Reading-Skill閱讀技巧.ppt

閱讀技巧 Reading Skill,V . Reading Skills： Revision of Developing Vocabulary Skills 猜詞知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí),Developing Vocabulary Skills,1. Words have no meanings by themselves. The meanings are provided by you - the reader.,2. Words should be learned through context clues : 1) Restatement- synonym : A synonym appears in the same sentence as the word. 2) Restatement-antonym : The clue to meaning is provided through the use of contrast . 3) Explanation : The meaning of the word is explained .,Revision of Developing Vocabulary Skills 猜詞知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí),4) Example : A specific example is given , which acts as a clue to meaning . 5) Definition : The meaning of the word is defined . 6) Situation : The correct choice from among multiple meanings can be discovered through the context in which the word is used .,3. Words are learned by a study of their structure . A. Roots B. Prefixes C. Suffixes,Practice exercise 1,1. “ Pablo calls out all the time, his teacher said to the childs mother . “ He hits the other children and will not stay in his seat . Such behavior is highly undesirable for a student in third-grade classroom . A. wild B. not wanted C. lively D. evil 2Western farmers learned to grow crops on dry land . they irrigated the soil , using pipes or canals to carry water to the fields . A. fertilized B. harvested C. brought water to D. took water from 3. The plan was thoughtless . Howard clearly spent no time considering its strengths and weaknesses , and he did not discuss his plan with others . A. dull B. weak C. unintelligent D. done without thinking,Direction : Select the best meaning of the word in italics .,Practice exercise 2,1.I support the cause of equal rights for women . A.something that makes something happen B. movement in which many people are interested C. matter for a court of law 2. The government put pressure on the strikers to go back to work . A. continued weight or force B. a state of trouble or strain C. a compelling influence 3. A survey shows that teenagers smoke more than adults . A. a poll B. an oral examination C. a land plan 4. We must conclude therefore that teenagers are not aware of the danger of smoking . A. decide B. bring to an end ; finish C. settle 5. Heavy people seem to be more prone to heart disease than thin ones . A. liable; likely B. lying face down; C. lying flat,Direction : Read each sentence carefully. Then read the meaning in the parentheses . Circle the letter of the meaning that best fits the context of the sentence .,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension, 每個(gè)段落都是由各種不同類型的句子組成的，它 包括主題句（topic sentence）和一些用來(lái)解釋、擴(kuò)展和支撐主要思想的句子。在這部分我們著重辨認(rèn)段落中句子和句子之間，句子里各部分之間的聯(lián)系方式。常見(jiàn)的方式有：例證（example）、解釋（explanation）、對(duì)比和對(duì)照（comparison and contrast）、定義（definition）、因果（causeeffect）、重復(fù)（repetition）和結(jié)論（conclusion）。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,【例1】 A. Henry likes all kinds of hot or spicy foods . For instance , he enjoys food containing hot chili peepers . B. In recent years, UFOs have been seen in different parts of the country . For example , there was a rash of sightings in New Hampshire several years ago . More recently , they have been seen in Georgia . C. Mary shows her interest in the womens lib movement in several ways . She speaks to small groups about the importance of equal rights for women . She subscribes to magazines such as MS .,1. 例證（example）,顯然A里的兩個(gè)句子是通過(guò)表示例證的信號(hào)詞“for instance”聯(lián)系在一起的，第二個(gè)句子舉例說(shuō)明Henry所喜歡的食物。B中，信號(hào)詞 for example 后面的句子舉例說(shuō)明UFOs被看到的具體地點(diǎn)。同樣C中的第二和第三句給出了Mary對(duì)婦解放運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣的具體例子。,為了讓讀者明白無(wú)誤地理解所讀內(nèi)容，作者常用具體的例證來(lái)證明自己的主要思想。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,【例2】 A. Joe called the doctor because his sister was very ill . B. Frank loves to swim . It makes him feel relaxed after a long , tiring day . C. So many people just refuse to involve themselves in issues of national importance . They feel that somehow they will get into trouble if they make their views known .,2.