英語四級綜合筆記

英語四級綜合筆記聽力（35%）、閱讀（35%）、完型填空或改錯（10%）、作文和翻譯（20%）。各單項報道分的滿分分別為：聽力249分，閱讀249分，完型填空或改錯70分，作文142分。各單項分相加之和等于總分（710分）。目錄一、聽力概述和故事型及文章型題目二、小對話六大類行分析三、小對話高頻場景分析四、多義詞匯講解及科技型文章講解五、語音講解（英、美），語音現象（吞音、連讀等）六、重要短語集合、聽力敏感度訓練、六大類關鍵詞七、長對話類型分析八、復合式聽寫技巧總結（語音、詞匯）聽力規(guī)律：考試失敗必男生（歷年考試中只有女生Mary一出現，則為反面人物）1.安慰必女生 2火車必遲到 3飛機必晚點 4邀約必失敗5吃飯必成功 6受傷必輕傷 7車禍必生還 8貨物必售完（書、票）一、聽力概述和故事型及文章型題目（一）故事型文章判斷標準判斷標準：（所給答案中）大于等于兩個人名、地名1“解釋結尾”考點“結尾”標志：停頓三秒鐘2轉折考點（通用考點）But,however,yet,unexpectedly,otherwise,.3對話考點：he said he laughted he wept(weep) he answered.升調表否定、疑問（語氣語調出考點）（所給選項中）同主語題，例：若主語同為he只聽男方的一句態(tài)度（二）說明型文章判斷標準：選項圍繞一個詞進行講解1. “最”特質考點 most,more,-est,-er2. 因果考點：because,so;for(句中)；as(句前)；thats the reason why.3. 首末考點（通用考點），首三句，末三句段落題做題原則：視聽基本一致原則：耳聽聲、眼看題順序做題原則對立選項保留原則：選項當中若有兩個相對立，則其中之一必為答案，其余直接排除二、小對話六大類行分析（一）數字題 1、數量價格類。方法：1) 聽“新”答案（通過運算所得）2) 簡記數字（bill賬單、鈔票，cent，change） 2、時間類 時間細節(jié)類首末時間點，尤其首時間時間運算類時間點加減時間量當時間點超過一個以上，以現在時間點為基礎 Delay ago加 late 減 eatly Later earlier In ahead of time（二）對話地點題 head for 去哪At/ on/ in/ to+someplace高頻地點：restaurant,hotel,airport（如果地點題中有其一詞出現則必選）（三）人物、職業(yè)關系題(1)人物職業(yè)題。高頻職業(yè)：secretary秘書，receptionist前臺服務員，waitress女服務生，airline hostess空姐，tour guide導游(2)人物關系高頻關系：醫(yī)患關系，老板職員（職員staff），親屬關系（多考雙胞胎，母子），服務女與顧客（waitress-customer，passenger-airline hostess,tourist-tour guide)（四）動作題 以動詞（do,to do,doing）開頭(1)情態(tài)動作類 情態(tài)詞+動（could,must,have to,had better,would）(2)時間動作類（now,right now）現在進行時，在強調某一個動作（考點?。?3)建議動作類（why not.,how about doing.,what about doing,if i were you.,why do.）（五）細節(jié)題，抓首末的細節(jié)（六）意義解釋題：重讀出考點！三、高頻六大場景（一）library場景1.申請場景 apply v. Application (申請n.) form 申請, application letter/ the letter of application 申請信，cancel 取消，reapply再申請2.查詢 check out：you can check those by index(索引).【thumb拇指，index finger食指，middle finger中指，ring finger無名指，little finger小指】3.借閱：book，magazine，issue期刊、案件（重大而難以解決的問題） back issue過期刊物，current issue現刊，journal(ist)專業(yè)期刊（記者），periodical（半）月刊，cassette=tape item4.矛盾：due到期，某種臨近狀態(tài)，be due to do sth.即將做某事，deadline，fine罰款（一般以過去式出現fined），renew續(xù)借（二）學校場景1.作業(yè) assignment, paper各種論文，thesis學科、課堂論文，essay隨筆；學習論文semester paper,演示 呈現presentation2.課堂、學制：course課程，optional(可選擇的) course選修課，compulsory(強制的，必須做的) course必修課，lecture講座，lesson（一）節(jié)課，credit學分【credit card信用卡】，year學年，hour學時3.老師、學生：大一freshman，大二sophomore，大三junior，大四senior 初中junior high school，高中senior high school畢業(yè)生graduate，研究生postgraduate，在校生undergraduate，系主任dean，教授professor，講師instructor，導師/ 家教tutor（三）醫(yī)院場景1.病癥：頭疼headache，胃疼stomach-ache，腳踝ankle，扭腳？，蒼白的pale2.預約make appointment3.治療 treatment/ cure，藥丸pill，藥片tablet，（四）酒店場景1.預定v.book=reserve，n.reservation(make a for)2.房型：single room，double room，standard(標準的) room，suite套房，總統套房presidential suite，蜜月套房honeymoon suite3.