外文翻譯--我國(guó)深松機(jī)械的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

附錄 The research status and development trend of subsoiling machinery in China Abstract： The subsoiling machinery is one kind of effective machines and tools for nature cultivation of conservation tillage on dry land. Its development is having direct impact to our countrys development very much.For this purpose， by analyses the development Situation of subsoiling machinery， it has carried out classification on subsoiling machinery of our country， summed up various virtue and shortcoming， and has brought forward several suggestion to our country development of subsoiling machinery in the future. Key words： subsoilingmachinery； conserration tillage； development trend Based on tilling the soil deep loosening technology is summed up an adaptation to drought homework conservation tillage method. Deep loosening cultivation can promote soil physical improvement, since the restoration of soil fertility, improve for a long time due to the weight gain due to the large fertilizer production. So deep loosening technology has been widely applied in wheat, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, crops such as corn, soybean production test and practice. The essence of mechanical deep loosening technology is: through mechanical tillage, loose and not flip soil, breaking plough bottom, compared to adjust the soil solid, liquid, gas, improving the structure of the top layer of soil, reduce soil erosion and improve soil water storage ability. Western developed countries has been made in the 1930 s and deep tillage research, and has started to use this technology, achieved good effect. Due to many years of practical experience as well as the rapid development of science and technology, the United States, Western Europe and other countries for deep pine machinery research has been quite perfect, and form a series, and according to the different needs of the development and production of a variety of deep loosening machine. The digging ways mainly include the extrusion and vibration digging dirt comes in two forms. Abroad at present, the existing power tractor matching with deep loosening machine mainly, its characteristic is deep loosening deep, operation speed, good quality and suitable for deep loosening in an all-round way. Its main have mechanical the deep loose plough and the vibrating deep loose machine two. Mechanical deep plough sort is more, among them, the representative has two: John Deere 900 v scarifier and west Germanys hanging deep loosening machine produced by our company. Hanging deep loosening machine deep loosening shovel handle face for arc, of which the parts similar to straight lines, blade, pointed to the shovel handle inside the distance is longer than Deere deep loosening shovel. The shovel handle this structure makes it has better cutting performance, no hanging grass phenomenon. Vibrating deep loosening function to solve the work resistance of the deep loose plough is big, the problem of large energy consumption. Its working principle is the tractor power output shaft to drive the eccentric vibrator make the plough produces vibration, reduce the traction resistance, thus improve the power efficiency. At the same time, along with the deep pine technology constantly improve, the development of deep loosening machine, also in order to adapt to the requirement of joint operations, on the basis of the deep loosening machine, overseas has developed a variety of deep loose joint rig. For deep loosening technology research, started late in our country. In the early 1960 s began to realize the importance of deep loosening technology, and has carried on the corresponding research. In design and manufacture of deep loosening shovel has many colleges and universities, research institutes and farms and other units to do a lot of research work, created the actual deep loosening shovel, and through the experiment and actual production applications, good results have been achieved. A single deep