環(huán)境工程研究生雙語(yǔ).ppt

Environmental Policy in the U.S.,美國(guó)的環(huán)境政策,環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程 龔鵬飛,2,Outline,1 Introduction導(dǎo)言,4 U.S.-China Cooperation on Environmental Protection 中美環(huán)保方面的合作,3 Problems and why 出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題和原因分析,2 Development of Environmental Policy in U.S.環(huán)境政策在美國(guó)的發(fā)展,5 Conclusion 結(jié)語(yǔ),3,1 Introduction導(dǎo)言,Our earth was very beautiful,4,The world is not only hungry，but also thirsty for water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% - the fresh water that comes from rivers，lakes，underground. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs . Even worse, some of it has been polluted.,Now we are fighting for the earth.,Garbage,Now we are fighting for the earth.,The environment is innocent !,8,By the late 1980s, the publics sense of environment protection grew out of nothing, the Federal Government went from shouldering no responsibility to playing more and more active part in the environment protection. 到20世紀(jì)80年代后期，市民的環(huán)保意識(shí)從無(wú)到有，聯(lián)邦政府承擔(dān)責(zé)任，在保護(hù)環(huán)境中發(fā)揮更多和更積極地參與。,2 Development of Environmental Policy in U.S.,9,1970s First Earth Day - April 22, 1970. Much environmental legislation passed. Immediate, obvious problems were relatively easy to address.,10,1980s Reagan Administration里根執(zhí)政 Resurgence in awareness by late 80s 八十年代末期思想覺(jué)悟復(fù)蘇 1990s Environmental issues become major Presidential campaign topic.環(huán)境方面的議題成為了總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選的主要話題 Decline in membership of major environmental organizations, but increase in grassroots organizations.主流環(huán)保組織的成員減少，但是基層組織增多,11,Through legislation ，congress regulates，behavior，selects agencies to implement new programs ,and sets general procedural guidelines . The environment protection policy in the U.S.A. has been on a new development stage since 1980s, but suffered repeated setbacks.,3 Problems,12,The Command-and-Control pattern that the Federal government adopted(聯(lián)邦政府發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用的“命令控制模式”) Separated powers, checks & balances權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)不集中相互制衡 Incrementalism環(huán)境保守主義觀,Problems,Why?,As far as I know,13,It not only led to a low ratio between cost and effect of the environmental protection management system, but also interfered the management of enterprises, making them carry huge budget for that. The expansion of the divergence between the environmentalists and the environment pollution enterprises make it hard for them to reach compromise.,the Command-and-Control pattern that the Federal government adopted“命令控制模式,14,Separated powers, checks & balances 權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)不集中相互制衡,Power in American government is divided and limited by constitutional design One interpretation: No one is in charge!,15,Incrementalism漸進(jìn)主義,Is the most common U.S. approach to dealing with public problems Involves making and implementing policies in a series of small steps (increments) It implies that making policy will usually be a long, slow process,16,So,we can see that though the period from 1970s to 1990 did bring forth some very tangible accomplishments in environmental policy.However, a new environmental awareness and concern began to surface as a major political issue. 所以我們可以看出從20世紀(jì)70年代至1990年期間，美國(guó)在環(huán)境相關(guān)保護(hù)政策方面確實(shí)帶來(lái)一些非常切實(shí)的成就。然而，從20世紀(jì)80年代末，人們對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)和更進(jìn)一步的關(guān)注，開(kāi)始作為一個(gè)重大的政治問(wèn)題呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。,4 U.S.-China Cooperation on Environmental Protection 中美環(huán)保方面的合作,Main Goals of U.S. Cooperation with China on the Environment 美國(guó)與中國(guó)在環(huán)境方面合作的重要目標(biāo),To help China develop the technical means to prevent environmental degradation, even while maintaining economic growth. 幫助中國(guó)發(fā)展阻止環(huán)境惡化的技術(shù)并保持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。 To share U.S. experience in policy development aimed at making tough environmental policy decisions. 分享美國(guó)在制定強(qiáng)硬環(huán)境政策方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 To support Chinas growing trend of public participation in environmental governance. 支持中國(guó)公眾參與環(huán)境治理。,Examples of Technical Assistance Cooperation 技術(shù)援助合作的例子,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing technical assistance on: Cleaner air and cleaner energy technology, effects of particulate matter on childrens lungs, and air pollution and asthma. 美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)局(EPA)提供的技術(shù)援助有：空氣凈化、清潔能源技術(shù)、顆粒物對(duì)孩子呼吸器的影響、空氣污染、哮喘。 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is providing technical assistance on: Clean fuels, power systems, oil and gas technology, and climate science. 美國(guó)能源部(DOE)提供的技術(shù)援助有：清潔燃料、能源系統(tǒng)、油汽技術(shù)、氣候科學(xué)。 DOE also doing demonstration projects on energy efficient buildings, wind power, solar power, and geothermal heat pump technology. 美國(guó)能源部還做的示范項(xiàng)目有：節(jié)能建筑，風(fēng)能，太陽(yáng)能，地?zé)崾账夹g(shù)。,20,The rules of environmental law in the world are making progress and the situation is already better this year than before. Even so, both governments and civil resources for seeking damages are inadequate, law enforcement is weak and success is only seen in straightforward cases. These issues still need to be resolved.,5 Conclusion 結(jié)語(yǔ),Yes, we only have one earth ,so all of us ta