句子的擴展與常見錯誤.ppt

The Expansion of Basic Sentence Patterns,1. Elements of a sentence,A sentence consists of 2 main parts: subject and a predicate.,Subject: is the word or words that names the person, thing, or place that a sentence is about. It is usually a noun or a pronoun. Predicate: The predicate tells what the subject is or does. It consists of a verb and its modifiers or complements. The verb is the most important part of the predicate. It expresses action or a state of being. A complement is a word or words used to complete the meaning of the verb.,2. Types of sentences,1. Simple sentence: I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every week. (2 predicate verbs) My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend. (2 subject noun or proun, and 2 predicate verbs ) 2. Compound sentence: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf. I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf. 3. Complex sentence: Although I enjoy playing tennis, I hate golf Whether we go or not has not been decided. 4. Compound-complex sentence: I hate playing golf, but I enjoy playing tennis even though I am not very good at it.,3. Basic sentence patterns,* SV句型 ( subject + intransitive verb ) SV句型是最基本的簡單句型。主語通常是名詞或代詞，謂語是不及物動詞或動詞短語。這一句型還通常帶有狀語A(adverbial),用來說明時間、地點、目的、方式、或程度等。There be 結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較常見的特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可以看作是SV句型的一種變體。There be + S(主語) + A(狀語) 是個倒裝句。 e.g. There exist /are a variety of opinions on this question.,* SVC 句型 ( subject +linking verb +subject complement ) 在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，因系動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語，須和說明或表示主語身份、特征及狀態(tài)的補足語(表語)一起構(gòu)成合成謂語(系表結(jié)構(gòu))。 e.g. Microwave popcorn has become a big hit in American households.,* SVO 句型 ( subject + transitive verb + direct object ) e.g. Would you mind filling out this application form?,* SVOiOd 句型 ( subject +transitive verb + indirect object + direct object ) e.g. The boss accorded him a hearty reception in the new sales promotion campaign.,* SVOC 句型 ( subject + transitive verb + object + object complement ) 賓語補足語可以由名詞、形容詞、副詞、分詞（短語）、不定式（短語）、介詞（短語）等構(gòu)成。 用不定式作賓語補足語，表達和強調(diào)已發(fā)生或未發(fā)生的事實； 用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表達和強調(diào)正在進行的狀態(tài)和發(fā)生的事情； 用過去分詞表達和強調(diào)被動的概念和狀態(tài)。 e.g. Today , we call Einstein a genius. They encouraged her to try again. They found her working very late. They found the room crowded with people.,注：使役動詞 have, let ,make 和感覺動詞feel, hear, notice, see, watch 等后接不定式作其賓補時省略to,但在被動句中則不能省略。 e.g. The teacher made him finish all the homework before he went home. He was made to finish all the homework before he went home. He saw someone come up the stairs. Someone was seen to come up the stairs.,4. Expanding basic sentence patterns,只含基本成分的簡單句的信息容量是有限的。如果我們在五種基本句型的基礎(chǔ)上 對句子加以擴展，就可以增大句子的信息量，使內(nèi)容表達得更加豐富。試比較：,(1) This (word processing) program is complex. (2) This new word processing program is more complex. (3) This new word processing program is more complex than the one I used two years ago.,句子的擴展主要方法有： 增添法，并列法，從屬法等。,* 增添法：通過增添修飾詞或短語來擴展句子。 (1)用修飾詞擴展（ expanding with a modifier word),在英語中，當(dāng)一個名詞同時帶有幾個修飾語時，其位置大體可按下列順序排列： 限定詞（包括冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞等） 數(shù)詞 表示性質(zhì)的形容詞（短詞語在前、長詞語在后） 表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞 表示年齡、新舊的形容詞 表示形狀的形容詞 表示顏色的形容詞 表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞 表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞 表示用途、類別的形容詞 名詞中心詞(非謂語動詞短語/定語從句)。,e.g. a beautiful large new green Chinese woolen carpet all the ten strong young American boy students,副詞在句中主要修飾形容詞、副詞和動詞，其位置在句中也比較靈活。但是，程度副詞一般放在所修飾詞的前面，而頻率副詞放在主要謂語動詞前、系動詞/助動詞后。同時有幾個副詞時，其位置排列如下：程度副詞(或表示程度介賓結(jié)構(gòu))方式副詞(或表示方式的介賓結(jié)構(gòu))地點副詞(或表示方式的介賓結(jié)構(gòu))時間副詞(或表示方式的介賓結(jié)構(gòu))等。 e.g. All the members of the project group often discussed the research schedule quite carefully in the laboratory last week.,(2) 用修飾短語擴展（ expanding with modifier phrases),用介詞短語擴展（expanding with prepositional phrases) e.g. With great feeling, Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed his dream of freedom.,2) 用不定式短語擴展 （expanding with infinitive phrases) e.g. It took us three years to implement our first research project(真實主語).,3) 用動名詞短語擴展 （expanding with Gerund phrases) e.g. It is very useful practicing listening and speaking in language study(真實主語).,4) 用分詞短語擴展（ expanding with participial phrases) e.g. Annoyed by the poor TV reception(狀語), Mr. Lee decided to get a new antenna.,* 并列法 ( coordination ),(1) 用并列句擴展（expanding with compound sentences),a. 