英語語法直播課堂安徽電大在線EnglishgrammarliveclassroomAnhuiTVUniversityOnl.ppt

英語語法 ENGLISH GRAMMAR,主講人 錢豐收,安徽電大 直播課堂,Name : Qian Feng-shou Teacher of Anhui TV University Tutor of English Grammar Way to contact me: Tel:Email: ,Self Introduction,References,安徽電大 教學(xué)資源、VOD點播 安徽電大在線 網(wǎng)上討論、網(wǎng)上留言、 中央電大在線 英語語法課程頁面/jxc1/zhykch/1126/t/t.htm,English Grammar,A basic knowledge of Grammar is absolutely necessary if you want to understand, especially use the English language. Our mother tongue is Chinese which is quite different from English we are learning now. Knowing the differences and culture shocks will help you become a successful language user of English.,第一講 名詞和冠詞,一、名詞(nouns)的語法知識 二、冠詞(articles)的語法知識,1、名詞(nouns),名詞（nouns) : 1.kinds and function 2. Countable And Uncountable Nouns 3. Number of Nouns 4.The form/use of the possessive case and of + noun,1.1 kinds and function of nouns,A) There are four kinds of noun in English: Common nouns: dog,man, table Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Tom Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, fear, joy Collective nouns: crowd, group, team,B) the function of nouns 1. The subject of verb: Tom arrived. 2.The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor. 3. The object of a verb: I saw Tom. 4. The object of a preposition :I spoke to tom. 5. A noun can also be in the possessive case: Toms books.,1.2 Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns,Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable,1.3 Number of N (名詞的數(shù)),英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(singular)和復(fù)數(shù)(plural)兩種形式, 表示一個人或事物用單數(shù)形式, 表示一個以上的人或事物用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 名詞的單數(shù)形式就是詞典上所出現(xiàn)的形式,沒有變化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an English book。 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有著規(guī)則的(Regular plurals)與不規(guī)則的(Irregular plurals)變化形式，以及復(fù)合名詞(compound nouns)特殊的變化形式。,1.3.1 Regular plurals,1.The plural of a noun usually by adding s to the singular: day-days, dog-dogs, house-houses “ -S” is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound. Otherwise it is pronounced /z/. When -s is placed after -ce, -ge,-se,or -ze an extra syllable(/IZ/) is added to the spoken word. Please turn to page 5.,2.Nouns ending in -o or -ch, -sh, -ss,or -x form their plural by adding -es: tomato-tomatoes, brush-brushes, box-boxes, church-churches, class-classes when es is placed after ch,sh,ss or x an extra syllable(/IZ/)is added to the spoken word.And after -o -es is pronounced /Z/.,3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant（輔音） form their plural by dropping the y and adding -ies: baby-babies, country-countries, lady-ladies, fly-flies Nouns ending in y following a vowel（元音） form their plural by adding s: boy-boys, daydays, donkey-donkeys,4. Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the the f or fe and add ves.These nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, shelf, thief, wife, wolf: loaf-loaves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves etc. Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way: cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs, safe-safes,1.3.2 Irregular plurals,1. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change: foot-feet, mouse-mice, woman-women, goose-geese, man-men, tooth-teeth The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen. 2. Some nouns do not change in the plural: deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, 3. Certain words are always plural: clothes, police, trousers etc.,4. Collective nouns ,crew, family, team, etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit: Our team is the best. or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals: Our team are wearing their new jerseys（運動衫).,1. Normally the last word is made plural: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural: men drivers, women doctors 2. The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb+er nouns + adverbs: hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up and with compounds composed of noun + preposition + noun: ladies-in-waiting, sisters-in-law,1.3.3 Compound nouns,1.4 The form of the possessive case,A. S 所有格構(gòu)成法 1. S is used with singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s: a mans job, mens work, the peoples choice 2.A simple apostrophe () is used with plural nouns ending in s: a girls school, the eagles nest, the Smiths car 3. The names ending in s can take s. Mr Joness house, Thomass brother 4. With compounds, the last word takes the s: my brother-in-laws guitar,B. of + noun 所有格的用法 1、用于無生命的東西 eg. the rocket of the space shuttle 2、用于名詞化的形容詞 eg. the happiness of the old 3、 名詞的修飾與較多時 eg. the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat.,C. 雙重所有格(Double Possessive Case) 所有格所修飾的名詞前面有一個數(shù)量詞或一個指示代詞that時，要用雙重所有格（數(shù)量詞包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。 a friend of Marys（=a friend of Marys friends） 瑪麗的一個朋友 some books of the teachers 老師的一些書 that son of Mr.Smiths史密斯先生的那個兒子 that smile of the boys 那個孩子的微笑 （注：雙重所有格修飾的名詞不能與定冠詞 the 連用） 雙重所有格的作用請參看教材13頁。,2、冠詞(Articles),There are definite, indefinite and zero articles in English. The indefinite article (a/an) The definite article (the) The zero definite(omission of a/an/the),2.1 The indefinite article (a/an),1. The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound: a man, a hat, a university, a European The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound: an apple, an uncle, an egg, an hour, an island,2.Use of a/an A. Before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing: eg. I need a visa. He bought an ice-cream. B. Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things: eg. A child needs love = All children need love. A horse is a useful animal=All horses are useful animals.,C. With a noun complement.This includes names of profession: eg. It was an earthquake. Shell be a dancer. D. In certain expressions eg. a lot of, a hundred, a great deal of, in a word, a dozen,3. Omission of a/an A/an is omitted: A. Before plural nouns B. Before uncountable nouns C. Before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective: eg: We have breakfast at eight. He gave us a good breakfast.,2.2 the definite article (the),1.use of the definite article A. When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique: eg. The earth, the sky, the stars B. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time: eg. His car struck a tree; you can see the mark on the tree.,C. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause: eg. the girl in blue, the place where I met him D. Before superlatives(最高級) and first, second etc. used as adjectives or as pronouns, and only: eg. the first (week), the best day, the only way E. The + singular noun can represent a class of animals or things. Eg. The lion is the king of animals.,F. The + adjective represents a class of persons: eg. the old = old p