入住 check incheck out，room serves，cash，credit card，discount（五）餐廳場景1.邀約：would you likewith me? 訂桌 reserve/ book a table for (+number)，party聚會/ 黨派/ 列隊2.點菜order：菜單menu，特價special offer，牛排steak，甜點dessert，海鮮seafood，酒水alcohol and beverage，吃飽full3.結賬check the bill：我買單this is my treat/ the bill on me，split(分擔) the bill 平分 AA制，go dutch各付自己的（貶），divide分（餐），food allergy食物過敏，allergic (to)過敏的（六）飛機場場景1.基本詞匯：fight航班，direct直航，transfer轉乘/ 學/ 部門，passport護照，air ticket機票，luggage行李，security check安檢，gate登機口，board登機2.飛機動作：take off起飛，land降落，departure（離開）time起飛時間，arrival time降落時間，transfer time轉機時間，boarding time登機時間四、多義詞匯講解及科技型文章講解（一）多義詞匯A：adopt采取/ 收養(yǎng)adapt適應/ 修改=rewrite=improvearticle文章/ 物品=item=stuff=thing/ 法案=constitution=billabuse虐待（prisoner abuse）/ 濫用（alcohol abuse酗酒，druges abuse吸毒，power abuse濫用職權 ）B：bear熊/ 忍受=stand/ 承載（有）Beat打（死、?。? 躲避=dodgeBill賬單/ 鈔票/ 法案/ 小廣告、張貼畫/ 喙（扁嘴）Book書/ 預定=reserveBox盒子/ 拳擊/ box office票房C：case案例/ 箱子（suite case行李箱）/ 事情事件（in case of以防萬一）Cover蓋子（鍋蓋pain cover）/ 封面/ 包含覆蓋v.Charge（be in charge of負責，take charge in接管）/ 收費（free of charge免費）/ 充電/ 使充滿D：deal解決=cope with/ 數量（a good deal of大量的+不可數n.）/ 成交/ 事情事件（Its a not big deal）Dump垃圾場/ I dumped you我甩了你/ 傾銷（反傾銷anti-dumping daty）E：exhaust枯竭耗盡/ 精疲力竭-ed/ 尾氣廢氣（exhaust from auto）F：film電影/ 拍攝=shot/ 膠卷【run out of用完】Fix修理/ 固定=install/ （fix a appointment)確認=confirm/ 準備K：kid小孩/ 開玩笑/ 小羊羔Kill殺/ 消磨I：issue期刊/ 事件/ 頒發(fā)頒布L：lot大量的/ 地皮（parking lot） Let讓/ 租（I have a house to let）Lobby（酒店）大廳/ 游說，說服M：match比賽n./ 匹配，搭配（match maker線人）對象/ 火柴O：order點菜/ 秩序/ 命令P：present禮物/ 贈送v./ 演示呈現/ 現在的/ 出席的【反absent】Q：quality質量/ 質量好的R：run跑/ 經營管理Release公布公開/ 釋放S：school學校/ 學院/ 流派，派別Stamp郵票/ 貼郵票，蓋章、戳/ 跺腳【stampede踩踏事件，驚跑】Stuff物品/ 填充、塞Stick樹枝，拐棍/ （stick to堅持）粘Stock脫銷/ 股票T：tell告訴/ 區(qū)分、辨別【teller出納員】Tip小費/ （筆、樹）尖端/ 溫馨提示Tie領帶 領結 鞋帶/ 系v./ 關系=relationship(廣泛)【Any relationship with.戀愛】/ 平局（二）科技型文章講解判斷標準：scientist科學家，experiment實驗，research調查，observe觀察，indicate表明文章構成：結論、分析、例證考點：1.結論考點：相關句在首2、3句；提示詞indicate表明，find發(fā)現，discover發(fā)現，show表明2.序數詞考點：firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally。3.轉折詞考點：but，however4.首末句考點：首三末三五、語音現象（一）連音失爆現象:爆破音+元音Not at all. Check it out. Cut it out.（停止） Tired of it.（厭倦） Though it out.(艱難度過)（二）六大爆破音：/ d/ / g/ / b/ / t/ / k/ / p/ 失爆發(fā)音條件：1.結尾是爆破音+開頭為輔音Hard time; first love; next door; cold feet(緊張)2.在語流當中結尾為爆破音要輕度、弱讀Oh my god！ The inspection of product cant make bad work good.My feet still hurt when I put my weight on it.聯系方法：找出所有段落文章連音和失爆部分；試讀；跟讀。（三）縮讀Gonna=going to將要Gotta=get to不得不 必須Wanna=want to想要Kinda=kind of有些 有點Sorta=sort of （四） 六、重要短語集合及關鍵詞（一）重要短語A：appeal to 吸引 at a loss(精神上的)/ mess(物理)不清楚，混亂B：be worn(wear,wore) out衣衫襤褸/ 精疲力竭Be (do) through with完結(該動作do的完結)【read through讀完，go through經歷過（痛苦的事）】Be stuck in陷入.be held in=make it準時到達/ 做到Back sb/ sth up支持=I 100% behind you.