上海英語高考關(guān)于十選九的解題方法和應(yīng)用技巧2008.doc

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從2008年起，詞匯的考查放在了語篇中，著重強調(diào)語法和詞匯知識在特定情景中的應(yīng)用。試卷10道詞匯題以10選9的方式分別考察了動詞，形容詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞還包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的形式。把詞匯的考查放在了語言環(huán)境中，不是單純的考查詞匯，文章題干均清晰明了，并提供了足夠的上下文支撐供考生答題。同時，詞匯題的難度分布也較為合理，確保了各個層次的考生都能得分。因此，情景理解和語言運用的味道比較濃厚，注重考查理解能力和邏輯推理能力的試題較多。 題型特征1、選詞填空的特點1) 文章不會太長(300詞左右)；一般來說第一句是文章主題句并且不設(shè)空；一般每隔1530個詞會有一個空；空與空之間有完整意群。文章中會挖出九個空，但是給出了十個單詞，讓學(xué)生選擇填空使文章完整，這就是新題型輪廓。2) 方框中詞匯難度不高，文章難度要略低于閱讀理解難度。實際上是將詞匯的使用和完形閱讀緊密結(jié)合的一道題目。2、選詞填空的考點1) 詞匯方面以實詞為主也就是指名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞。2) 語法方面考察詞性之間關(guān)系和句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析能力。3) 邏輯方面考察上下文聯(lián)系3、解題點撥：1) 最關(guān)鍵的是要改變孤立的記憶單詞的不良學(xué)法，做到詞不離句，句不離篇，做到詞匯的情景使用。2) 不要孤立的看文章，一定注意句子的上下文銜接和本句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，因為選一個就少一個，一發(fā)而動全身。3) 要專門記憶些高難詞匯，也就是拼寫很長詞匯，比如：uninterrupted, alternative之類。4) 要想到這些詞匯是不是有些固定用法。解題步驟第一步：詳讀選項，詞分類選項中的10個詞是考查的關(guān)鍵，考生應(yīng)該詳細(xì)的理解這10個單詞。熟悉的單詞標(biāo)明詞性和詞義，不熟悉的單詞或者不認(rèn)識的單詞只需標(biāo)明詞性，然后根據(jù)名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞四大類按規(guī)律排列在試卷上。這樣做考生就可以不再是10選1了，只要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系或者語法結(jié)構(gòu)，有時候可以是3選1甚至2選1，縮小了選擇的范圍，降低了試題的難度。注意：1. 動詞分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞包括：動詞不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。過去分詞有兩種可能性(形容詞和動詞的過去分詞), 無法確定時標(biāo)問號。2. 不認(rèn)識的詞要看后綴。構(gòu)詞法中, 前綴區(qū)分意思, 后綴區(qū)分詞性。所以看詞尾往往能大致分出詞性。詞性無法確定的, 暫時擱置。3. 做出相應(yīng)的標(biāo)記。在英文中有的單詞不只有一個詞性，比如大家常見的visit、access、approach、challenge、 change等就即有名詞詞性又有動詞詞性。 這時兩個都要標(biāo)出來。4以-ing或-ed 結(jié)尾的詞既可能是動詞，也可能是由現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)變而成的形容詞。例如：sleeping “She is sleeping。”中就是動詞。而在“sleeping beauty”中就是形容詞。建議同學(xué)們在供選擇的詞旁將兩種詞性都標(biāo)注上，答題時以動詞為首選進(jìn)行判斷。第二步：略讀全文，定中心考生拿到題目以后，由于考查考生對篇章的理解，應(yīng)該略讀整篇文章，確定文章的中心或主要說明的問題。文章大概在220詞-250詞左右，用1分鐘左右的時間略讀即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主題詞或主題。和完型填空一樣，一般文章第一句不設(shè)空格，以便讓考生知道本文的相關(guān)主題詞或主題。在此，建議大家使用略讀的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。第三步：瞻前顧后，靈活選詞性分類之后，回到原文中，根據(jù)原文中空格的前后單詞或者前后語句確定所要填的詞性，然后從分類好的單詞中選擇出詞性、意思、語法都符合要求的最佳選項。首先，根據(jù)語法知識確認(rèn)可以被填入此空的詞性，然后按第一步中標(biāo)注出的詞性進(jìn)行篩選，最后將備選詞逐個代入空中細(xì)讀句意，考慮上下問邏輯關(guān)系做出選擇。第四步：復(fù)核檢查，定結(jié)果篇章詞匯理解題目類似于完型填空，這需要考生不僅要迅速的確定答案，還要在確定答案之后迅速的復(fù)查。檢查上下文是否通順、上下文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確、文章的意思是否出現(xiàn)偏差等等，復(fù)查無誤后即可確定為最后答案。解題技巧（一）判斷詞性的技巧前面提到的“瞻前顧后”就是需要考生根據(jù)空格的前后來決定所填詞的詞性以及應(yīng)填的正確選項，我們可以根據(jù)一些簡單的語法知識確定答案。應(yīng)該說語法知識是解詞匯理解題的基礎(chǔ)。1. 確定空格為名詞 (1) a /an/the n. , adj. n. , vt. n. , 即空格處前面為冠詞、形容詞或者及物動詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入名詞； (2) n. v., 即空格處后面是動詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入該動詞的主語(名詞)； (3) prep. n., 即空格處前面是介詞的，空格處充當(dāng)介詞賓語，用填入一個名詞或動名詞。