解釋（explanation）,為了說(shuō)明一件事和解釋一種行為的理由時(shí)，作者常用解釋的方法，常見(jiàn)的用于解釋的信號(hào)詞有：（this is so） because , the reason for this is 等。,A中because 所引導(dǎo)的從句解釋說(shuō)明了Joe 請(qǐng)醫(yī)生的原因。B 中的第二句解釋說(shuō)明Frank 為什么喜歡游泳。C 中第二句告訴我們?cè)S多人不愿卷入國(guó)家重大問(wèn)題的原因。因此，A,B,C 三例都屬于解釋型。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,【例3】 A. Marge is a very talkative person. Her sister Mae, on the other hand , is very shy and quiet . B. Sue is a very talkative person . So is her sister Ann . C. Some states have very strict laws prohibiting gambling . Others , on the other hand , have laws that encourage gambling .,3.對(duì)比和對(duì)照 (comparison and contrast),有時(shí)作者通過(guò)比較兩件事或人的相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)來(lái)幫助讀者更加清楚地理解他的主旨。用來(lái)表示比較和對(duì)比的信號(hào)詞有：by comparison, on the other hand , on the contrary.,A 中，作者告訴我們Marge 和Mae 不同之處的一個(gè)方面，他用 on the other hand 表示對(duì)照（contrast）。在B 中，作者用so 表明Sue和Ann的相同之處，屬于對(duì)比型(comparison)。作者在C中陳述了一些州法律嚴(yán)格禁止賭博，而在其他一些州法律則鼓勵(lì)賭博，作者用on the other hand 表示法律的不同之處。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,Seeing Relationships 1) The sentences in a paragraph often relate to the main idea and to each other by A . example B. explanation C. comparisoncontrast,4.小結(jié),2) Some words are guideposts that help you to understand relationships between sentences in a paragraph . A. Some words continue or further the thought : and furthermore moreover also in addition besides B . Some words change the direction of the thought : but yet in spite of however on the contrary nevertheless C .Some words illustrate the thought : for example for instance,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,D. Some words explain the thought : (this is so ) because the reason for this is E .Some words show comparison or contrast : by comparison on the contrary on the other hand 3) Punctuation marks can help you to understand relationships within a sentence or paragraph. A. Commas, dashes , parentheses set off background or explanatory information. B. Colons introduce explanations or enumerations. C. Question marks tell you to look for an answer .,Direction:Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements. For each one , mark E in the space provided if it is an example.,1.Different people are inspired in different ways. _ Some are inspired by the people they love. _ Some are inspired by the chance to make a lot of money. _ Some are inspired by the chance to become famous . _ Some people however, are never inspired. 2.Good students develop their own systems for taking notes in text books. _ They may, for example, underline important points. _ They also develop a system for taking notes from classroom lectures. _ They may put an S to show where a summary is . _ These students usually get better grades.,E,E,E,E,E,E,Direction:Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements. For each one , mark XP in the space provided if it is explanation.,1.Many people like to watch TV. _ Its relaxing . _ My neighbor likes to watch TV . _ Its inexpensive . _ They learn from it . 3.That furniture is not very appealing . _ It is clumsy looking . _ It is uncomfortable . _ That chair is not appealing . _ It is much too expensive .,XP,XP,XP,XP,VII. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension 理解句子（2）,第六部分介紹了例證（example）、解釋（explanation）、對(duì)比和對(duì)照（comparison-contrast）三種句子和句子之間以及句子里各部分之間的聯(lián)系方式。 本部分接著介紹定義(definition)、重復(fù)（repetition）、因果（cause-effect）和結(jié)論（conclusion）四個(gè)方式。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,1.定義（definition） 有時(shí)作者認(rèn)為你或許不理解一個(gè)詞或一個(gè)概念的意思，這時(shí)候他會(huì)定義該詞或此概念。,【例1】 By a society I mean a number of people who have lived together long enough to become organized to some degree and who share a common culture.,在此句中，作者是要告訴你society一詞 的意思，所以該句是對(duì)society一詞的定義。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,2.重復(fù)（repetition） 有時(shí)作者簡(jiǎn)潔易懂的語(yǔ)言來(lái)重復(fù)表達(dá)他們的主要論點(diǎn)，以便使你更好地理解他們。,【例2】 I wish you would discontinue constantly annoying me . Please stop calling me on the phone , writing letters to me ,and waiting for me when I leave my place of work . In other words , please stop bothering me .,在上面的例子中，第一句表明了本小段的主要思想，第二句屬于例證，第三句是對(duì)主要思想的重述。