【back up支援】Burn the midnight oil熬夜=stay upC：come out出現出來/ （考試結果）公布公開=release/ 開花/ 沖洗（膠卷film）=developF：figure out弄清楚（1.數字 2.身材體形 3.人物）H：have a word with談話聊天Have a words with吵架I：I was off the work today 我下班了Im going to be off work tomorrow.我明天不上班L：lay off下崗O：out of the world好，非常好【amazing adj.好；amaze v.奇妙；incredible難以置信；fantastic；quite a.】（二）聽力核心六大詞匯1.轉折詞：but, however, yet2.因果：because，so，for，as，thats the reason why3.比較級、最高級：-er,-est,more,most4.序數詞：firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally5.重點形容詞：important，key，vital=crucial（至關重要的），chief（首要的），only6.事實羅列詞：in fact，as a matter of fact，actually事實上，Its truth that注：并列實施信息點不做考點出現三大考點：首末句考點，現在進行時，語氣語調七、長對話場景類型分析（一）找工作場景1.基本詞匯：look for=hunt，job hunter求職者，head hunter獵頭，require v.（requirement n.）要求，inquire about打聽詢問，inquiry n.（make inquiries about）2.職位：post，(job) vacancy空缺(vacant adj.)3.簡歷，面試：resume簡歷（resume恢復），application form=cover letter，polish修改(make sth better)，interview(-er,-ee)，address解決(-er收件人，-ee寄件人)，offer提供，accept接受，turn down拒絕=decline(/ 降低)4.工作性質：part-time job兼職，full-time job全職，intern實習生，intern job實習工作，temporary臨時的(He is a temp in our company他是我們公司的臨時工)（二）轉學場景transfer1.學校性質：religious教會學校，private school私立學校，public school公立學校，community school社區(qū)學校2.學校質量：faculty全體教員，location地理位置，speciality(教學)特色3.學費：tuition學費【intuition直覺】，living expenses(生活費)4.證書：diploma文憑，Bachelor Degree學士學位【bachelor單身漢】，Master Degree碩士學位，certificate資格證，school report成績單，enroll登記（三）租房1.基本詞匯：landlord房東，landlady女房東，tenant房客，furniture家具，furnished精裝的，unfurnished沒裝修的，sign an agreement/ contract簽合同2.房型：公寓apartment，flat；合住樓house，地下室basement3.矛盾：dump垃圾場，toilet，blackout停電，renovate(革新)裝修=fitment（四）購物場景（五）旅游場景（六）失物招領總結：1.抓對話結果2.抓作者主要態(tài)度3.抓主要話題（首末各三句）4.抓人物身份八、復合式聽寫閱讀全文，預測詞性，聯系上下文有的空可直接出答案后三句技巧：1.名詞轉代人稱用主格和賓格代替地點用here there代替物體用it代替謂語同義轉換2.注意事項：不能空白，字跡工整，記錄單詞的前三個字母，句子成分要完整。抓主謂，抓關鍵詞，補全答案。拼寫中的語法：動詞過去式、被動態(tài)，大小寫、專有名詞，名詞單復數，第三人稱單數，拼寫?？偨Y：在做題之前一定要先找出關鍵詞，標識是比較級、最高級、數次、否定詞、核心的名次、動詞、形容詞、專有名詞等閱讀一、仔細閱讀（一）定位原文：一題對應一段，故只有5段有效1.關鍵詞：比較級、最高級、數次、否定詞、核心的名次、動詞、形容詞、專有名詞等。2.轉折詞：提示詞：but，however，yet，although，while解題思路：轉折現象前后的信息是細節(jié)和推理題分析的重點范圍，首段中的轉折句一般提示全文主題3.比較詞：表達方式 詞：more，better，most，best，less，least 句：Less A than B；more A than B解題思路：將題干中的比較現象與原文類似現象相對應，得出正確答案；為題干中沒有關鍵詞時與原文的比較作為分析重點4.因果詞： 名：reason，cause，basis，result提示詞 連：because，for，as，since 動：explain，base on，attribute 副：as a result，therefore，thus解題思路：當題干中有因果詞時，在原文中尋找與之相對應的詞匯（二）分類題型1.細節(jié)題解題步驟：根據關鍵詞準確定位原文；分析關鍵詞在的句子極其前后的句子；逐次對應，找到答案逐次對應的方式： 拆詞：將選項中的動詞名詞和形容詞進行獨立分析 比詞：與原文動詞名詞形容詞做比較，意義一致者 為正確答案注意事項：出題順序一般與原文一致；正確答案一般要同意替換2.詞義題：背單詞！聯系上下文猜詞。詞的表面含義必為錯3.