托福題型及測(cè)試要點(diǎn).ppt

托福題型及測(cè)試要點(diǎn),Test of English as a Foreign Language,Educational Testing Service (ETS),美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)中心（Educational Testing Service，簡(jiǎn)稱ETS）成立于1947年，是目前世界上最大的私營(yíng)非營(yíng)利教育考試評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)，也是教育研究領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。該組織致力于為180多個(gè)國(guó)家的個(gè)人、教育機(jī)構(gòu)和政府部門(mén)提供服務(wù)，并在全球范圍內(nèi)開(kāi)展、管理著每年1200多萬(wàn)人次的考試，其中包括我們所熟悉的TOEFL 、GRE 、GMAT考試等。 ETS的對(duì)應(yīng)產(chǎn)品：SAT SAT（Scholastic Assessment Test），與GRE一樣是由ETS（即美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)處）主持的考試，是絕大多數(shù)美國(guó)大學(xué)錄取本國(guó)高中生學(xué)術(shù)水平的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的高考，也是世界各國(guó)高中生申請(qǐng)進(jìn)入美國(guó)名校學(xué)習(xí)能否被錄取及能否得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的重要參考。在美國(guó)，ETS最出名的是美國(guó)大學(xué)入學(xué)考試，像SAT（本科），GRE和GMAT。 ,Graduate Record Exam (GRE),1. GRE考試是研究生的入學(xué)考試，它適用于除了法律（需參加LSAT考試）與商業(yè)（需參加GMAT考）以外的各種學(xué)科與專業(yè)的研究生考試。 2. GRE考試分為兩種，一種是普通GRE考試（GRE General），也就是大部分中國(guó)學(xué)生參加的GRE考試。另一種是專項(xiàng)GRE考試(GRE Subject)。參加GRE專項(xiàng)考試的中國(guó)考生并非很多，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)美國(guó)院校不要求提供專項(xiàng)GRE成績(jī)，只要求普通GRE成績(jī)。 3. GRE考試分兩種：其一是一般能力或稱傾向性測(cè)驗(yàn)（General test或Aptitude Test），其二是專業(yè)測(cè)驗(yàn)或稱高級(jí)測(cè)驗(yàn)（Subject Test 或Advanced Test）。一般能力測(cè)驗(yàn)是測(cè)驗(yàn)考生的基本英語(yǔ)能力以及對(duì)英文方面知識(shí)所涉及的廣度和深度，其中數(shù)學(xué)部分（Quantitative）是測(cè)驗(yàn)考生基本數(shù)學(xué)的潛在能力和對(duì)數(shù)理方面問(wèn)題的理解與判斷；分析邏輯（Ana1ytica1 and Logical Diagram）是測(cè)驗(yàn)考生對(duì)問(wèn)題的分析或邏輯推理等方面的能力。,Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT),1. GMAT是研究生管理科學(xué)入學(xué)考試的簡(jiǎn)稱。美國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞等國(guó)家的高校都采用GMAT考試的成績(jī)來(lái)評(píng)估申請(qǐng)入學(xué)者是否適合于在商業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和管理等專業(yè)的研究生階段學(xué)習(xí)，以決定是否; 2. GMAT考試不僅考查申請(qǐng)人的語(yǔ)言能力和數(shù)學(xué)能力，還要測(cè)試其頭腦反應(yīng)、邏輯思維和解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，GMAT考試可以比較真實(shí)地反映應(yīng)試者的英語(yǔ)水平，因而受到越來(lái)越多的專業(yè)和學(xué)校的重視和好評(píng)。目前，全世界的近千所大學(xué)采用GMAT考試; 3. 考試包括語(yǔ)文（Verbal）、數(shù)學(xué)（Quantitative）和分析性寫(xiě)作（Analytical Writing Questions）三部分試題。,Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL),1. TOEFL是由美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)處（Educational Testing Service）舉辦的，為申請(qǐng)去美國(guó)或加拿大等國(guó)家上大學(xué)或入研究生院學(xué)習(xí)的非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的學(xué)生提供的英語(yǔ)水平考試。 2. 至今為止，美國(guó)和加拿大共有2300多所院校規(guī)定，凡是外國(guó)學(xué)生申請(qǐng)到該校入學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的，必須提供TOEFL，GRE，GMAT或TSE的某一項(xiàng)或兩項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試證明，只有達(dá)到學(xué)校所要求成績(jī)的報(bào)考者，才能取得入學(xué)和申請(qǐng)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的資格。 3. 除了美國(guó)、加拿大等大部分國(guó)家的高等院校外，歐洲（如英國(guó)）、大洋洲（如澳大利亞、新西蘭）以及東南亞一些國(guó)家和地區(qū)也都已承認(rèn)TOEFL考試成績(jī)。近幾年來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)的聯(lián)合國(guó)駐華機(jī)構(gòu)和外企及合資企業(yè)在招聘錄用職員時(shí)，或國(guó)際基金組織在測(cè)試職員的英語(yǔ)水平時(shí)，也都采用TOEFL考試成績(jī)。,考試結(jié)構(gòu),1. 托?？荚嚪肿x、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫(xiě)四個(gè)部分, 對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀、聽(tīng)力、口語(yǔ)、寫(xiě)作四項(xiàng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力進(jìn)行綜合測(cè)試。 2. IBT采用的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言場(chǎng)景來(lái)自北美大學(xué)校園中的諸多學(xué)習(xí)場(chǎng)景，語(yǔ)言真實(shí)，主題涉及教育、人文、商業(yè)、工程技術(shù)、自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)研究等六大類。,1. 閱讀: IBT考試閱讀部分約為60到100分鐘，包括3到5篇文章，每篇大約700個(gè)單詞，每篇對(duì)應(yīng)12至14道試題。增加了圖表題、篇章總結(jié)題等?？忌诳荚囘^(guò)程中可使用復(fù)查功能。 2. 聽(tīng)力: 包含兩個(gè)對(duì)話(conversation)和四段課堂講解(lecture)。每個(gè)對(duì)話涉及2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上的說(shuō)話者，每個(gè)對(duì)話對(duì)應(yīng)5道試題； 每段演講對(duì)應(yīng)6道試題。聽(tīng)力部分共包括34道試題。聽(tīng)力部分的時(shí)間大約是50分鐘。每個(gè)對(duì)話是23分鐘，每段演講是46分鐘?？忌梢栽诼?tīng)錄音的過(guò)程 中做筆記幫助答題。,3. 口語(yǔ): 總時(shí)間約為20分鐘。共有6題，其中兩道為獨(dú)立回答題。 另外兩道要求考生先閱讀一段文字然后再聽(tīng)一段與其內(nèi)容相關(guān)的聽(tīng)力材料，最后考生按照要求回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題。閱讀材料是70-100單詞的自然段，共45秒鐘的閱讀時(shí)間。聽(tīng)力材料可能是對(duì)話，也可能是演講，其長(zhǎng)度大約為1分半鐘，150-180 個(gè)單詞。 第5題和第6題以考試中的聽(tīng)力材料為基礎(chǔ)，要求考生回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題?？忌梢栽诼?tīng)錄音的過(guò)程中做筆記來(lái)幫助答題。 每個(gè)回答的得分是04分?？疾榫C 合語(yǔ)言技能的題目的評(píng)分以回答的質(zhì)量、完整性和準(zhǔn)確性為依據(jù)。