英美文學(xué)課件復(fù)習(xí)資料1.ppt

English and American Literature,An Outline of English Literature,I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450-1066) II. Middle English Period (1066-1485) III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century) IV. The 17th Century V. The 18th Century. VI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837) VII. English Literature of Victorian Age (1837-1901) VIII. 20th Century Literature,I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450-1066),This period extended from about 450-1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The Germanic tribes from Europe who overrun England in the 5th century, after the Roman withdraw, brought with the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon language, which is the basis of modern English. They bought also a specific poetic tradition, the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman-French invaders 6 century later.,Achievements,Poetry Much of old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted, with harp (a kind of instrument in Chinese means 豎琴) accompaniment, by Anglo-Saxon scop (poet in Chinese means 吟游詩人), often bold and strong, but also mournful and elegiac (sad) in sprit. Major achievement: Beowulf,II. Middle English Period (1066-1485),Extending from 1066 to 1485, this period is noted for the extensive influence of French literature on native English forms and themes.,Achievements,Literary Trends: Arthurian Legends and Tales of Chivalry and Adventure:,Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales,III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century),Literary Trends: Renaissance and Humanism The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. This period is characterized by the influence of the classics (in literature, language, and philosophy), as well as an optimistic forward-thinking approach to the potential of humans (known as Renaissance humanism).,Writers and Works:,Thomas More: Utopia 烏托邦 Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queene 仙后 Francis Bacon: Essays 論說文集,William Shakespeare,Works: 154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poems Comedy: A Midsummer Nights Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Merchant of Venice Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet History Plays: Henry IV,The earlier seventeenth century, and especially the period of the English Revolution (164060), was a time of intense ferment in all areas of life religion, science, politics, domestic relations, culture.,IV. The 17th Century,Writers and works: John Milton: Paradise Lost 失樂園 John Buyan: The Pilgrims Progress 天路歷程 (Metaphysical poet) John Donne: Songs and Sonnets 歌與十四行詩,IV. The 17th Century,Literary Traits Enlightenment and Neoclassism , the early age of Romanticism The Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the time . The enlightenmenters celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rule.,V. The 18th Century,In the field of literature, enlightenmenters believed that the artistic should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy . seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Neoclassicism. A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint.,V. The 18th Century,Poetry: Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Rock 劫發(fā)記 Prose: Jonathan Swift: Guillivers Travels 格列佛游記 The Rise of the Realistic Novel Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 魯賓遜漂流記,VI. The Romantic Age (1789-1837),The literary views: Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art.,A: Poetry: William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集 Byron: Dan Juan 唐璜 Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西風(fēng)頌 John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 夜鶯頌,B. Drama: Byron: Manfred Shelley: Prometheus Unbound C. Novel: Jane Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe,Features of the Victorian Literature: Realism Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought. Great writers and great works abounded.,VII English Literature of Victorian Age,Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities William Thackeray: Vanity Fair Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights Thomas Hardy: Tess of the dUrbevilles,The century was a period of great artistic change, and is dominated by the impact of World War I (191418) and World War II (193945), as well as by the artistic concerns of modernism (which affected both themes and methods of writing).,VIII 20th Century English Literature,Literature Before 1950s Literary Traits: Modernism Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.,A. Poetry: T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land B. Drama: George Benard Shaw: Saint Joan C. Novel: Henry James: Daisy Miller Joseph Conrad: Lord Jim D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, James Joyce: Ulysses,154 sonnets,2 long poems,37 plays,Tragedies,Comedies,History plays,Tragi-comedies,Shakespeare (1564-1616),HIS TRAGEDIES,among the most powerful studies of human nature in all literature appropriately as the greatest achievements of his dramatic artistry Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奧賽羅 King Lear 李爾王 Macbeth 麥克白,HIS COMEDIES,His comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly. Four Great Comedies: The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之夢(mèng) Twelfth