植物營養(yǎng)與分子生物學.ppt

植物營養(yǎng)學 與現(xiàn)代生物技術,徐芳森,植物營養(yǎng)學 研究植物營養(yǎng)原理與施肥的科學。,植物營養(yǎng)原理 研究植物對營養(yǎng)元素的吸收、運轉、分配和利用，以及植物體與環(huán)境之間營養(yǎng)物質和能量轉化過程及其調控的科學。,植物必需營養(yǎng)元素（定義，分類，種類）？ 有益元素？ 每個必需營養(yǎng)元素的吸收（代謝與同化）、體內含量、分配、營養(yǎng)功能、缺乏（或中毒）癥狀（診斷）？,每個必需營養(yǎng)元素所對應的肥料（種類、性質和施用技術等）？ N,P,K 肥料三要素? 微肥？單質肥料與復合肥料？有機與無機肥？含Cl-肥料與含SO4 2- 肥料？ 施肥與環(huán)境？ 配方施肥？,尤李比西 (1803-1873),Liebig (1840) “Organic chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology ”,Macroelement C, H, O,N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S Microelement Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Cl,CO2,Uptake and distribution of boron at flowering stage (g) B-ineffi. B-effi. -B +B -B +B Oldest leaf 11.02 17.27 7.70 13.70 Youngest leaf 0.024 0.15 0.245 0.586 Main stem 10.55 28.72 23.73 26.68 Flower 1.23 5.67 3.46 7.85 Bud 1.84 11.48 1.96 7.00 Total 32.85 89.37 45.63 78.21,Enzymology,Isotope trace technique,Soil Science,Agronomy,Traditional Understanding on Plant Nutrition,Plant Nutrition,Plant Physiology,Soil Science,Crop Plant,Soil,Fertilizer,Plant Nutriology,Modern Discipline of Plant Nutrition,Genomics Proteomics Metabomics Plant Nutriomics Ionomics,Signal,Signal,transduction,transduction,Rec.,Rec.,Plant,Plant,Nutriomics,Nutriomics,Signal,Signal,transduction,transduction,Rec.,Rec.,Plant,Plant,Nutriomics,Nutriomics,Mller and Kersten, 2003,NRT1 family of nitrate transporters,Two families of nitrate transporter genes have been identified to date: the NRT1 and NRT2 families.,CHL1 participates in both low and high affinity uptake.,N,NRT2 family of nitrate transporters,The NRT2 family of genes encode nitrate-inducible, high affinity nitrate transporters.,AMT1 family of NH4+ transporters,Model for the feedback regulation of the AtAMT1.1 gene by N metabolites.,A model for secondary Pi transport across the plasma membrane.,P,These nine Pht1 genes are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively. The diagram depicts introns (thin lines) and exons (black boxes).,Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis phosphate transporter protein sequences.,Citrate, acetate,Phosphate,Fe-phosphate,ATP,ADP + Pi,H+-ATPase,H+,H+,H+,Phosphate-H+ cotransport,Citrate, acetate,Phosphate,Fe-acetate,H+,H+,Fe-citrate,Fe3+ reductase,Fe2+,Fe2+ channel,Citrate,Fe2+,Cytosol,Soil,The first high-affinity K+ transporter, HKT1, was cloned by complementation of yeast trk1trk2 K+ transport mutant with a cDNA library,a mass of 59 kDa and contain 12 membrane-spanning domains,Expression of HKT1 in Xenopus oocytes gave rise to large inward currents in the present of K+.,K,克隆到的編碼K+轉運蛋白的植物基因,H+/ Ca 2+反向轉運子主要功能是維持細胞原生質膜保持較低的Ca 2+濃度。,Ca,Ca通道(主要通過與3-磷酸肌醇（IP3）或ADP-核糖作用)維持細胞原生質膜的Ca 2+濃度。,植物中廣泛的代謝和發(fā)育信號都可以引發(fā)胞質中游離Ca 2+ 的提高。,游離Ca 2+ 提高的直接作用目標包括離子通道，轉運子，還包括鈣調蛋白、含有鈣調蛋白域的蛋白激酶等。,Overview of sulfur uptake, reduction, and transport in plants,APS: 5-腺苷酰硫酸 PAPS: 3磷酸腺苷5-磷酰硫酸,S,Model of a Plant S transporter with 12 regions spanning the plasma membrane,B,At1g15460 At1g74810 At2g47160 At3g06450 At3g62270 At4g32510 At5g25430,雙子葉植物和非禾本科單子葉植物鐵吸收模式圖,Fe,從擬南芥中分離到根三價鐵還原酶基因FRO2。 它負責電子跨膜轉運的黃色細胞色素超家族中的一員。,擬南芥中分離到鐵轉運蛋白IRT1。,IRT1,WT,IRT1 -WT,抗鹽性一般是多基因控制的，具有數(shù)量遺傳性狀的復雜性，呈“多因一效”的模式。,Number of genes induced (A) or repressed (B) in low Pi. Comparison of short-term (diamonds，3，6，12 h), medium-term (squares, 1,2 d), and long-term (circles, 5 M ) experiments. Julie et al, PNAS, 2005, 102:11934-11939,In various metabolic pathways: ion transport, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and other processes related to growth and development.,轉基因植株和對照的田間表現(xiàn)。 A 至D, 盆載, E: 水培，F(xiàn)、G和 H分別為低氮低磷和正常營養(yǎng)條件下田間的結果 A：0 毫克磷每公斤土, B和D：30 毫克磷每公斤土, C：200 毫克磷每公斤土, ( From Lian 2005),植酸酶基因表達盒,（From Chen 2005）,WT plants in the presence of 5 mM NaCl. Transgenic plants in the presence of 5 mM NaCl. (D) WT plants grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl. (E) Transgenic plants in the presence of 200 mM NaCl.,2001, 19 :765-768 nature biotechnology,Focus on genes that control uptake and accumulation of solutes, including Ca, K, Mg, P (plant macronutrients), Co, Cu, Fe, Li, B, Mn, Mo, N