使用并列連詞法（ compound sentences with coordinators), 其句式為： independent clause, + coordinator+ independent clause 并列連詞只有7個： for, and , nor/neither, but, or, yet, so. e.g. The Japanese have a longer life expectancy than any other people, for their diet is extremely healthful.,b. 使用連接副詞 （compound sentences with conjunctive adverbs), 其句式： independent clause; + conjunctive adverbs, + independent clause 連接副詞主要有：furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, also, still, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, hence 等。 e.g. Washington , D.C.s metro system is clean and efficient; therefore, hundreds and thousands of people take it every day.,c. 使用分號連接(compound sentences with a semicolon). 其句式： independent clause; + independent clause. e.g. Diana studies traditional Chinese medicine in China; she misses her family in England a lot.,并列句連接詞(Coordinators),(2) 用平行結(jié)構(gòu)擴展 （ expanding with parallelism) 把兩個或更多的具有相同語法結(jié)構(gòu)的句子或句子成分以同一語法形式和修飾方式平行地組合起來，表達同等重要的信息，這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)即為平行結(jié)構(gòu)。這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)既避免了不必要的重復(fù)，又擴大了信息內(nèi)容， 還可起到加強語氣的作用。 e.g. The three most common purpose of writing are to inform, to entertain, and to persuade.,注意：平行結(jié)構(gòu)中并列成分必須相同：名詞與名詞相連，動詞與動詞相連，從句與從句相連， 動詞相連時也必須以相同的形式連接。而且在平行句中常使用成對的關(guān)聯(lián)詞(correlatives), e.g. Bothand, eitheror, not onlybut also, notbut, neithernor 等。 e.g.1) It is important for engineers to think logically, to analyze carefully, and to make decisions realistically. 2) writing is a skill like driving, typing, or cooking. 3) Should scientists go into research, or should they teach, or should they work in industry?,* 從屬法（subordination),(1) 用名詞從句擴展(expanding with noun clause), 包括主語從句，賓語從句， 表語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞從句的詞有以下幾種： 連 詞： that; if; whether 連接代詞： who, whose, whom, whoever, what, whatever, which , whichever 連接副詞： how, why, when , where e.g. 1. What the reporter needs most is an alert mind. 2. I think (that) there must be some misunderstanding between us. 3. What I like best about my current style of argument is that I listen and try to understand others points of view. 4. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.,(2) 用形容詞從句擴展（expanding with adjective clause)，即定語從句 關(guān)系代詞： as, who , whom, whose, that, which 關(guān)系副詞： when, where, why e.g. Fortunately, we have a statistics software that will do all the calculations.,(3) 用副詞從句擴展（expanding with adverbial clause) 即狀語從句 e.g. Business is so competitive nowadays that we must improve our efficiency.,從屬連接詞(subordinators),英語句子是受嚴格的語法規(guī)則制約的，在寫作中如果違背這些規(guī)則，那么寫出的句子就會使人無法理解，或引起歧義。要想避免發(fā)生這些情況，在寫作時就必須處理好句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的幾個問題。,殘缺句、接排句、誤置修飾語和懸垂修飾語是句子結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的錯誤。本節(jié)將對這些問題逐一進行分析，以幫助學(xué)生弄清寫作中出現(xiàn)這些問題的原因，并掌握糾正錯誤的方法。,(1). 殘缺句（Sentence Fragments) 所謂殘缺句 ，顧名思義，是指不能獨立成句的一個不完整的句子片段。盡管殘缺句在形式上像句子一樣是以大寫字母開頭，并在結(jié)尾處帶有標點，然而在邏輯上并不能單獨表達完整的意思，僅是一組詞而以已。請看下列句子：,5.Sentence structure problems 句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤,Fragment:wondering what his son was going to do.(To where? Why not come?),Revised sentence: Mr. smith had been wondering what his son was going to do.,Fragment: Having driven across the desert. We enjoyed the cool weather.,Revised sentence : Having driven across the desert, we enjoyed the cool weather.,* 避免殘缺句的最好辦法是注意區(qū)別句子和句子的一部分。我們知道句子的最基本特點是在語法和邏輯上是一個完整的意義表達單位，它至少要有一個主語和謂語。改寫殘缺句主要有以下方法： 將句子中的句號變成逗號，或把分隔開的短語或從句同它所屬的句子合并成一個能表達完整意思的句子。(e.g: Because we have CET-4 certificates, we can graduate with a bachelor degree) 。,(2) run-on sentence ( 接排句/不斷句）,所謂接排句就是兩個或更多的句子混合交織在一起，而沒有正確的標點符號標明它們之間關(guān)系的句子。 這樣的句子，意思含混不清，使讀者不能理解各部分之間的關(guān)系。接排句有兩種形式： 一是融合句（fused sentence), 即句子之間沒有標點符號和句間連接詞； 另一種更為常見的是逗號連接（comma splice), 即沒有并列連詞，只用逗號代替分號和句號，把兩個完整的意思連接起來。,e.g. The girls scored higher in math the boys scored higher in verbal skills. The girls scored higher in math ，the boys scored higher in verbal skills.,revised: The girls scored higher in math. The boys scored in verbal skills. The girls scored higher in math, while the boys scored higher in verbal skills.,(3) Misplaced modifiers ( 誤置修飾語）,在寫作中，為使句子生動和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修飾語。按照英語的構(gòu)句規(guī)則，充當(dāng)定語或狀語的詞、短語或從句必須盡可能地靠近所修飾的成分。,He sold the old car to the man with leather seats. Please give the book to the boy with the blue cover.,如果一個修飾語既可以修飾其前面的詞也可修飾其后面的詞，這樣的的修飾語稱為歧義修飾語. 