Night 第十二夜 As You Like It 皆大歡喜,HIS HISTORIES,2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI 1 Henry VI Richard III Richard II,King John 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V Henry VIII,Shakespeares Poetry,Poetry Venus and Adonis Sonnets,A mix of old and very new Rural and urban words/images Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest noble,Shakespeares Language,thou=you(主格）,thy=your（物主代詞）,thee=you（賓格）,thou art = you are thou wilt = you will thou shalt = you shall thou wert = you were,“Words, words, only words, no matter from the heart”,Meaning: Empty words, not real thoughts or ideas from the heart.,Troilus and Cressida,空話,空話,只是空話,沒有一點(diǎn)發(fā)自內(nèi)心.,Match the meaning with the quotation and the play.,Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo ? Deny your father, and refuse your name,羅密歐,羅密歐,你為什么是羅密歐?否定你的父親放棄你的姓氏.,Romeo and Juliet,Version In modern English,“Neither a borrower nor a lender be”,Meaning: It is best not to lend (money) to others and not to borrow from others. When we lend sth, we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with the other person.,Hamlet,別借債,莫放債.,“To be or not to be: that is the question”,Meaning: That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing.,Hamlet,生存還是毀滅,這是個(gè)問題.,Influence,Shakespeares work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. His writing is widely regarded as one of the three main sources of the English literature, while the other two are Greek and Roman myths and the Bible. Shakespeares use of language helped shape modern English.,The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, or more simply Hamlet, is believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601.,Hamlet is regarded as Shakespeares most popular and greatest play on the stage. It is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the absurdness and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today.,Hamlets soliloquy,Soliloquy - Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Soliloquy in Hamlet is a natural means of writing in revealing the princes inner conflict and psychological predicament in Hamlet.,How many soliloquies does Hamlet deliver?,Hamlet has seven major soliloquies. The most famous soliloquy is perhaps “to be or not to be” in Act III, Scene I, Hamlet.,To be, or not to be: that is the question:,the key sentence dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and death,suffer the life passively,to end ones sufferings actively?,To be,To live and not to take action,Not to be,To take action and die,Which is nobler ?,Hamlets soliloquy,Main Idea: This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existence, and whether it is ones right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy of suicide in an unbearably painful world.,It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet and Macbeth, is one of his most frequently performed plays.,It is a song of youth and true love. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.,Romeo and Juliet,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Whats in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. (2.2.45-6), Juliet See how she leans her cheek upon her hand! O that I were a glove upon that hand, That I might touch that cheek! (2.2.23-5), Romeo,English Poetry,Shakespeares Sonnets Romantic poetry William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats,Introduction to Shakespeares Sonnets,The Sonnets are Shakespeares most popular works, and a few of them, such as Sonnet 18 (Shall I compare thee to a summers day), Sonnet 116 (Let me not to the marriage of true minds), and Sonnet 73 (That time of year thou mayst in me behold), have become the most widely-read poems in all of English literature.,Sonnet is a very important form of English metrical poetry. It has 14 lines written to a regular rhyme scheme. Sonnet was invented by the Italian poet, Francesco Petrarch in the early 14th century. Sonnet makes it easier to express deep thought and emotion. The Shakespearean sonnet is made up of 3 quatrains followed by a couplet. The concluding couplet often comes to be an effective epigram and also makes the theme of the poem clearer. Its rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.,evenly-tempered; not overcome by passion.,the natural changes age brings.,that beauty you possess.,the beauty of everything beautiful will fade,the sun,a,b,a,c,d,d,f,e,e,f,g,g,b,c,f,白話譯本： 我能否將你比作夏天？ 你比夏天更美麗溫婉。 狂風(fēng)將五月的蓓蕾凋殘， 夏日的勾留何其短暫。 休戀那麗日當(dāng)空， 轉(zhuǎn)眼會(huì)云霧迷蒙。 休嘆那百花飄零， 催折于無常的天命。 唯有你永恒的夏日常新， 你的美貌亦毫發(fā)無損。 死神也無緣將你幽禁， 你在我永恒的詩中長(zhǎng)存。 只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩篇， 這詩就將不朽，永葆你的芳顏。,Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets. It is also one of the most straightforward in language and intent. In the sonnet, the poet compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. The poet also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem.,Romanticism,Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but can be detected even in changed attitudes towards children and education.,Major Romantic Poets,William Blake 1757-1827 Songs of Innocence William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Lyrical Ballads, I wander Lonely as a Cloud S.T. Coleridge 1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads, Kubla Khan George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 Don Juan Percy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822 Ode to the West Wind John Keats 1795 1821 Ode to a Nightingale,1798年華茲華斯與柯爾律治共同發(fā)表的抒情歌謠集宣告了浪漫主義新詩的誕生。