breath a sigh of single machine function, it is mainly on the soil deep loosening operations, its structure is simple, articulated way is given priority to with three-point suspension. Again, according to the scope of the deep loose a single deep breath a sigh of machine can be divided into local deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine two kinds of models. Local deep loosening machine according to the way of working can be divided into two categories, type mechanical and vibration. Mechanical is deep loosening machine driven directly by tractor traction machines, extrusion, cutting and breaking up the soil was carried out on the soil. Its specific forms are various, such as: chisel type, winged type, rod type deep loosening machine, airfoil rod tooth deep loosening machine, single column with vane, hanging light turn the deep loose plough, tilting the bidirectional shallow deep loose plough, etc. , it had a tail deep loosening shovel can effectively increase the soil disturbance range, reduce resistance, increase the tillage depth and improve the quality of the deep loosening. The vibrating deep pine machine is using vibration method, soil tillage machine produce the vibration of a certain frequency, make the soil loose, achieve the purpose of reducing resistance, has been many researchers to study and prove this method. Developed by heilongjiang province water conservancy science research institute of multi-functional vibrator soil change opportunity, this machine adopts self-excited reciprocating inertial vibration source, created a precedent of mechanical vibrating tillage soil preparation operation in our country, deep loosening vibration than other types of deep loosening save energy over 20%. All-round deep loosening machine is a kind of brand-new of deep pine for farmland Industry machine, it is suitable for dry land wheat or rice two areas. All-round deep loosening soil coefficient is big, has a good effect on cultivating. There are three common: China agricultural university, the development and production of V shape all-round deep loosening machine, production in heilongjiang province L shape all-round deep loosening machine cut tooth and all-round deep loosening. China agricultural university to develop all-round deep loosening machine, use V type deep loose parts, cut off from soil out of the V shaped cross section twenty-nine-inch rows from trapezoid framework, and then falling on the surface, make soil subjected to shear, bending, stretching and get efficient breaking up. Heilongjiang province production 1 sq - 340 comprehensive deep loosening machines working parts like L shape, its working principle is similar to V. Chisel type all-round deep loosening is improvement of small and medium-sized all-round deep loosening machine, the omni-directional depth it loose with the traditional chisel plough be combined in one machine, one-way operation can achieve a comprehensive energy saving effect of the deep loose, loose the whole joint. Deep loose joint rig is done in deep loosening and fertilization, planting, cultivating, ridging, stubble, spraying pesticide or herbicide, etc. More than two kinds of operation equipments. Around, according to the actual production, on the basis of the deep loosening added other functions, to develop all kinds of deep loose joint rig. Some this kind of machine can reach before sowing time into soil preparation requirement, so that it can reduce labor consumption, reduce pressure to times, save time, improve the utilization rate of power tractor, thus reducing operating costs. Common models include: deep pine fertilizer applicator, 1 FFSL - shallow over deep loose type 5 flip plow, corn no-till seeding fertilizer deep loose joint rig, SGTN - 180, type 200 biaxial stubble rotary tillage ridging joint machine, deep loosening soil preparation machine, frame type deep loose joint rig rotary tillage, deep ploughing joint rig, 3 gz - 6 type hanging LBZ combined seeder and 2-5 - a type of ridge sowing seeds under the