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,3.因果關(guān)系（cause-effect） 在因果關(guān)系中，作者強(qiáng)調(diào)一件事情的發(fā)生會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一件事情的發(fā)生，或者一件事情的發(fā)生是另一件事情的結(jié)果。作者常用的信號(hào)詞是: because of this , as a result , consequently .,【例3】 A. It is raining outside . The ground is wet . B. Professor X is very boring . Because of this , few people like his class . C. Courses in black history are being offered in many schools . As a result , more people than ever before appreciate the blacks contribution to society .,上面【例3】A中的地面變濕是外面下雨的結(jié)果。B中很少有人喜歡Professor x 的課是教授本人惹人討厭的結(jié)果。C中越來(lái)越多的人意識(shí)到黑人對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)是許多學(xué)校開(kāi)設(shè)黑人歷史課的結(jié)果。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,4.結(jié)論（conclusion） 當(dāng)作者需要做出推論時(shí),他們常常下結(jié)論。結(jié)論可以是一個(gè)理論，一個(gè)假設(shè)，一個(gè)推測(cè)或一個(gè)見(jiàn)解。,【例4】 A. It is raining outside . The ground will probably become soaked. B. Roslyn has been studying very hard in the science course she is taking . She should earn a top grade . A中的第二個(gè)句子The ground will probably become soaked . 是作者的一種猜測(cè)。B中的Roslyn 應(yīng)該拿第一名也是作者的猜測(cè)。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,1) The sentences in a paragraph often relate to the idea and to each other by A. definition B. repetition C. cause-effect D. conclusion,5.小結(jié) Seeing Relationships,2) Some words are guideposts that help you to understand relationships between sentences in a paragraph . A. Some words show that the thought will be repeated : in other words B. Some words may show a cause- effect relationship : because of this consequently as a result thus C. Some words indicate a conclusion . in conclusion therefore as a result,Direction: Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements . For each one , mark D in the space provided if is a definition . Leave it blank if it is not .,1. When fuel is scarce , a fireless cooker can help . _ A fireless cooker is a small container that fits into a larger container with enough space between the two so that some material can be packed around it . _ The fireless cooker may someday be a common household tool . _Fuel refers to anything that will ignite and burn . _The fireless cooker is really very helpful . 2. Fallout radiation passes through any clothing that is practical to wear . _Clothing does not protect you from fallout radiation . _Fallout refers to the heavier-than-air particles that fall back to earth . _Radiation is a process in which energy is sent out in all directions . _Even waterproof rainwear is not protective .,D,D,3. Some people get “carried away” over their automobiles . _ Being “carried away” means paying more attention to it than is really necessary . _They wash it and polish it and buy gadgets to decorate it . _They constantly tinker with it . _Some people really do pay excessive attention to their cars . 4. Many people we consider to be heroes today were criticized during their lives for not conforming . _Robert Fulton is one such person . _A hero is a person who is admired for certain qualities or achievements . _Conformity means be having the way you think people want you to rather than according to your own set of values . _Florence Nightingale was a heroine .,D,D,D,Direction: Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements . For each one mark R if is repetition . Leave it blank if it is not . 1. Music has been essential to humans since the very earliest times . _ People used it in religious rites . _ People used it for entertainment . _ Music has been very important to humans since very early times . _ People used in war . 2. Belittling Congress is a national pastime . _ People are constantly belittling Congress . _It makes some people feel superior . _It is way of getting rid of our frustrations . _ People all over the country spend time belittling Congress .,R,R,R,Direction: Each of the following sentences is followed by statements. For each one mark CE if is cause-effect . Leave it blank if it is not .,1. Winter came early and with it came a great deal of cold wind and snow . _As a re