主旨題：基本思路：找到全文中鮮明的主題詞和主題句定位方式：題干重現詞；段首重現詞；首段首句；首段轉折句；（問題方案文章指對方案的評價為主題）注意事項：各類題型的答案都必須符合文章主題4.態(tài)度題=主旨題5.推理題（難度高） 提示詞：infer，conclude，learn from解題步驟：找到題目所針對的段落；分析段落中比較和轉折的現象；選擇與原文意義最接近的選項注意：真確答案要求，推理成分越少越好；答案必須符合文章主題6.例證題：注意事項：就事論事的選項比錯基本思路：例證答案針對相應段落首末兩句或例子前后總結性話語7.實驗題：（09年可能考）閱讀方法：詳看實驗結果，略看試驗過程 實驗目的=首段的目的不定式=全文主題考點： 實驗結論=末端首末兩句 實驗結果：find，show，notice，discover，observe（三）邏輯比較 文： 現象解釋：解釋為主題，問號為現象標志 （人文主觀方面） 結論解釋：結論為主題（四）題材： 理： 與自然之間的問題，問題方案，對方案的評價 （自然界） 【基本規(guī)律：解決方案不完美，作者態(tài)度為客觀】（五）體材：1.議論文：重點分辨作者的觀點和態(tài)度2.說明文：把握作者所下的定義，關鍵的數據和細節(jié)3.記敘文：（2007.6，2007.12）；3.夾敘夾議（以議為主）：閱讀方法：分斷閱讀，重在結尾題型與解題思路：細節(jié)題答案必須符合作者主題；主旨題答案集中在結尾部分（六）類型：單線式/ 對立式（把握好對立觀點代表詞，如贊同for、對立against）（七）解題步驟1. 掃描題干，找關鍵詞2. 瀏覽原文，做標記（關鍵詞、轉折詞、比較詞、因果詞）3. 比較選項得答案二、快速閱讀（一）熱點題材：TimesEconomist1環(huán)境（08.6溫室氣體）2經濟（經濟危機、美元貶值）3能源（不可再生燃料fossil fuels）4美國大選（奧巴馬美國黑人總統，希拉里，民族構成）（二）閱讀步驟1仔細閱讀文章標題：大標題=文章主題，小標題=層次主題和結構2仔細閱讀文章首段=寫作背景/ 有時針對第10題答案3分析題干辨認關鍵詞4根據關鍵詞找到若干句子進行閱讀，其余部分一概不看（三）題型與解題思路1判斷：比較兩句的含義，注意未有出現的關鍵詞所在的選項為N2填空：將原文信息與題干進行比較多余/ 剩余部分即為答案3單選題：選項與原文用詞最一致者為正確答案作文 現象分析題一、議論文 正反觀點題 How to題（大學生如何做）（一）現象分析l 第一段：現象陳述【校園現象】：In campus, it can often be heard about how to pass an exam, to hunt a good job or even to make friends. While, recently,it seems/ appears no other topics can arouse more students attention than the one that 同位語從句.【社會現象】：Nowadays, everybody who often reads the newspaper might well be exposed to such a fact as 同位語從句, which has recently been brought to the hub of the public attention.【越來越多的人關注】：Nowadays, (話題關鍵詞), as a hot topic, is increasingly arousing public attention for the very reason that (話題展開句).nowadays, the newspapers have pushed the issue of (話題關鍵詞) to the hub of the public attention/ concern for the very reason that (話題展開句).l 第二段：原因=主題句+擴展句主題句：If asked what I should do, well , I would like to do the followings. The first is to 原因1, doing原因2，no matter what kinds of difficulties lying ahead/ I will meet. The second, I think I had better (make full use of the school resources, such as the assistant work in a lab), which is also quite a good way.擴展句：主觀（think，feel）.to such an extent that .=so所以 the development of society/ economy The improvement of living standards The increase of population 客觀 The environment pollution The global warming The fierce/ severe/ cruel competition .for the reason that.=because; ., making, . He is ill to such an extent that he is absent. 例 He is absent for the reason that he is ill. He is ill making himself absent.（原因段：Why you may wonder? There are two reasons accounting for it. For one thing, ., to such an extent that . . For the other, ., making . .)l 第三段（動作段）：措施、危害 措施1to do 寫法： 措施2謂語動詞 用doing伴隨措施之一1.