machine, and henan agricultural university institute of electrical and mechanical engineering to develop SQS - type 2 deep loosening, ridging, applying fertilizer, the rig and the yunnan agricultural university and qujing city tobacco companies develop 1 GQQSN - 200 rotary tillage, deep loosening ridging joint rig, etc. Deep loosening machine chisel type of deep loosening and pole tooth deep loosening machine structure is simple, the price is low, but the pulverizing effect is bad, digging range is limited, only 0.2 0.2, the consumed power is larger. Airfoil pole tooth deep loosening machine absorbed the pole tooth deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine advantage of the two, four, five plough plough column assembly landed, installed on the airfoil stem deep loosening shovel teeth, working depth more than 35 cm, deep loosening coefficient of 0.437, compared with previous machine, the function and efficiency improved obviously. The vibrating deep pine machine pulverizing effect is better, depth of digging deep, can be up to 50 60 cm, less power consumption. But the structure is more complex, some parts of material demand is higher, the cost relative to other deep loosening machine is much higher. Single column type, suspension type shallow turn over the deep loose plough is hanging furrow plough, with wings chisel type deep loosening shovel plough body instead of the original huasheng type, relatively simple structure, wide applicability, a job can complete turn of shallow and deep loosening soil. Tilting two-way light turn over the deep loose plough with wings carved deep loosening shovel and shallow parts combination, combined with a deep sigh of shallow turn hydraulic flip, a one-time deep subsoil, light stubble etc many homework, working efficiency is high, the broken soil ability strong, but the adaptation of a narrow, only suitable for dry farming areas of northern China stubble, hemp crop and pasture improvement of deep shallow over homework. All-round deep loosening machine has large range of digging, deep tillage depth, coefficient of high working efficiency, digging big wait for a characteristic, but with the high-power tractor kit, and this kind of machine operation when higher requirements on the surface. Deep loose joint rig variety is less, cant satisfy the need of agricultural production. Many areas according to the requirements of the regional agricultural technology, even though converted some of the deep loose joint rig, but generally have large energy consumption, low efficiency and high operation cost, not easy popularization and application. With the development of dryland farming soil conservaton agricultural new technology in our country, must be to develop new type of deep loosening and joint operation deep loosening soil preparation machine. Tillage soil conservaton technology is a five-year period and 2010 years ago, one of the main measures of rainfed agriculture in our country, deep loosening machine is the realization of agronomic measures of main machinery and equipment. At present, the domestic molding combined soil preparation machine, are mainly small and medium-sized, structure form are all horizontal. Along with the expansion of large power tractor also needs a large number of new high efficiency combined soil preparation machine to match. Our country is an agricultural big country, now many places still to use it in rural is a small mechanical, not only the production efficiency is low, also delay the season. So large efficient joint research and development of soil preparation machine is necessary, and has a broad market space. So we must to improve the existing agricultural machines from multiple aspects. For technical innovation. Change the deep loosening shovel working face structure parameters and working mode, adopting appropriate deep loose parts, reasonable decorate the relative position between the deep loosening shovel, make machine to save energy consumption, to reduce working resistance. At present, the measures to