歧義修飾語應(yīng)緊挨的地放在它所惟一修飾的詞的前面或后面。,e.g. We agreed on the next day to make the adjustments. Students who practice writing often will benefit.,Revised: We agreed to make the adjustments on the next day. Students who often practice writing will benefit.,(4) dangling modifiers(懸垂修飾語）,懸垂修飾語是與句子的主語不能構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系的修飾語。懸垂修飾語可以出現(xiàn)在句中的任意位置，但多位于句首。,常用的修改方法有： 1) 找出句子中隱含的主語，對所修飾的短語提供行為者（actor). 2) 補足懸垂短語或省略從句必要的成分，擴展成為一個完整的從句，由行為者作主語。,e.g. At the age of six my uncle bought my first pet, a goldfish.,Revised: At the age of six, I received my first pet, a goldfish from my uncle. When I was six, my uncle bought me my first pet, a goldfish.,(5) 過多使用并列句,Eugene ONeill was an American playwright, and he had an unhappy childhood, and he told the story of his childhood in a play entitled A Long Days Journey Into Night and he said it was written in tears. Revised: Eugene ONeill, an American playwright, told the story of his unhappy childhood in a play entitled A Long Days Journey Into Night, which he said was written in tears and blood.,（6）過多使用從句,He is a man who is honest, who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others. Revised: He is an honest man who always pays his just debts and observes the golden rules in his dealings with others.,6. Exercises,練習(xí)一：改正下列句子中語法結(jié)構(gòu)不當(dāng)?shù)牡胤健?Furthermore, there are educational problems. Which can help people learning. They want success in their career this means they will fail in taking care of their family members. Thus their time will not be spent on things do not deserve the time. Teachers are experienced experts in this respect. He can show the students how scientific research is carried out. When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I didnt hear him when he came back. Because I had been sleeping soundly.,Furthermore, there are educational problems which can help people learn. They want success in their career even if this means they will fail in taking care of their family members. Thus their time will not be spent on things that do not deserve the time. Teachers are experienced experts in this respect. They can show the students how scientific research is carried out. When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed. I didnt hear him when he came back, because I had been sleeping soundly.,練習(xí)二：合并下列句子 1. Some people believe higher bus fare will benefit the bus companies. It will also benefit the citizens. 2. All want to make the things clear. All are reluctant to do so because they feel they will lose their face in doing so. 3. Some of them are real scientists. They make writing science fiction their hobby. 4. The girl began to learn to play the piano when she was a child. Her mother was a famous pianist.,1. Some people believe high bus fare will benefit not only the bus companies but also the citizens. 2. All want to make things clear, but all are reluctant to do so because they feel they will lose face in doing so. 3. Some of them are real scientists who make writing science fiction their hobby. 4. The girl, whose mother was a famous pianist, began to learn to play the piano when she was a child.,練習(xí)三： 修改下列句子中冗長的地方 1. But when they come to the end of their life, they often find that their lives have been wasted in vain. 2. They long for knowledge and experience about arts, but the school gives them little knowledge and experience about arts. First, recycling can reduce the pollution that is caused by garbage and wastewater.,1. But when they come to the end of their life, they often find that their lives have been wasted. 2. They long for knowledge and experience about arts, but the school gives them little. 3. First, recycling can reduce the pollution caused by garbage and wastewater.,練習(xí)四： 用另外的句子(結(jié)構(gòu))陳述下列句子的意思，使其表達多樣化。 1. Nowadays there is worsening air pollution in many cities. 2. If people use counterfeit diplomas, it will do harm to both individuals and the society. 3. Subway is more efficient than automobiles and bicycles. 4. Mrs. Jones, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.,1. Nowadays air pollution is worsening in many cities. 2. Using counterfeit diplomas will do harm to both individuals and the society. 3. Compared with automobiles and bicycles, subway is more efficient. 4. Mrs. Jones , one of his neighbors, is a famous writer.,練習(xí) 5 使用學(xué)過的方法改寫下列段落,Whether college graduates are helped to find employment quickly by the revised programs is not clear. But the