漢語四字格的分類.docVIP

漢語四字格的分類四字格詞語是漢語詞匯的一大特點(diǎn)，它一般由分成前后兩個部分的四個詞素構(gòu)成。從語法關(guān)系看，詞組中前后兩個部分可以是主謂、動賓、偏正或者并列關(guān)系從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，四字格由自由詞組和固定詞組組成。自由詞組是臨時(shí)組成的，可以隨意拆散，重新組合，例如：“品種齊全，做工精細(xì)”等；而固定詞組是一個整體，四個語素不能拆開、隨意更換。四字格的漢英翻譯方法漢語中出現(xiàn)的四字格，很多只是為了讀起來上口，對仗，并沒有太深的寓意，在英語中我們并不一定能找到一個表達(dá)形式與之對應(yīng)，我們只需準(zhǔn)確理解其真正含義，然后進(jìn)行翻譯：1、將四字格前后兩個詞語分開2、判斷這兩個詞語屬于什么詞類3、分析前后兩個詞語間的邏輯關(guān)系4、通過邏輯關(guān)系確定翻譯方法并列關(guān)系法：將前后兩個詞語分別譯成相應(yīng)的英語譯文，然后中間用并列連詞”and”連接即可。名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers名勝古跡 scenic spots and historical sites青山綠水 green hills and clear waters平等互利 equality and mutual benefit揚(yáng)長避短 play up strengths and avoid weaknesses反腐倡廉 fight corruption and build a clean government集思廣益 draw on collective wisom and absorb all useful ideas語義重復(fù)法：這類四字格前后兩個詞語的語意是一樣的，如果前后兩個詞語都翻譯的話就構(gòu)成語義重復(fù)了，所以在翻譯這類四字格的時(shí)候，只需翻譯一項(xiàng)語義就行層巒疊嶂 peaks rising one after another優(yōu)勝劣汰 survival of the fittest審時(shí)度勢 size up the trend of events招商引資 attract investment目的關(guān)系法：這類四字格前后兩個詞語具有目的關(guān)系，對于這類四字格可以采用動詞不定式或者介詞短語來表達(dá)目的狀語減員增效 downsize (and cut payroll) to improve efficiency (for efficiency)退耕還林 return cultivated land to forest or pastures集資辦學(xué) raise money to set up new schools結(jié)黨營私 form cliques for private gain扭虧為盈 turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one途徑方式法：具有這種邏輯關(guān)系的四字格可以采用介詞through ,according to, with 等介詞短語表達(dá)相應(yīng)的方式狀語寓教于樂 teach through lively activities因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude按勞分配 distribution according to performance以商養(yǎng)文 support /sponsor cultural activities with the profits from doing business偏正詞組法：對于偏正關(guān)系的四字格必有一主一次，將其中一個詞語處理為修飾性成分，而將另外一個處理為中心詞廉潔奉公 honestly perform ones official duties環(huán)境綠化 environmental greening超前消費(fèi) premature consumption; Over-consume; excessive consumption以強(qiáng)凌弱 the strong domineering over the weak以人為本 people foremost; People-oriented動賓關(guān)系：優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ) complement each others advantages 自主經(jīng)營，自負(fù)盈虧 make ones own management decisions, take full responsibility for ones own profits and losses條件關(guān)系：不進(jìn)則退 no progress simply means regression省略意向：瞻前顧后 overcautious （過于謹(jǐn)慎的）and indecisive(猶豫不決的)源遠(yuǎn)流長 have a long history嘔心瀝血 spare no efforts畫龍點(diǎn)睛 bring out the crucial point花天酒地 go on the loose汗馬功勞 exploits 聞名遐邇 famous獨(dú)具匠心 original中流砥柱 mainstay, chief cornerstone魚米之鄉(xiāng) a land of milk and honey世外桃源 a haven of peace疊詞的翻譯疊詞是漢語的一種特殊詞匯現(xiàn)象，使用非常普遍。漢語的名詞、數(shù)詞、量詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞以及象聲詞都有重疊變化，其主要形態(tài)格式有一下十類：1.AA：天天、看看、洋洋、哄哄2.AAB：毛毛雨、洗洗手、刷刷牙、寫寫字3.ABB：眼巴巴、水汪汪、涼絲絲、亮堂堂4.AABB:高高興興、認(rèn)認(rèn)真真、三三兩兩、滴滴答答5.ABAB：一個一個、雪白雪白、飛快飛快、漆黑漆黑6.A一A:看一看、試一試、熱一熱、猜一猜7.A了（一）A：看了看、試了試、摸了摸、拍了拍（看了一看、試了一試、摸了一摸、拍了一拍）8.A呀/呵A:唱呀唱、游呀游、走呀走、讀呀讀9.A著A著：說著說著、數(shù)著數(shù)著、跳著跳著、騎著騎著10.A里AB：糊里糊涂、傻里傻氣、嬌里嬌氣、羅里羅嗦另外還有AABC式（楚楚動人）BCAA式（風(fēng)雪茫茫）ABAC（一舉一動）A都A不式（爬都不爬）這些格式使用率不高。