2008年英語閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練---判斷推理型.doc.doc

2008年英語閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練-判斷推理型判斷推理型這類題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章字面意思及語篇邏輯關(guān)系，從而看出細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等的能力。判斷推理題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。做這類題時(shí)，應(yīng)在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，同時(shí)借助一定的常識進(jìn)行分析、推理和判斷。提問整篇文章或某段某句的含蓄意思時(shí)，問句中一般都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest（推斷，暗指）等詞。對付這類題時(shí)不僅要弄懂文章的字面意思，還要知道其潛在的含義，和作者所給的提示，同時(shí)要對它們作合理的猜測?？己丝忌鷮φ麄€(gè)語篇進(jìn)行推理分析的能力時(shí)，通常是以下列方式提出問題的：1.FromParagraph4wecaninferthat_.2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?3.Wecaninferfromthetextthat?4.Whatcanwelearnfrom?5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat_.6.Wecanconcludethat.7.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat_.8.Theauthorimpliesthat_.9.Thewritersuggeststhat.10.ByaskingaseriesofquestionsinPara5,theauthormainlyintendstoindicatethat_.考核考生對作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度及語氣、語調(diào)的理解時(shí)，常見的設(shè)問有：1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkof.?2.Howdoestheauthorfeelabout.?3.Whatsthetoneofthispassage?4.Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto_.5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto_.6.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto_.7.Theauthorsattitudetowardis_?解題技巧：1)判斷有據(jù),推論有理,忠實(shí)原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。2)全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。3)善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接選取文中的原句。Passage1Aroundtheworldmoreandmorepeoplearetakingpartindangeroussportsandactivities.Ofcourse,therehavealwaysbeenpeoplewhohavelookedforadventure-thosewhohaveclimbedthehighestmountains,traveledintounknownpartsoftheworldorsailedinsmallboatsacrossthegreatestoceans.Now,however,therearepeoplewholookforanimmediateexcitementfromariskyactivity,whichmayonlylastafewminutesorevenseconds.Iwouldconsiderbungeejumping（蹦極跳）tobeagoodexampleofsuchanactivity.Youjumpfromahighplace(perhapsabridgeorahotairballoon)200metersabovethegroundwithanelastic（有彈性的）ropetiedtoyourankles.Youfallatupto150kilometersanhouruntiltheropestopsyoufromhittingtheground.Itissaidthatabout2millionpeoplearoundtheworldhavenowtriedbungeejumping.Otheractivitieswhichmostpeoplewouldsayasriskyasbungeejumpingincludejumpingfromtallbuildingsanddivingintotheseafromthetopofhighcliffs.Whydopeopletakepartinsuchactivitiesasthese?Somepsychologists（心理學(xué)家）suggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodernsocietieshasbecomesafeandboring.Notverylongago,peoplesliveswereconstantlyindanger.Theyhadtogooutandhuntforfood,diseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival（生存）.Nowadays,accordingtomanypeople,lifeofferslittleexcitement.Theyliveandworkincomparativelysafeconditions；theybuyfoodinshops；andtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill.Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistolookfordangerinactivitiessuchasbungeejumping.1.Thewriterofthetexthasa_attitude（態(tài)度）towardsdangeroussports.A.positive（肯定的）B.negative（否定的）C.neutral（中立的）D.nervousCPassage2Sincemyretirement（退休）fromteachingmusicin2001,Ihavespentagooddealoftimepaintingasanartist.Iactuallybegandrawingagaininthesummerof1995whenmylatherdied.soperhapsIwastryingtorecoverfromthelossofmyfather,ormaybeitwasjustthatitbroughtbackmemoriesofhim.Inanycase,Idrewpenandinkanimalsandlandscapes（風(fēng)景畫）muchinfluenced（影響）byKrenkelandSt.Johnforfiveyears.Forsomestrangereason,Ihadbeenwaitinguntilmyretirementtostartdoingwatercolorsagain,butassoonasIwalkedoutoftheschooldoorforthelasttimeIpickedupmybrushesandrediscoveredAndrewWyeth,whoquicklybecamemyfavoriteartist.IhadlookedthroughalltheartbooksIhadonmyshelvesandfoundhiswatercolorstobetheclosesttohowIthoughtgoodwatercolorsshouldlook.SoIpaintedlandscapesaroundMinnesotaforthreeyearsandtriedoutmanyothertypesofpainting.However,watercolorsremainedmyfirstchoice,andIthinkIdidmybestworkthere,showingmypaintingsatanumberofartexhibitions.Artisnowtogetherwithmypianoplayingandreading.Thereisatimeforeverythinginmyworld,anditiswonderfultohavesometimedoingwhatIwanttodo.AsConfuciusoncesaid,AtseventyIcanfollowmyheartsdesire.1.Wecaninferfromthetextthattheauthor_.A.hadbeentaughtbyKrenkelandSt.JohnB.paintedlandscapesinMinnesotafor5yearsC.believedWyethtobethebestinwatercolorsD.startedhisretirementlifeattheageofseventy2.Howdoestheauthorprobablyfeelabouthislifeasanartist?A.Veryenjoyable.B.Abitregretful.C.Ratherbusy.D.Fairlydull.CAPassage3Iwasthemiddlechildofthree,buttherewasagapoffiveyearsoneitherside,andIhardlysawmyfatherbeforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely.Ihadthelonelychildshabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginarypersons,andIthinkfromtheverystartmyliteraryambitions（文學(xué)志向）weremixedupwiththefeelingofbeingisolated（孤獨(dú)）andundervalued.IknewthatIhadanaturalabilitywithwordsandapoweroffacingunpleasantfacts,andIfeltthatthiscreatedasortofprivateworldinwhichIcouldgetmyownbackformyfailureineverydaylife.However,thequantityofseriouswritingwhichIproducedallthroughmychildhoodwouldnotadduptohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.Icannotrememberanythingaboutitexceptthatitwasaboutatigerandthetigerhad“chair-liketeeth”-agoodenoughexpression.Ateleven,whenthewarof1914-18brokeout,Iwroteapoemwhichwasprintedinthelocal(地方的）newspaper,aswasanother,twoyearslater,onthedeathofKitchener.Fromtimetotime,whenIwasabitolder,Iwrotebadandusuallyunfinished“naturepoems”.Ialso,abouttwice,attemptedashortstorywhichwasafailure.Thatwasthetotalofthewould-beseriousworkthatIactuallysetdownonpaperduringallthoseyears.1.Fromthetext,welearnthatasalittleboythewriter.A.hadnoplaymatesB.showedhisgiftforwritingC.putoutlotsofpoemsandstoriesD.gothisfirstpoempublishedin19162.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewriter?A.Hewasleastfavouredinhisfamily.B.Hehadmuchdifficultyintalkingwithothers.C.Hehadanunhappychildhoodforlackofcare.D.Hislonelinessresultedinhisinterestinwriting.BDPassage4Iwas9yearsoldwhenIfoundoutmyfatherwasill.Itwas1994,butIcanremembermymotherswordsasifitwereyesterday:“Kerrel,Idontwantyoutotakefoodfromyourfather,becausehehasAIDS.Beverycarefulwhenyouarearoundhim.”AIDSwasntsomethingwetalkedaboutinmycountrywhenIwasgrowingup.Fromthenon,Iknewthatthiswouldbeafamilysecret.Myparentswerenottogetheranymore,andmydadlivedalone.Forawhile,hecouldtakecareofhimself.ButwhenIwas12,hisconditionworsened.Myfathersotherchildrenlivedfaraway,soitfelltometolookafterhim.Wecouldntaffordallthenecessarymedicationforhim,andbecauseDadwasunabletowork,Ihadnomoneyforschoolsuppliesandoftencouldntevenbuyfoodfordinner.Iwouldsitinclassfeelingcompletelylost,theteacherswordsmuffledasItriedtofigureouthowIwasgoingtomanage.Ididnotsharemyburden(負(fù)擔(dān))withanyone.IhadseenhowpeoplereactedtoAIDS.Kidslaughedatclassmateswhohadparentswiththedisease.Andevenadultscouldbecruel.Whenmyfatherwasmovedtothehospital,thenurseswouldleavehisfoodonthebedsidetableeventhoughhewastooweaktofeedhimself.Ihadknownthathewasgoingtodie,butaftersomanyyearsofkeepinghisconditionasecret.Iwascompletelyunpreparedwhenhereachedhisfinaldays.Sadandhopeless,IcalledawomanatthenonprofitNationalAIDSSupport.Thatday,shekeptmeonthephoneforhours.Iwassoluckytofindsomeonewhocared.Shesavedmylife.Iwas15whenmyfatherdied.Hetookhissecretawaywithhim,havingneverspokenaboutAIDStoanyone,evenme.HedidntwanttocallattentiontoAIDS.Ido.1.WhydidKerrelkeepherfathersdiseaseasecret?A.Shewasafraidofbeinglookeddownupon.B.ShethoughtitwasshamefultohaveAIDS.C.Shefoundnoonewillingtolistentoher.D.Shewantedtoobeyhermother.2.WhydidKerrelwritethepassage?A.Totellpeopleaboutthesufferingsofherfather.B.ToshowhowlittlepeopleknewaboutAIDS.C.TodrawpeoplesattentiontoAIDS.D.Torememberedherfather.ACPassage5AstudyofEnglishlearningproblemswascarriedoutamongatotalof106foreignstudents.ItshowsthatmoststudentsconsideredunderstandingspokenEnglishtobetheirbiggerproblemonarrival.Thiswasfollowedbyspeaking,Writingincreasedasaproblemasstudentsdiscovereddifficultiesinwritingpapersthattheywerenowexpectedtohandin.Readingremainedasasignificant（顯著的）problem.Theinformationsignedhelpedupindeterminingwherespecialattentionshouldbepaidinourcourse.Althoughmanystudentshavechosentojointhecoursewithareasonablemotivation（動機(jī)）,weconsidereditimportanttonotewhatseemedtoencourageinterest.Nearlyallthestudentshaveexperiencedsomekindofgrammar-basedEnglishteachingintheirowncountry.Tousethesamemethodwouldbeself-defeatingbecauseitmightreducemotivation,especiallyifithasfailedinthepest.Thereforeadifferentmethodmayhelpbecauseitisdifferent.Varietyofactivitywasalsoseenasawayofmaintaining（保持）orincreasingmotivationSeveralyearsagowehadonetimetablethatoperatedthroughout,butwesoonfoundthatboththestudentsandtheteacherslostinterestbyabouthalfwaythroughthetenweeks.Thisleduptoamajorre-think,sofinallywebroughtitintolinewiththeexpressedlanguageneedsofthestudents.1.Writingbecameabiggerproblemwhenforeignstudents_.A.hadtowritstheirpapersB.becamebetteratspeakingC.becamelessinterestedinreadingD.hadfewerproblemswithlistening2.Wemayinferfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat_.A.differentteachingmethodsshouldbeusedB.grammar-basedteachingseemstobeencouragingC.EnglishcoursesarenecessaryforforeignstudentsD.teachingcontentshouldbechangedhalfwayAA判斷推理型2一、對文章的體裁和來源作出判斷考試大綱就明文規(guī)定：體裁避免單一化，包括記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等。而文章的來源指的是該文的出處，是選自小說，報(bào)刊雜志，還是科技論文，書評等，這就得靠考生自己作出判斷了。通常這類問題的提問方式有以下幾種：1.Thisselection（節(jié)選）mightbesomepartsofabookconcernedwith.2.Thispassagemightbetakenoutofabookdealingwith.3.Wheredidthispassagemostprobablyappear?4.Theseextracts（摘錄）areprobablytakenfrom.5.Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_?那么如何判斷文章的體裁和來源呢？判斷體裁應(yīng)根據(jù)其寫作特點(diǎn)和敘述的內(nèi)容，故事、評論、闡述對話各有其特點(diǎn)，是不難區(qū)分的。判斷其來源要留心所選的部分是哪一類的，涉及哪方面的內(nèi)容。一篇故事是不可能取材于科學(xué)雜志，新聞報(bào)道也不可能刊載在書評內(nèi)。因此，判斷文章來源應(yīng)將文章的形式及內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)加以綜合考慮才能下結(jié)論。二、對前后的內(nèi)容作出判斷與預(yù)測這是要求你對該選段前面未取部分或其后將要談及的內(nèi)容，作出判斷與預(yù)測。通常提問的方式有：1.Theparagraphpreceding（先于.）thisonemostprobablydiscusses.2.Theparagraphprecedingthisextractprobablydealwith.3.Whatdoestheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscuss?4.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorwilldiscussinthenextpart?5.Theauthorintendtoexplainnext.6.Accordingtothepassageyouveread,thewriterwillprobablysuggestnext.如何判斷和預(yù)測前后的內(nèi)容呢？由于所選文章的前后內(nèi)容都未出現(xiàn)，且該部分是孤立的一段或幾段，因此要準(zhǔn)確作出判斷，并非易事。這就要求我們在看文章時(shí)，要帶著問題去閱讀。首先，我們對所讀的選段要有一個(gè)全局的概念，弄清它所涉及的全部內(nèi)容，哪些可能已談過，哪些還沒談，而我們正在閱讀的摘選部分就是你作出分析的參照物了。其次，我們要從文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)上去分析。一篇文章通常由導(dǎo)言、正文和結(jié)束語構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)言一般要概述全篇內(nèi)容，它規(guī)定了文章的主線或中心內(nèi)容。借助導(dǎo)言，我們能緊緊把握作者的思路，從而有利于對文章的理解。正文是文章的主體，也是最常選摘的部分。正文的各段內(nèi)容都由導(dǎo)言確定，也就是說，正文不論述導(dǎo)言中未提及的觀點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容。結(jié)束語是文章的收尾部分，尤其是正式論文往往通過它而使全篇得到提綱挈領(lǐng)的概括并從中得出結(jié)論。因此，通過對文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，就可判斷已談了什么或?qū)⒁勈裁础assage1Morethan30,000driversandfrontseatpassengersarekilledorseriouslyinjured（受傷）eachyear.Ataspeedofonly30milesperhouritisthesameasfallingfromathirdfloorwindow.Wearingaseatbelt（安全帶）saveslives；itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.Thereforedriversorfrontseatpassengersover14inmostvehiclesmustwearaseatbelt.Ifyoudonot,youcouldbefinedupto$50.Itwillnotbeuptothedriverstomakesureyouwearyourbelt.Butitwillbethedriversresponsibility（責(zé)任）tomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversing（倒退）yourvehicleoryouaremakingalocaldelivery（發(fā)送）orcollectionusingaspecialvehicle；orifyouhaveavalidmedicalcertificatewhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Makesurethesecircumstances（情形）applytoyoubeforeyoudecidenottowearyourseatbelt.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.Question:Thistextistakenfrom_.A.amedicalmagazineB.apolicereportC.anadvertisement（廣告）D.agovernmentinformationbooklet（小冊子）這篇文章由不系安全帶造成的危害引出不系安全帶會處以什么樣的懲罰，以及哪些情況下可以不系安全帶。很顯然，文章應(yīng)該是從警方的報(bào)告中節(jié)選下來的，答案是B。Passage2Its2035.Youhaveajob,afamilyandyoureabout40yearsold.Welcometoyourfuturelife.Gettingreadyforwork,youpauseinfrontofthemirror,Turnred,yousay.Yourshirtchangesfromskybluetodeepred.Tinypreprogrammedelectronicarerearrangedinyourshirttochangeitscolor.Lookingintothemirror,youfindithardtobelievethatyouare40.Youlookmuchyounger.Withamazingadvancesinmedicine,peopleinyourgenerationmaylivetobe150yearsold.Yourenotevenmiddle-aged.Asyougointothekitchenandpreparetopouryourbreakfastcerealintoabowl,youhear:Toloseweight,youshouldnteatthat,fromyourshoes.Theyreadthetinyelectroniccodeonthecerealboxtofindoutthenutritiondetails.Youdecidetolistentoyourshoes.Kitchen,whatcanIhaveforbreakfast?Alistofp