措施： 動詞不定式 to do基本不考 非謂語動詞 動名詞 doing 分詞doing/ done 非謂語動詞1) to do：表措施的常用句型v 做表語：The first important thing is to do .The first important thing, which plays the fundamental role in the issues solution is to do .v 做主語：To do . serves to assist the issues total solution.（能源短缺型）To increase the investment on R&D to look for some substitute energy serves to assist the issues total solution.v 做同位語：The measure to do. should be taken as soon as possible.v 做賓語：I strongly feel it highly imperative for the authorities to do. . 下定決心干：make up ones mind to do sth v 措施詞組 盡全力做：make every effort to do . 不遺余力做：spare no effort to do .【措施段】：There are many measures to be taken. The first important thing is to / / . In addition, in my view, it is high time that 具體情況 .OR：There are many measures to be taken. First, I strongly feel it highly imperative for the authorities to / / . Second, it is also necessary that the government should 具體情況 .establish some relevant regulations/ policies/ decrees/ laws and put them into practice, making it under control.(萬能措施)arouse the public concern/ attention to it.引起公眾的關心 (常用措施)increase the investment on it.增加投資【能源短缺型題】：To increase the investment on R&D to look for some substitute energy serves to assist the issues total solution.2) 謂語動詞-edIt is highly imperative/ suggested that the authorities should do .It is (high) time that (the investment was incresaed)過去式從句 . （虛擬語氣）3) 提供doing伴隨1）、2）其一The first important thing is to establish the relevant policies, making the issue under some control.2. 危害段 （個人、社會）1）個人：舉例說明 A , for example, B A是對B的總結，B為具體例子v Some fake products do harm to peoples health, for example, fake medicine can even kill one person.v Too much time on computer can cause some mental unfitness, for example, one may feel rather depressed when he is deprived of(被剝奪了) the computer even for one day.2）社會：情緒法（憎恨、遺憾、懷疑等偏否定態(tài)度）【危害段】：The negative effects of 該現象的核心名詞 are obvious. A(歸納總結性語句), for example, B(具體例子). Also it can by no means escape from the blame for a dissatisfying/ disappointing/ bad/ awful societys forming.（二）正反觀點對比題l 第一段：v Recently, there is going on a hot discussion on some websites bbs, arguing whether 話題陳述句, which is hard to give a definite answer to.v Nowadays, people are always talking about whether 同上, which is really/ indeed not easy to five a definite answer to.v 話題疑問句? As most of us have had the unpleasant occasion to discover, one persons answer can be quite different from anothers . People have their own ways of looking upon this problem and their own reasons for thinking so.v 【哲理段】：要論證的哲理(Honesty is the best policy). If 好的方面(you are honest), it follows that 簡單陳述益處(people will believe you), doing伴隨解釋好的方面帶來的結果(helping you when you are in trouble).On the contrary, if 反方面(you are cheating/ deceptive/ not honest), you will soon find yourself trapped in a terrible condition that 反面導致的結果(no one will be your friend./ no matter what you say, no one believes you.)