漢語詞匯重疊后，一般無詞性變化。但是詞義大都會發(fā)生變化。疊詞詞義變化可歸納為三種情況。1.增義：增加語義2.強(qiáng)義：加強(qiáng)語意3.弱義：減緩語意疊詞的翻譯雖然英語有重疊元音或輔音而形成的詞匯，有類似于重疊的單詞連續(xù)反復(fù)，以及象聲詞重疊的現(xiàn)象。但是，與漢語的重疊變化來說相去甚遠(yuǎn)，它們遠(yuǎn)不足以翻譯漢語的疊詞。因此，大多數(shù)情況下，只能舍棄其形式而譯其意義，用比較切近、自然的譯文表達(dá)出原文的語意和體現(xiàn)重疊后詞的詞義變化。盡管如此，我們還是可以從中找出一基本的翻譯方法。1.借助every、all、each等詞語，以表達(dá)增義的語意，例如：件件衣服都很漂亮All of these suits of clothes are beatiful.綠化祖國，人人有責(zé)Its everybodys duty to make our motherland green.2.用相同的詞連續(xù)反復(fù)的方法翻譯，漢英中，同一個詞用介詞（after, in, to, upon, with等）或and連續(xù)起來使用，用連字符 連接起來使用，或者用逗號隔開重疊使用。以此來“增義或強(qiáng)義”一天一天、一年一年Day after day and year after year農(nóng)民犁田只能一塊一塊地犁Peasants can only plough the land plot by plot.3.用復(fù)數(shù)形式翻譯學(xué)生三三兩兩地坐在教室里The students their seats in the classroom by twos and threes.一群一群的人蜂擁而進(jìn)大廳Crowds of people swarmed into the hall.4. 用語義相符的英語表達(dá)方式或語法結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)疊詞的強(qiáng)義。數(shù)著數(shù)著，兩只兔子快到對岸了As they counted the two found themselves quite near the other side of the river.他們聽著聽著不覺哈哈大笑起來。As they listened they burst into laughter.他思緒滾滾，早已忘卻約會一事He had been so busy with her own emotion that he had forgotten about the appointment.2017年12月考研的(18年9月入學(xué), 暨18考研黨)直播課請戳我報(bào)名附：一些常用的四字格翻譯，這里只給出四字格脫離語境的翻譯，放在上下文中一定根據(jù)句子要求進(jìn)行調(diào)整。預(yù)防為主prevention first綜合治理comprehensive control/management全面推進(jìn)entire/all-round push-on重點(diǎn)突破breakthrough at key points親仁善鄰cordiality, benevolence and good neighborliness和睦相處living in harmony with others強(qiáng)不凌弱The strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor. 協(xié)和萬邦A(yù)ll nations live side by side in perfect harmony.海納百川有容乃大One should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers.兼收并蓄embrace everything that is useful光陰似箭Time flies like an arrow. /How time files!一諾千金有諾必踐Commitment should always be kept.一如既往unswervingly和衷共濟(jì)solidarity; fighting together with one accord亡國滅種extinction; being conquered and destroyed萬眾一心pull together; join hands; make joint efforts; be united as one浩然氣概noble spirit不屈節(jié)操unyielding moral principle赴湯蹈火go through fire and water殊死奮戰(zhàn)fight desperately; fight to death可歌可泣moved one to songs and tears英勇卓絕heroic and splendid插科打諢comic parts精微深奧profound and abstruse博大精深extensive and profound源遠(yuǎn)流長run a long history天下為公The world belongs to all the people.天下興亡匹夫有責(zé)Every man has a duty to his country.吃苦耐勞hard work and enduring hardship勤儉持家run the household industriously and frugally尊師重教respect teachers and attach importance to education當(dāng)務(wù)之急urgent; imminent不謀而合coincide with莘莘學(xué)子students青春洋溢young書香濃郁academic/cultural atmosphere朝氣蓬勃充滿活力dynamic; vigorous多姿多彩colorful日新月異change with each passing day光芒四射shining; brilliant安居樂業(yè)live and work happily and peacefully相知無遠(yuǎn)近萬里尚為鄰Distance can never separate real friends.