2. 確定空格為動詞 (1) n./pron. vt. n./pron., 即空格前面已有名詞/代詞作主語，后面又有名詞/代詞作為動詞的賓語，空格處應(yīng)為及物動詞； (2) n./pron. vi. , 即空格處前面是名詞/代詞，后面沒有賓語，空格處應(yīng)填不及物動詞； (3) n./pron. vi. adv./prep., 即空格處前面是名詞/代詞，空格處后面是副詞/介詞，空格處應(yīng)填入不及物動詞，與副詞/介詞構(gòu)成固定搭配； (4) n./pron. link v./be. adj., 即空格處前面是名詞/代詞，后面是形容詞，空格處應(yīng)填入系動詞或be動詞； (5) to v. , 即空格處前有不定式標(biāo)志to，空格處應(yīng)填入動詞原形；另一種情況to是介詞，后面應(yīng)填入動名詞。3. 確定空格為形容詞 (1) adj. n. 或n. adj. , 即空格處前面或者后面為名詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入形容詞； (2)adv. adj. , 即空格處前面是副詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入形容詞； (3) link/be v. adj.,即空格處前面是系動詞或be動詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入形容詞作表語。4. 確定空格為副詞 (1) adv. v. 或v. adv. , 即空格處前面或者后面為動詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入副詞； (2) adv. adj., 即空格處后面是形容詞的，空格處應(yīng)填入副詞。（二）利用邏輯關(guān)系詞確定答案在篇章詞匯理解題目中，文章的邏輯關(guān)系對于考生把握整篇文章是很重要的，文章的邏輯關(guān)系通過一些邏輯關(guān)系詞體現(xiàn)的，考生可以通過邏輯關(guān)系詞來確定出一些答案。常見的邏輯關(guān)系詞如下： (1) 并列關(guān)系：and , or, as well as 等 (2) 對比關(guān)系：but , however , on the contrary , rather than 等 (3) 比較關(guān)系：asas , like , similar 等 (4) 因果關(guān)系：because , for , since , as a result of , therefore , thus 等 (5) 舉例關(guān)系：for example , for instance , such as ， and so on 等 (6) 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and , whats more , moreover , in addition 等（三）比較填詞將詞性分類后，如何確定哪個選項是正確答案呢？這就需要考生進(jìn)行選項間的比較，比較同詞性的詞匯哪一個是最佳答案。這里提示考生可以通過詞義判斷(即通過同詞性詞匯的中文意思是否符合文章的整體意思，由此判斷是不是最合適的選項)和邏輯判斷(即根據(jù)文章的邏輯順序和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，確定同詞性的詞匯中的哪個是最佳答案)兩種方法確定答案。這里還要提示考生，填入一個詞就劃掉一個，為下面的選詞縮小范圍。實例分析： 2009年上海市高考真題A. contents B. taking C. carefully D. plastic E. packaging F. declined G. freely H. typical I. contracts J. registeredIf the package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine. Justin Gignac,26, has sold almost 900 41 presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of Big Apple at between 50 and 100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs（紀(jì)念品）. The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world. It all began when Mr Gignac was at a summer workshop, “We had a discussion about the importance of 42 ,”he recalls.” Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.” He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical 43 include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used 44 forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged 100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees stadium. Mr Gignac denies 45 his customers for fools: “They know what theyre getting. They appreciate the fact that theyre taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.” Some 46 customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors. Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr Gignac has 47 a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He 48 to discuss his profit margins: “Its actually quite a lot of effort putting them together-but yes, garbage is free.” Mr Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed 49 with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London. 解析：41、C 本題考查根據(jù)句意選擇合適的副詞。本句意為“Justin Gignac, 26歲，已經(jīng)賣出了近900個精心包裝的塑料盒子，里面裝的是從大蘋果（紐約）的大街上撿來的廢物，每盒售價在50到100美元”，句中的presented plastic修飾名詞boxes,空格處應(yīng)該選擇副詞修飾起形容詞作用的過去分詞presented。副詞carefully在此意為“仔細(xì)地、精心地”，符合句意，所以C選項為正確答案。42、E 本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的名詞。本段句意為“我們討論了有關(guān)包裝的重要性有些人認(rèn)為包裝不重要，我不同意這種觀點”空格前的介詞可斷定此處應(yīng)填名詞，所以E選項為正確答案。43、A 本題考查根據(jù)句意選擇合適的名詞。本句意為“他在曼哈頓的街上仔細(xì)搜尋，尋找的典型物品（內(nèi)容）包括破損的杯子”, 根據(jù)句意和空格前的形容詞和空格后的動詞，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入名詞，所以A選項為正確答案。44、D 本題考查根據(jù)句意選擇合適的形容詞。本句為43題所在句的后半部分，仍是說明典型物品包括哪些具體內(nèi)容，意為“和使用過的塑料叉子”，根據(jù)句意和空格前的形容詞及空格后的名詞，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入形容詞，所以D選項為正確答案。45、B 本題考查根據(jù)句意選擇合適的動名詞。本句意為“Gignac先生否認(rèn)將他的顧客當(dāng)做傻瓜”，根據(jù)句意和空格前的動詞和空格后的名詞，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入動名詞taking作為動詞deny的賓語，同時又和介詞for構(gòu)成詞組，所以B選項為正確答案。.46、H 本題考查根據(jù)題意選擇合適的形容詞。本句意為“一些典型的客戶包括”，根據(jù)句意和空格前的限定詞和空格后的名詞，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入形容詞，所以H選項為正確答案。47、J 本題考查根據(jù)題意選擇合適的動詞。本句意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)這個理念確實可以賺大錢后，Gignac先生已經(jīng)注冊了一家公司”，根據(jù)句意和空格前的助動詞和空格后的名詞，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入動詞的過去分詞形式，與前面的助動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，所以J選項為正確答案。48、F 本題考查根據(jù)句意選擇合適的動詞。本句意為“他婉言拒絕討論他的利潤空間”，根據(jù)句意和空格前的代詞和空格后的不定式符號，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入謂語動詞，所以F選項為正確答案。49、I 本題考查根據(jù)句意選擇合適的名詞。本句意為“他承認(rèn)他已經(jīng)于那些對類似項目感興趣的人簽訂了合同，他們遠(yuǎn)在柏林和倫敦”，根據(jù)句意和空格前的動詞和空格后的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)，可以斷定此處應(yīng)填入名詞，所以I為正確答案。備考方案通過上面的解題技巧初探，可以歸納出下面的復(fù)習(xí)備考要點：一、掌握正確的單詞記憶方法學(xué)習(xí)單詞一定要弄清楚其具體含義和使用語境。記憶詞匯的正確方法是在語境中記憶單詞，通過閱讀文章來記單詞是最佳方法。閱讀文章記憶單詞時，要注意觀察單詞在具體語境下的具體含義以及能否用考試大綱里的其它詞來替換該詞。此外，還應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)某一單詞常和什么詞搭配使用。二、復(fù)習(xí)鞏固基本語法大家雖然已經(jīng)掌握了基本語法，但是在實際運用時不一定都能運用自如。遇到這種情況，就需要大家把相關(guān)語法基礎(chǔ)知識好好復(fù)習(xí)一下，特別是有關(guān)詞性及句子結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)容好好地復(fù)習(xí)鞏固一下。三、做適量的練習(xí)在復(fù)習(xí)備考的過程中，無論使用什么方法和技巧，都需要大家親自去實踐和運用。只有經(jīng)過大量的練習(xí)，才能對這種題型有一定的認(rèn)識，才能真正找到感覺。