reduce the cultivation resistance deep loosening machine mainly has two kinds: one is to change machine working face parameter, the second is with the method of vibration. According to overseas for deep loosening shovel handle working surface of the test show that the shovel handle work surface is parabola, the minimum needed traction, the grave performance is best. Circular arc second, straight blade is the largest. Plough blade thickness, operating quality and operating effect of different types of soil are also different. Method of vibration of the drag reduction, make the plough shovel and spade pointed produces a certain vibration frequency, loose soil, so as to achieve the goal of reduced tillage resistance. In recent years the development of bionic drag reduction technology for deep loose parts of drag reduction technology research put forward a new way of thinking. In addition, we should focus on the latest research results, digesting and absorbing the advanced technology for drag reduction, and improve the existing agricultural machinery. Raise the level of products manufacturing process. Soil tillage machine work load big, the seasonally strong, high reliability requirements of machine work. , therefore, we should improve the level of product manufacturing process, improve and guarantee the quality of the machine and the working parts, ensure machine work reliability, and better meet market demand. Machines for agriculture standardization, standardized management, strengthen the promotion of the machine. For existing domestic joint rig deep pine machinery and comprehensive investigation, and according to soil conditions around, agricultural technical requirements, to develop a deep loosening machine technical classification, manufacturing standards and acceptance criteria. At present, deep loosening mechanical varieties of many, but more is developed according to the regions agricultural production condition, has certain limitation, does not have the management requirement of standardization and seriation, brought some difficulties to promotion, hindered the development of agriculture in our country. Accelerating the development of high-power tractor promotion efforts, multi-use of the deep loose joint rig. Joint rig is the development direction of Chinas agricultural machinery industry. Over the next few years, we should sum up the experiences of deep loose joint rig use, according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology, seriation, standardization of developed to adapt to the different parts of the deep loose joint rig. Change according to different season different working parts at the same time, the real achieve multi-usage, improve the utilization rate of large power tractor. General less deep loose joint operation of machinery, agricultural technical requirements adapted according to the region in many parts of some deep loose joint rig but poor versatility should be developed according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology is used in different parts of the series of standardized mechanical deep loose joint operations according to the different working parts of different seasons change achieve multi-usage. In order to strengthen the management of agricultural machinery information, reasonable allocate machine, increasing NongJiHu income. To rational allocation of regional agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery avoid idle time is too long, affect agricultural machinery utilization, thus indirectly improving NongJiHu income. At the same time, the area of agricultural machinery are temporarily lack of farm machinery deployment guide, implement the inter-district homework, increase NongJiHu income. 我國(guó)深松機(jī)械的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 摘要： 深松機(jī)械是旱地保護(hù)性耕作的一種有效機(jī)具，它的發(fā)展直接影響著我國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。為此，對(duì)深松機(jī)械的發(fā)展情況進(jìn)行了分析，對(duì)我國(guó)深松機(jī)械進(jìn)行了分類，總結(jié)了我國(guó)各種深松機(jī)械的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，并針對(duì)我國(guó)深松機(jī)械未來(lái)的發(fā)展提出了進(jìn)行技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和提高產(chǎn)品制造工藝水平等建議。 