攜手前進(jìn)join hands名列前茅rank top此起彼伏rise one after another, keep cropping up繁衍生息live and multiply/reproduce改朝換代changes of dynasties窮兵黷武wantonly engage in military aggression; use all ones armed might to indulge in wars of aggression雅俗共賞appeal to both refined and popular tastes與日俱增increase with each passing day, be steadily on the increase極目遠(yuǎn)眺look as far as the eye can see按資排輩to assign priority according to seniority求同存異seeking common ground while putting aside differences流連忘返linger on; be too delighted to leave樂不思蜀too delighted to be homesick不宣而戰(zhàn)start an undeclared war盡收眼底hold a panoramic view揚(yáng)長避短play up strengths and avoid weaknesses反腐倡廉fight corruption and build a clean government集思廣益draw on collective wisdom and absorb all useful ideas辭舊迎新bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new開拓進(jìn)取blaze new trails and forge ahead求同存異seek common ground while shelving differences延年益壽prolong ones life審時(shí)度勢size up the trend of events招商引資attract investment急功近利eager for instant success and quick profits掃黑掃黃crack down on gangland and pornography減員增效downsize(and cut payroll) to improve efficiency退耕還林return cultivated land to forest or pasture互利互補(bǔ)mutually complementary and beneficial集資辦學(xué)raise money to set up new schools寓教于樂teach through lively activities因材施教teach students according to their aptitude按勞分配distribution according to performance廉潔奉公honestly perform ones official duties嘔心瀝血spare no efforts畫龍點(diǎn)睛bring out the crucial point綠水青山green hills and clear waters墨客騷人men of letters奇花異草exotic flowers and herbs魚米之鄉(xiāng)a land of milk and honey奇峰異石picturesque peaks and rocks濃妝淡抹heavy or light makeup軒然大波a great disturbance, a mighty uproar鳳毛麟角rarity of rarities層巒疊嶂range upon range of mountains; the hills rise around崇山峻嶺steep mountains雕梁畫棟carved beams and painted pillars名山大川famous mountains and great rivers湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills青山綠水green hills and clear waters名勝古跡scenic spots and historical sites平等互利equality and mutual benefit國計(jì)民生national welfare and the peoples livelihood靈丹妙藥panacea/miraculous cure中流砥柱mainstay, chief cornerstone世外桃源a haven of peace長治久安a long period of stability按勞分配distribution according to ones performancea blaze of bright colours姹紫嫣紅towering and steep mountains崇山峻嶺Each turn of the boat affords a different scenery船移景換carved beams and painted rafters雕梁畫棟scenery of exceptional charm洞天福地Waters rush down in whirlpools and rapids飛流急湍the paths running sinuously amidst the peaks峰回路轉(zhuǎn)ancient architectural古建筑群of antique beauty古色古香national park國家公園towering and magnificent宏偉挺拔beautiful scenery of lakes and mountains湖光山色look as far as the eye can see極目遠(yuǎn)眺the south of the lower reaches of the Yangze River江南水鄉(xiāng)resplendent and magnificent金碧輝煌command a panoramic view of盡收眼底be greatly surprised/astonished驚奇不已Raging/Tumultuous/Tu