【一些人認為Some people believe 賓從.=It is generally believed that 主從. (主語從句轉換法)=There is a popular view/ belief among some people that 同從.(同位語從句轉換法)=One allegation/ view/ assumption often made (by some people) is that 表從.(表語從句轉換法) 我認為I think .=Its my view/ point that .=I have always been of the impressure/ thought that .=My standing point is that .l 第二段：陳述別人觀點【別人觀點】：One allegation often made is that 觀點, because they believe 原因. While, among the discussion sounds an opposite voice, saying 觀點.l 第三段：我的觀點【我的觀點】：In my opinion, I cannot agree with the latter any more, for I have always been of the impression that 觀點的主觀論據. Further, it is also one reason for my standing point that 觀點的客觀論據.（三）how to題l 第一段：必要性分析（作用、好處、益處、必要性）【必要性】：Frankly speaking, 話題 is obviously helpful/ necessary for a college students growth, no matter what kind of specialty he or she is majoring in. For example, it can be greatly instrumental to develop a students ability in the campus, which will exert far-reaching significance for his or her future life.l 第二段：普遍途徑 直接 動作化 間接 非動作化【普遍途徑】：There are many ways for the college students to take part in. For example, one can 途徑(直接) with the help of , which seems to be quite available for every student. While, these days, an increasing number of students tend to 途徑(sosial activities) by means of .l 第三段：我打算怎么做=我的途徑 思路一 校內內容 校外 思路二 思想 實踐【思路一】：If asked what I should do, well, I would like to do the followings. The first is to step out of the campus, doing(under taking some office work during my free time), no matter what kinds of difficulties lying ahead/ I will meet. The second, I think I had better make full use of the school resources, such as (the assistant work in a lab), which is also quite a good way.【思路二】：At the question of what I should do, I have made up my mind to 我的做法. In the meantime, I think it also equally important that I should take practical action, doing具體行動.【湊字數】：In a word, to do呼應主題 is a highly imperative/ essential/ vital/ indispensable thing for a college student, especially in these daysAlong with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that.隨著社會的不斷發(fā)展，出現了越來越多的問題，其中之一便是_。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而，對于此類問題，人們持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法)As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.隨著社會的發(fā)展，人們開始關注.People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting求職的過程中，人們慢慢意識到面試的重要性。As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different