關(guān)鍵詞 ：深松機(jī)械；保護(hù)性耕作；發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 土壤深松技術(shù)是在翻耕基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)出來(lái)的一種適應(yīng)干旱地作業(yè)的保護(hù)性耕作法。深松耕作能促進(jìn)土壤物理改良，有利于土壤肥力的自恢復(fù)， 改善長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)由于施用大量化肥造成的增肥不增產(chǎn)現(xiàn)象。因此深松技術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于小麥、棉花、甘蔗、煙草、玉米、大豆等農(nóng)作物的生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn)和實(shí)踐中。機(jī)械深松技術(shù)的實(shí)質(zhì)是：通過(guò)機(jī)械耕作，疏松而不翻轉(zhuǎn)土層，打破犁底層，達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)土壤固、液、氣三相比、改善耕層土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、減輕土壤侵蝕和提高土壤蓄水抗旱能力。 西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家己經(jīng)在上世紀(jì) 30 年代就作了深松耕作法的研究，并且己經(jīng)開始使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，取得了很好的效果。由于多年的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及科技的迅速發(fā)展，美國(guó)、西歐等國(guó)家對(duì)于深松機(jī)具的研究己經(jīng)相當(dāng)完善，并形成系列，并且已經(jīng)根據(jù) 不同的需要研制和生產(chǎn)了多種深松機(jī)具。其松土方式主要有擠壓松土和振動(dòng)松土兩種形式。目前，國(guó)外現(xiàn)有深松機(jī)具主要與大功率拖拉機(jī)相配套，其特點(diǎn)是深松深度大、作業(yè)速度快、質(zhì)量好、適用于全面深松。其種類主要有機(jī)械式深松犁和振動(dòng)式深松機(jī)兩種。機(jī)械式深松犁種類較多，其中，有代表性的有兩個(gè)：約翰迪爾公司生產(chǎn)的 900V 型松土機(jī)和西德勞公司生產(chǎn)的懸掛式深松機(jī)。懸掛式深松機(jī)深松鏟柄的工作面為弧形，其中間部位近似于直線，鏟尖到鏟柄內(nèi)側(cè)面的距離比迪爾深松鏟長(zhǎng)。該鏟柄的這種結(jié)構(gòu)使其具有較好的切削性能，無(wú)掛草現(xiàn)象。振動(dòng)式深松機(jī)能解決深松 犁工作阻力大、能源消耗大的問(wèn)題。其工作原理都是由拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力輸出軸驅(qū)動(dòng)偏心振子使犁產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)， 降低牽引阻力，從而提高功率利用率。同時(shí)，隨著深松技術(shù)的不斷完善，深松機(jī)具的不斷發(fā)展，也為了適應(yīng)聯(lián)合作業(yè)的要求，在深松機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上，國(guó)外己經(jīng)研制出了多種深松聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)。 對(duì)于深松技術(shù)的研究，我國(guó)起步稍晚。從上世紀(jì) 60 年代初才開始認(rèn)識(shí)到深松技術(shù)的重要性，并進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的研究。在深松鏟的設(shè)計(jì)和制造生產(chǎn)方面已經(jīng)有很多高校、研究院所以及農(nóng)場(chǎng)等單位做了大量的研究工作，制造出了實(shí)際的深松鏟，并且通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)和實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用，取得了 較好的效果。 單一深松機(jī)功能單一， 它主要是對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行深松作業(yè)，其結(jié)構(gòu)都比較簡(jiǎn)單，掛接方式以三點(diǎn)懸掛式為主。根據(jù)深松范圍，單一深松機(jī)又可以分為局部深松機(jī)和全方位深松機(jī)兩種機(jī)型。局部深松機(jī)根據(jù)工作方式可分為機(jī)械式和振動(dòng)式兩類。機(jī)械式深松機(jī)是通過(guò)拖拉機(jī)的直接牽引帶動(dòng)機(jī)具前進(jìn)， 對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行擠壓、切割而松碎土壤。其具體形式很多種，如：鑿式、鑿型帶翼式、桿齒式深松機(jī)、翼型桿齒深松機(jī)、單柱帶翼式、懸掛式淺翻深松犁、翻轉(zhuǎn)式雙向淺翻深松犁等。其中， 具有尾翼的深松鏟能有效地增加土壤擾動(dòng)范圍，減少阻力、增加耕深和提高 深松質(zhì)量。振動(dòng)式深松機(jī)則是采用振動(dòng)方式，使土壤耕作機(jī)具產(chǎn)生一定頻率的振動(dòng)，使土壤疏松，達(dá)到減少阻力的目的，這種方法已被許多研究者研究和證明。其中，由黑龍江省水利科學(xué)研究院研制的多功能振動(dòng)式土壤改良機(jī)，該機(jī)采用自激往復(fù)式慣性振動(dòng)源，開創(chuàng)了我國(guó)耕整地機(jī)械振動(dòng)式作業(yè)的先河，振動(dòng)深松比其它類型深松作業(yè)節(jié)省能源 20%以上。全方位深松機(jī)是一種全新的農(nóng)田深松作 業(yè)機(jī)具，它適用于旱作或稻麥兩作地區(qū)。全方位深松動(dòng)土系數(shù)大，有很好的松土效果。常見的有 3 種：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)研制生產(chǎn)的“ V”形全方位深松機(jī)，黑龍江省生產(chǎn)的“ L”形全方 位深松機(jī)和鑿齒式全方位深松。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)研制的全方位深松機(jī)，采用“ V”型深松部件，從土層中切離出“ V”型截面的壟條從梯形框架中流出，而后下落鋪放在田面，使土壤受剪切、彎曲、拉伸作用而得到高效的松碎。黑龍江省生產(chǎn)的 1SQ-340 型全方位深松機(jī)的工作部件形狀象“ L”，其工作原理與“ V”相似。鑿齒式全方位深松是對(duì)中小型全方位深松機(jī)的改進(jìn)，它把全方位深松與傳統(tǒng)的鑿形犁耕作結(jié)合于一機(jī)，單程作業(yè)便能達(dá)到全面深松、松整聯(lián)合的節(jié)能效果。 深松聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)是在深松的同時(shí)完成施肥、播種、中耕（起壟）、滅茬、噴灑農(nóng)藥或除草 劑等兩種以上的作業(yè)機(jī)具。各地根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐纳a(chǎn)實(shí)際，在深松的基礎(chǔ)上增加其它功能，研制出各種各樣的深松聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)。這類機(jī)器有些一次進(jìn)地就可達(dá)到播種前整地的要求，這樣就可以降低勞動(dòng)消耗、減少壓地次數(shù)、節(jié)約時(shí)間、提高大功率拖拉機(jī)的利用率，從而降低作業(yè)成本。常見的機(jī)型有： 深松施肥機(jī)、 1FFSL-5 型淺翻深松翻轉(zhuǎn)犁、玉米免耕播種施肥深松聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)、SG