。例如：1) His body is very healthy.2) He is very healthy.1) Were difficult to finish all the work tonight.2) It is difficult for us to finish all the work tonight.We have difficulty finishing all the work tonight.1) He is much better after the operation. He is no longer dangerous.2) He is much better after the operation. He is no longer in danger.改正下面的中式句子：1) He only said a few sentences. He made us very disappointing.2) College students should touch the society.3) Money can buy many things.4) Why bicycles are so popular in China?5) There are many people like to go to the movies.2. 語言結(jié)構(gòu)問題a) 殘缺句把句子的某一部分當(dāng)作了完整的句子。1) Many people who were delivering bricks in the sun.2) Many people who were delivering bricks in the sun witnessed the terrible accident.1) He staggered along the trail. Without taking a rest or eating anything.2) He staggered along the trail, without taking a rest or eating anything.改錯(cuò)：1. How to work the machine?2. He walked over to the library. And borrowed the history book he needed.3. Although he was tired.b) 逗號(hào)錯(cuò)接句 逗號(hào)錯(cuò)接是指兩個(gè)句子之間錯(cuò)誤地用逗號(hào)加以連接，最典型的是用逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列句。例如：1) She cleaned the room, he prepared the lunch.2) She cleaned the room. He prepared the lunch. (分成兩句)She cleaned the room; he prepared the lunch. （改用分號(hào)）She cleaned the room and he prepared the lunch. （使用并列連詞）When she cleaned the room, he prepared the lunch. （改成主從關(guān)系）c) 不合乎邏輯的句子不合乎邏輯的句子主要有兩種：一種是錯(cuò)誤地省略了句中某些必要的詞語，使句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)及意義失去了完整性；另一種是句中的人稱、數(shù)、語氣、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)沒有保持一致，使句子邏輯混亂、意義含糊不清。例如：1) I waited much longer for you than Tom.2) I waited much longer for you than for Tom.I waited much longer for you than Tom did.1) Parents always have confidence and ambition for their children.2) Parents always have confidence in and ambition for their children.1) The government has already and will continue to make every effort to solve the problem.2) The government has already made and will continue to make every effort to solve the problem.d) 修飾語位置錯(cuò)置 除了主語和謂語之外，英語句子往往還需要一些修飾語（單詞、短語、從句等都可以充當(dāng)修飾語）。修飾語一般要緊靠修飾語的詞語，即“修飾語臨近”原則。違背了這條原則，有時(shí)會(huì)使句子產(chǎn)生歧義、破壞其連貫性或使其含義荒誕。例如：1) At length he wrote to her.He wrote to her at length.2) On the counter there are some yellow babies boots.On the counter there are some babies boots that tare yellow in colour.1) He wanted a cold glass of water.He wanted a glass of cold water.e) 平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤1) Our new car is not only more economical but also it is more comfortable than our old one.2) When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after our supper.段落文章的段落是由作者圍繞一個(gè)主題引出的一系列邏輯上相互關(guān)聯(lián)的句子組成的，一段話通常表達(dá)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或是與文章主題密切相關(guān)的分論點(diǎn)，一篇文章往往由幾個(gè)段落組成，可見段落是一篇文章的重要組成部分。一、中心句通常段落中的第一句話會(huì)陳述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或引出一個(gè)話題，；也就是此段的中心句，而其余各句都應(yīng)圍繞中心句展開，為其提供支撐，并在內(nèi)容上受其限制。因此，中心句往往是概括性的，不能太具體。但也應(yīng)注意不要過于抽象，如果中心句過于概括和抽象，我們將很難用幾句話說明這個(gè)問題。作為中心句的句子要意思明確，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單明了，通常位于段首。如：Science and technology have made our everyday life more convenient. Nowadays, electric lights make quicker and more accurate calculations. Whats more, with the help of the internet we may set t