鞏固練習(xí)ADirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. equallyB. recycle C. portionD. dissolveE. threatenF. countless G. capable H. convenient I. approximately J.comfortsThe pollution of the earths soil and water has become an issue of great concern. Until recently, most of that concern has focused on the land 41 of the planet, where pollution directly affects people in their daily lives. Now, however, we have begun to realize that marine (海洋的) pollution is 42 important. According to S.A. Patin, marine pollution is the condition that results when people introduce into the seas substances harmful to life, health, resources, activities, or 43 . Marine pollution is far from new. For over a million years, people have thought of the sea as a 44 place to throw their garbage. And it is true that the sea has a great capacity for absorbing organic wastes. Some of these wastes are eaten directly by the larger fishes. Others quickly 45 into a kind of organic soup that provides food to 46 species of single-celled plant and animal life. As civilizations grew, more different pollutants were dumped into the seas. Still, this pollution did not really threaten the marine environment. The seas seemed 47 of coping with anything that people could throw at them. This situation changed, however, when suddenly factories began dumping enormous quantities of materials into the seas. Especially in some coastal areas near large cities, ocean pollution began to 48 marine life. For the first time, the oceans began to fail in their ability to 49 humanitys waste. BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. handsB. qualities C. downD. curiosityE. prettyF. looksG. ashamed H. applied I. ruined J. informationWhen I succeeded in becoming a part-time employee of Nokia China last summer, many friends asked me how I survived the interview. I once asked myself the same questions. Many of my peers also _41_ for the job, including some very competitive and intelligent students from famous universities. But why did the interviewer pick me instead of them? Finally, _42 _ pushed me to ask the interviewers after we became colleagues. The answer was that I appeared confident but humble, responsible and communicative. They evaluated people not just on their academic certificates, but on the base of their _43_ and abilities. I happened to be the right person. To be frank, I once felt _44_ of being a student from an unknown college, and I think this may apply to some of you. I thought my future was ruined. It was only at the time of my successful interview that I finally understood the famous saying - “You decide where you go.” A wide range of skills is important these days. I used to work for Master Kong. My job was to cook instant noodles for customers. I had regarded it as a piece of cake, but I failed constantly. I had to cook the noodles for the right amount of time to make them taste good. Moreover, the noodles could only remain in a plastic cup of five minutes, or the taste would be _45_. This experience taught me never to look _46_ on anything, and always remain humble. I also worked as a volunteer for a beach volleyball