,Speaking,Speaking: Key points for Q3,The man is thinking of registering for an online course. The advisors opinion about online course is that they are not right for all students. One reason she gives is that online courses require students to be self-motivated and able to learn on their own, mainly by reading. Another reason is that online courses have a fairly dropout rate. Another reason is that some students prefer going to class and interacting face-to-face with the professor and other students.,Speaking: Key points for Q4,Corporations are similar to any other culture because they have values, norms, rituals, symbols and texts. Corporate culture gives meaning to the daily activities of the company. Corporations have norms that regulate behavior, maintain order, and establish conventions such as clothing style and business hours. Well-established companies have traditional corporate cultures. Many new technology firms have very informal cultures with no fixed traditions to follow.,Speaking: Key points for Q5,The mans problem is that he is concerned about his grade for his geology course, but he does not have enough time to study because he has to work more hours at his job, The woman suggests that he get a tutor. The women suggests that he quit his job or look for a different job. The woman suggest that he drop the geology course and take it again next quarter.,Speaking: Key points for Q6,Ocean water is clear when there are no particles suspended in it, so light is able to pass though. Some water is green because of a mixture of blue light from scattered sunlight and yellow pigment from phytoplankton, the floating plant life. Some water is brown or brownish-red because of the presence of large quantities of brown algae, which contain brown pigments. Some water is blue because of the scattering sunlight by tiny particles in the water; blue light is distributed easily because it has a short wavelength.,4. 寫(xiě)作: 包括兩道試題，需在大約50分鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。 1. 綜合性寫(xiě)作：考生首先需要閱讀一篇學(xué)術(shù)演講，然后需要聽(tīng)一段大約為2分鐘的課堂講解?？忌诼?tīng)錄音的過(guò)程中可以做筆記來(lái)幫助答題?？忌?0分鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)總結(jié)聽(tīng)力材料中的要點(diǎn)，并解釋這些要點(diǎn)與閱讀材料中的要點(diǎn)有何不同。 2. 獨(dú)立性寫(xiě)作：獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作試題部分需30分鐘的時(shí)間，需要 考生根據(jù)自己的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)陳述、解釋并支持對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的某種看法。 每個(gè)寫(xiě)作任務(wù)的分?jǐn)?shù)是05分。考查綜合語(yǔ)言技能的作文題目的評(píng)分以回答的質(zhì)量、完整性和準(zhǔn)確性為依據(jù)。,綜合性寫(xiě)作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和說(shuō)明 (150-225),A response at 5 Score Level A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well-organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.,綜合性寫(xiě)作基本方法,基本結(jié)構(gòu) Paragraph 1: 聽(tīng)力材料的主旨 閱讀材料的主旨 兩種材料的關(guān)系 Paragraph 2: 聽(tīng)力材料第一支持性細(xì)節(jié)/例證，以及其與閱讀材料相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)/例證之間的邏輯關(guān)系 聽(tīng)力材料第二支持性細(xì)節(jié)/例證，以及其與閱讀材料相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)/例證之間的邏輯關(guān)系 Paragraph 3: 補(bǔ)充并總結(jié)全文 (optional),綜合性寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言模板,第一段： In this set of materials, the listening passage discusses _(聽(tīng)力材料的主旨), which gives further details of _ (聽(tīng)力材料主旨的展開(kāi)) and supports (用于支持型材料) / opposites (用于反駁型材料) the reading passage that _ (閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)).,第二段 First, the listening passage tells us _ (第一個(gè)支撐細(xì)節(jié)，并說(shuō)明其與閱讀材料的關(guān)系). Second, it also illustrates that _ (第二個(gè)支撐細(xì)節(jié)，并說(shuō)明其與閱讀材料的關(guān)系). As a result, _. (得出的結(jié)論) 第三段 In addition, _. (補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)或結(jié)論) Consequently, _. (全文總結(jié)),Sample: Reading material,Wilson College is a small private institution of higher education. One of its former students donated an enormous bequest to his mother school, and he lodged a stipulation only that his incredible bequest must be utilized to make his mother school an even more pleasant place to study in. to meet his demand, college administrators and faculty structured a committee to find out how to spend the bequest.,Soon, the first committee meeting was held. On the meeting, the member of the committee rapidly divided into two factions. A delegate of the administration represented the one faction, while the head of the faculty led the other faction. After significant wrangling, they made a decision that one week later the committee meeting would be convoked again to present their own plan for