華茲華斯在1800年抒情歌謠集第二版的序言中詳細(xì)闡述了浪漫主義新詩的理論，主張以平民的語言抒寫平民的事物、思想與感情，被譽(yù)為浪漫主義詩歌的宣言(manifesto)。,Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. It became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry.,Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s:,Imagination Intuition Idealism the concept that we can make the world a better place. Inspiration The Romantic artist, musician, or writer, is an “inspired creator” rather than a “technical master.” Individuality,Romantics celebrated the individual.,emphasized over “reason”,William Wordsworth(1770-1850),William Wordsworths poems have two major subjects. One is about nature. The other is about common life of ordinary people. Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.“ Works: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Also known as Daffodils Ode: Intimations of Immortality The Solitary Reaper,華茲華斯的詩以描寫自然風(fēng)光、田園景色、及鄉(xiāng)民村姑、少男少女等普通人的生活聞名于世。 文筆樸素清新，自然流暢，一反新古典主義平板、典雅的風(fēng)格，開創(chuàng)了新鮮活潑的浪漫主義詩風(fēng)。,華茲華斯: 英國詩人，與柯爾律治、索塞同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人。,Percy Bysshe Shelley,珀西比希雪萊（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792年8月4日1822年7月8日），一般譯作雪萊，是英國文學(xué)史上最有才華的抒情詩人之一，更被譽(yù)為詩人中的詩人。其一生見識(shí)廣泛，不僅是柏拉圖主義者，更是個(gè)偉大的理想主義者。 創(chuàng)作的詩歌節(jié)奏明快，積極向上。,One of the major English Romantic poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822),most famous for poems such as “Ode to the West Wind”, 西風(fēng)頌 “To a Skylark”, 致云雀 for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron; for his untimely death at a young age, like them,One of the major English Romantic poets,Ode to the west wind Shelley,Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And by the incantation of this verse. Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened earth. The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far behind?,最后一節(jié),像你以森林演奏，請(qǐng)也以我為琴， 哪怕我的葉片也像森林的一樣凋謝! 你那非凡和諧的慷慨激越之情， 定能從森林和我同奏出深沉的秋樂， 悲愴卻又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精靈 竟是我的魂魄，我能成為剽悍的你! 請(qǐng)把我枯萎的思緒向全宇宙播送， 就像你驅(qū)遣落葉催促新的生命， 請(qǐng)憑借我這單調(diào)有如符咒的韻文， 就像從未滅的余燼飏出爐灰和火星， 把我的話語傳遍天地間萬戶千家， 通過我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境， 讓預(yù)言的號(hào)角奏鳴!哦，風(fēng)啊， 如果冬天來了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎?,Ode to the West Wind,In this poem, the poet praises the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver, that enjoys boundless freedom and that has the power to spread messages far and wide. It is a great lyric on nature, but it has underlying significance: the old world must go, and a new world must come with the spring, laden with fresh sweet promises for suffering humanity. It is a mixture of death and rebirth.,John Keats (1795-1821),Keats wrote 150 poems, but those upon which his reputation rests were written in the span of nine months, from January to September 1819. This intense flowering of talent remains unparalleled in literary history.,English Ode,An ode is typically a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poets interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode. It is generally regarded that Keatss most important and mature poems are in the form of ode. perhaps the greatest odes of the 19th century were Keatss Five Great Odes of 1819 which included Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to Psyche, and Ode to Autumn.,English novel,Jane Austen (16 December 1775 18 July 1817),her works of romantic fiction have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature her realism and biting social commentary have cemented her historical importance as a writer.,Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice 1796 (Pub. 1813) Sense and Sensibility 1797 (Pub. 1811) Northhanger Abbey 1798 (Pub. 1818) Mansfield Park (Pub. 1814) Emma (Pub. 1815) Persuasion (Pub. 1818),She first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life.,Pride and Prejudice, originally called First Impressions,The novel described the clash between Elisabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman and an intelligent young woman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner. Their relationship starts from dislike, but Darcy becomes intrigued by her mind and spirit. At last they fall in love and are happily united. Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of independence and self-confidence for women.,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.凡是有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太，這已經(jīng)成了一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理 However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.,Appreciate the language,Charles John Huffam Dickens 7 February 18129 June 1870,pen-name “Boz“ most popular English novelist of the Victorian era the greatest representative of English critical realism. with the theme of social reform running throughout his work.,Oliver Twist 1837-39 Old Curiosity Shop 1840-41 A Christmas Carol 1843 Dombey and Son 1846-48 David Copperfield 1849-50 Bleak House 1852-53 Hard Times 1854 Little Dorrit 1855-57 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 Great Expectations 1860-61,Major works,His books are largely set in London, at the time the largest and richest city in the world, b