英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比電子教案.doc

第八講第二章 英漢主語(yǔ)對(duì)比英漢主語(yǔ)的位置和語(yǔ)法功能基本一致，但某些情況下也有差異。本章主要內(nèi)容：無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)和有靈主語(yǔ)、主謂句和無(wú)主句、狀化主語(yǔ)。第一節(jié) 無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)和有靈主語(yǔ)有靈句：以人為施事主體；無(wú)靈句：以無(wú)生命的事物為施事主體，而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分是與人有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞。漢語(yǔ)無(wú)靈句較少，且多出于修辭原因，如擬人的修辭格。英語(yǔ)中大量存在。無(wú)靈句大致分為三類(lèi)：擬人化、半擬人化、無(wú)修辭色彩。1.擬人化無(wú)靈句Liquor talks mighty loud when it gets loose from the jug.Virtue and vice cannot dwell under the same roof.Facts speaks louder than words.The thirsty soil drank in the rain.My conscience told me that I couldnt treat small animals cruelly.A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.Misery loves company.Pride goes before a fall.Hunger knows no friend.可用擬人的手法翻譯：酒一出壺就大言不慚。美德與邪惡不能同室相居。事實(shí)勝于雄辯。干涸的土壤飽吸著雨水。我的良心告訴我，我不能殘忍地對(duì)待小動(dòng)物。當(dāng)真理剛剛穿上鞋子，謊言可能已周游了半個(gè)世界。同病相憐。驕傲使人落后。饑餓不認(rèn)朋友。討論： his love and joy knew no bound. 他的愛(ài)和歡樂(lè)不知邊界？不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的，用其它方式翻譯。如：他的愛(ài)和歡樂(lè)是無(wú)限的。他感到無(wú)限的愛(ài)和歡樂(lè)。2. 半擬人化無(wú)靈句See, witness 等動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，但擬人色彩已淡化，用來(lái)表示某種經(jīng)歷。He was wearing a rough gray coat, which had seen many winters.The next few years saw a series of bad harvest.Tian An Men Square witnessed the May 4th Movement.The following year saw the death of both sisters.The century has witnessed the rapid growth of electronic industry.The year 1871 witnessed the uprising of the Paris Commue.That house saw more worry and unhappiness.翻譯時(shí)，變換主語(yǔ)，用適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞。這件衣服已經(jīng)穿了好幾個(gè)冬天了。接下來(lái)的幾年收成都不好。五四運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生在天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)。第二年姊妹倆都去世了。本世紀(jì)電子工業(yè)得到了迅速發(fā)展。巴黎公社起義發(fā)生于1871年。更多的憂傷和不幸曾經(jīng)發(fā)生于那座房子。 3. 無(wú)修辭色彩無(wú)靈句某些無(wú)靈句已喪失擬人化的修辭色彩，詞類(lèi)句子中常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, happen, occur 等。His name escaped me for the moment.The sight of the old house reminds me of my poor life when I was young.A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large splendid hotel.The point slipped my attention.This matter strikes me as important.A serious accident happed to him.Suddenly a good idea occurred to me.翻譯時(shí)：主語(yǔ)有靈化。我一時(shí)想不起他的名字。一看見(jiàn)那間舊房，我便想起了年輕時(shí)的貧窮。穿過(guò)草地，沒(méi)幾步我就到了一家豪華的大旅館。我疏忽了這一點(diǎn)。我認(rèn)為這個(gè)問(wèn)題很重要。他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重車(chē)禍。我突然想起了一個(gè)好主意。第二節(jié) 主謂句與無(wú)主句這是英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的重大區(qū)別。漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句的五種分類(lèi)1. “有”+小句- 相當(dāng)于there be 結(jié)構(gòu)有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在操場(chǎng)上打球。有一輛車(chē)子等在外面。有一扇窗子被孩子們?cè)宜榱?。有許多問(wèn)題要在會(huì)上討論。翻譯時(shí)注意there be 之后的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。2. 表示事物的存在、出現(xiàn)或消失院子里栽著許多花。校門(mén)口站著一個(gè)衛(wèi)兵。馬路兩旁種著許多樹(shù)。村里住著一位老漁夫。昨天又擊斃了許多敵人。河上新修了一座橋。今晚有新片上映。譯法研究:a. 賓語(yǔ)譯成主語(yǔ)b.there be句型 c.有時(shí)也可譯成倒裝句。Many flowers are planted in the yard.There are many flowers planted in the yard.In the yard are planted flowers.A guard is standing at the door.There stands a guard at the doo.Many trees are planted along both sides of the road.There lived an old fisherman in the village.Many more enemies were killed yesterday.Over the river were built a new bridge.There is a new film this evening.3. 表示自然現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)在正在下雨。天黑了。那時(shí)已是深秋?，F(xiàn)在是晚上八點(diǎn)半。譯法：it 可以指代自然現(xiàn)象，時(shí)間等。It is raining.It is getting dark.It was late autumn.It is half past eight.注意 today is Monday. Today, yesterday, tomorrow 既可作名詞又可作副詞，句子可做主語(yǔ)。出太陽(yáng)了。可譯為： the sun had risen.4. 口號(hào)和標(biāo)語(yǔ)全力以赴，克服困難。尊師重教。不準(zhǔn)吸煙。不準(zhǔn)隨地吐痰。翻譯研究：英語(yǔ)中也常常用非謂語(yǔ)形式。Making great efforts to overcome difficulties.Respecting teachers and attaching great importance to education.No smoking.No spitting.討論：如果無(wú)主句出現(xiàn)在文中，譯成英語(yǔ)還需完整句子 。一、賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。二、there is no doing 句式。Great efforts should be made to overcome difficulties.There is no parking.There is no littering.擴(kuò)展：there is no doing There is no knowing where he has gone.There is no denying the fact.5. 諺語(yǔ)和格言無(wú)火不生煙，無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪。眼不見(jiàn)，心不煩。有其父，必有其子。翻譯：短語(yǔ)形式No smoking without some fire.Out of sight, out of mind.Like father, like son.知足常樂(lè)。種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。隔墻有耳。有利有弊。翻譯：句子形式Content is happiness.As we sow, so shall we reap.Walls have ears.Every advantage has its disadvantages.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。欲加之罪，何患無(wú)辭。翻譯：祈使句形式Do as Romans do.Give a dog a bad name and hang him.第三節(jié) 狀化主語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中的一些句子，主語(yǔ)含有狀語(yǔ)意義，如原因，條件，方式，目的，時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)等等，翻譯時(shí)可譯成狀語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中的一些句子，主語(yǔ)含有狀語(yǔ)意義，如原因，條件，方式，目的，時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)等等，翻譯時(shí)可譯成狀語(yǔ)。Its a pity for you to have to stay indoors in such fine weather.An increase in the nations money supply resulted in higher prices.These bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crimes.The drivers careless caused the car accident.Shame made me want to hide my face.Another man in my position would have lost confidence in himself.Further delay would cause us even greater losses.To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.Talking with foreigners can improve your spoken English .Making the most of every opportunity to speak in public will help a person to overcome his shyness.To realize four modernizations needs our great efforts.To translate this ideal into reality requires hard work.The damage resulte