dealing with the bequest. During this week, they could prepare reference to support their plan.,The committee congregated as scheduled. The administrators faction was the first to state their plan for using the bequest. In the statement, they assumed that there were numerous worthy uses for the money. Their proposal could be drawn into three points. First, they maintained that an innovative classroom building should be built to make the campus larger for all the classes. If the campus had adequate space, it could meet the demands of the extra students. Whats more, it could bring about additional tuitions. In addition to the new classroom building, the administrators also wished to consume part of the bequest on a new gymnasium they had which is more than 70 years old. Finally, they intended to raise their salary by the remaining in the bequest, citing the fact that their pay was 10% below the national average.,Professor: The administrators first point that adds a new classroom building was supported by the faculty, because they extremely recognized that the college truthfully needed more classroom space for teaching. However, the faculty powerfully objected more students could be admitted to the college by using the new classroom space. They held that the existing overcrowded classes should be decreased, and desired to utilize the additional classroom space to attain their goal. What they worried was the present high class size would preserve if additional students were admitted after a new classroom building was constructed.,Listening material,As to the administrators second point, the faculty also recognized that the 70-year-old gymnasium was a crisis, but they still didnt wholly agree with the administrators opinion. They believed that renovating the current gymnasium instead of building an utterly new gym was a better way to spend the bequest. Tearing it down was awfully a waste.,What really enraged the faculty was the administrators third point that the administrators wished to spend part of the bequest on pay rises for themselves. This proposal dreadfully shocked the faculty. Indeed, the administrative salaries at the school were 10% below the average standard. However, the faculties were also paid low salaries which were below the national salaries. They powerfully believed that any additional money in the bequest should be spent on scholarships for students, after adding a new classroom building and renovating the old gymnasium.,Listening material,Listen to the passage. On a piece of paper, take notes on the main points of the listening passage. Question: How is the information in the listening passage related to the ideas in the reading passage?,Sample answer,In this set of materials, both passages discuss a problem that Wilson College has been donated a large sum of money by a former student and a committee is established to compromise administrators and facultys disagreement on how the money should be used. In the listening material, the faculty comes up with their own suggestions, though three ways as well, they disagree in a great number of details.,First of all, what both the faculty and the administration suggest is that a new classroom building is badly needed. However, they disagree on how the building should be used. The administrators want a new building so that it can bring them a great deal of extra students, but the faculty wants the new classrooms aiming at that class sizes can be reduced.,In addition, both the faculty and administrators agree that the gymnasium is too old, but they do not agree on how to deal with the problem. The administrators want to tear down the old gymnasium and rebuild an entirely new one while the faculty want to renew the old one.,Finally, the faculty and the administrators have a big divergence over the third way to spend the money. The administrators want to use some of the money to raise their pays, but the faculty holds the opinion that this idea is really terrible. The faculty wants to use this part of the money for student scholarships.,Writing: Key points for Q1,The reasons for traveling have changed. In the past, people traveled for political or economic purposes; in modern times, people travel for personal enrichment and adventure. This is similar to the point in the reading that the earliest tourists traveled in search of resources, while later tourists traveled for cultural, educational, and scientific purposes. Hemingway illustrates the conquest ideal in tourism and was very influential. This is similar to the point in the reading that Hemingway exposed people to the possibilities of journeying to faraway lands for adventure.,Ethnic tourism is a new kind of cultural tourism in which tourists learn about aboriginal cultures. This is similar to the point in the reading that young Europeans took “grand tour” to expand their cultural horizons; it also differs because the European example occurred in the 17th century rather than the present. Environmental tourism is traveling to wilderness areas to observe, photograph, and learn about the nature. This is similar to the point in the reading that people traveled to observe and preserve he natural world; it also differs from the point in the reading that people traveled to hunt.,獨(dú)立性寫(xiě)作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和說(shuō)明 (250),A response at 5 Score Level # effectively address the task by clearly starting an opinion; # well-organized and -developed with appropriate examples, reasons, or details; # use language effectively, with sentence variety and appropriate word choice and only occasional minor language errors.,Writing,指點(diǎn)迷津,1. ?？碱}要選機(jī)考界面的 2. 突擊聽(tīng)力成漲分關(guān)鍵 3. 詞匯大回鍋?zhàn)鰝€(gè)總復(fù)習(xí) 托?？荚囈罂忌~匯量要大，這完全是為了閱讀服務(wù)。因?yàn)殚喿x中有近13的題目都是考的詞匯題，每篇文章都會(huì)有4道題考查詞匯同義詞、近義詞，比重相當(dāng)大，考生如果詞匯量大，比較吃香。 竅門(mén)：詞匯的重要性毋庸置疑了，而海量的詞匯要表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，打字又是個(gè)關(guān)鍵。要練好打字，又快又準(zhǔn)確，拼寫(xiě)一定不能馬虎。,獨(dú)立性寫(xiě)作舉例 1,Situation: People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge, etc.). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Why Do We Attend College?,After the completion of the education in the high school, we join in a college. We enter an environment which looks completely new for us. We have to face new lecturers, new classmates and to make new friends. As far as I am concerned, its compulsory for every one of us to attend a college. The reasons are as follows. Knowledge is divine. We attend college to improve our knowledge and skills. Without knowledge we cant survive in this world. The knowledge gained through hard work will definitely benefit us in the future.,The second reason for us to attend college is, to pursue a degree. With the degree we may continue our further studies or apply for a job. This will become our prerogative. It depends upon our ambition and goal. We can socialize our life by attending a college. The rules and regulations laid down by a college help us to lead our life in a disciplined manner. Also, in a college we meet different kinds of people with different attitudes and ways of thinking. We can learn a lot from them. By communicating with them we can exchange our ideas and views, which help us (to) improve our knowledge. Also, we can get rid of the problem of stage fear by participating in the seminars and group discussions.,The exams in a college are very much useful to us. Exams are conducted in order to test our ability in a particular subject. No one should be absent from the exams. We should not lose heart when we fail in an exam. We have to know the reasons for our failure and take further preventive steps and try to do well in the next exam. By preparing for the exams we are able to judge our strength as well as our weakness. Strict1y speaking, exams make us learn. In conclusion, college days are the best days in a persons life. We wont have the freedom in a job or work as we have in college. So, in order to be successful in life we have to efficiently use the time and freedom in our college.,獨(dú)立性寫(xiě)作舉例 2,Situation: Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.,Some people may believe that going to classes should be optional, but I disagree. I dont understand how university students can expect to learn anything if they dont attend classes. Personal experience can help people learn about themselves and the world outside the classroom, but when it comes to learn about academic subjects, students need to be in class. In class, students receive the benefit of the teachers knowledge. The best teachers do more than just go over the materials in the class textbook. They draw their students into discussion of the material. They present opposing points of view. They schedule guest speakers to come and give the students additional information.,In addition, attending classes on any subject teaches more than just facts. It teaches students how to learn, how to absorb information and then apply what they have learned to other situations. Their teacher is the best one to help them with these skills. Going to class also teaches st