外文翻譯--生產(chǎn)線平衡

Production Line Balancing The scope of this study is to explore the understanding of Productionline Manu-facturing and Balancing, Types of Line Balancing, Equipment Balancing and its Failure an-d Analysis.A production line is said to be in balance when every workers task takes the same amount of time. Line balancing is a manufacturing-engineering function in which whole collection of pr-oductionline tasks are divided into equal portions.Well-balanced lines avoid labour idealness and imp-rove productivity. Production Line Balancing Line-balancing strategy is to make production lines flexible enough to absorb ex-ternal and internal irregularities. There are two types of line balancing, which we have explained as： Static Balance Refers to long-term differences in capacity over a period of sever-al hours or longer. Static imbalance results in underutilization of workstations, machi-nes and people. Dynamic Balance Refers to short-term differences in capacity, like, over a perio-d of minutes, hours at most. Dynamic imbalance arises from product mix changes and variations in work time unrelated to product mix. Labour Balancing and Assignments Strategy of production line stability is the tendency for labour assignments to be fixed. Labour feasibility is an important feature in the strategy of production line flex-ibility linked to individual skills and capabilities When one worker is having problem in performing his assigned task and experie-ncing delay due to technical problem(s), other worker(s) should move into help. The management practice of deliberately pulling workers of the line when the l-ine is running smoothly. The movement of whole crews from one dedicated line to another as the model mix changes. Group Technology In which one worker can handle variety of tasks (automati-on) in a single work centre. Equipment Balancing While balancing equipment, attempt to ensure that each piece of equipment in th-e work cell has the same amount of work. Now days every manufacturer is attempting to maximize the utilization of all available equipments. Such high utilization is often co-unterproductive and may be the wrong goal because； high utilization is usually ac-companied by high inventory. Equipment Failure An equipment failure is a major serious matter, with the potential to shut down a production line. To avoid such failures one should not overload the equipments, and workers should be trained to perform a daily machine checking (preventive maintena-nce) and following standard operating procedures. The advantage for Maintenance and Engineering.Department does not lie in running late shifts, hence calculate the pr-eventive maintenance time and schedule the activity. Analysis Analysis is generally performed by Competent Technical Staff. Begin the analys-is wi-th division of production-line work into small tasks, determination of task time s-tand-ards, specification of required task sequencing and notation of constraints. If bot t-le n-eck task is in the way of good balance, the Competent Technical Staff should anal-yze the task to reduce the time it takes to perform. Line Balancing Leadership Workmen should lead the production line balancing effort, so that they can react quickly when line imbalances (static and dynamic) crop up as a result of changeover to make a different item or changes in the output rate. Conclusion Production-line balancing study tends to employ thought and ingenuity to change con-ditions. Production-line design and operation is more art than science. Labour fl-exibility is the key to effective resource management. The idea of workers checking and doing minor repair work on their own equipment possibly decreases the risk of e-quipment failure. Selecting an appropriate set of balancing mechanism is a part of wo-rk cell design and it must be linked with many other decisions for the system to func-tion well. 生產(chǎn)線平衡 這項(xiàng)研究的范圍是探討生產(chǎn)線的制造和平衡，生產(chǎn)線平衡的類型，設(shè)備平衡和故障分析的理解。當(dāng)每個工人的任務(wù)需要相同的時間來完成的時候，就是一個平衡的流水線。線平衡，是一個制造工程的功能，即在整個生產(chǎn)線的任務(wù)都能夠得到等分。良好的平衡線，能避免無意義的勞動和提高生產(chǎn)率。 生產(chǎn)線平衡 線平衡的策略是，使生產(chǎn)線足夠靈活， 以避免外部和內(nèi)部的違規(guī)行為。有兩 種類型的生產(chǎn)線平衡，即：靜態(tài)平衡：指的是幾個小時或更長的時間內(nèi)能力的長期分歧。靜態(tài)失衡是工作站，機(jī)器和人未能得到充分利用的結(jié)果。動態(tài)平衡：指短期能的差異，最多不超過幾分鐘或幾個小時的時間。動態(tài)不平衡源于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)無關(guān)的工作時間的變化。 勞資平衡和分配 生產(chǎn)線的穩(wěn)定策略的傾向是固定的勞動的平衡分配。勞資的可行性的一個重要特征是戰(zhàn)略的靈活性即生產(chǎn)線的個人技能和能力：當(dāng)一名工人在執(zhí)行分配給他的任務(wù)是有問題，遇到的延遲，由于技 術(shù)問題（ S），其他工人（ S）應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到幫助。當(dāng)一個工序運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)問題時，熟練的技工應(yīng)盡快接管其工序。生產(chǎn)線的所有工人應(yīng)交互在各個工序熟悉工序操作。全技能即在一個單一的工作中心一個工人可以處理各種任務(wù)（自動化）。 設(shè)備平衡 設(shè)備平衡應(yīng)確保每一臺設(shè)備在工作單元中有相同的工作量。現(xiàn)在每個制造商都試圖最大限度地利用所有可用的設(shè)備。如此高的利用率往往適得其反，這可能是一個錯誤的目標(biāo)，因?yàn)槔寐矢撸ǔ０殡S著高庫存。 設(shè)備故障 設(shè)備故障是一項(xiàng)重大而嚴(yán)肅的問題，有可能關(guān)閉一條生產(chǎn)線。為了避免這種故障，應(yīng)確保每 個設(shè)備不會超載，并且應(yīng)培訓(xùn)工人進(jìn)行日常機(jī)器檢查（預(yù)防性維護(hù)）和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)程序的訓(xùn)練。維護(hù)部和工程部的優(yōu)勢不在于在運(yùn)行后期的變化，因此應(yīng)計(jì)算預(yù)防性維修時間，并安排活動。 分析 線平衡的分析一般由主管技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行。分析之前應(yīng)把流水線分成各個小任務(wù)，確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的任務(wù)時間，任務(wù)的排序的規(guī)范和約束的分析與生產(chǎn)線的工作分工。如果瓶頸環(huán)節(jié)的任務(wù)是在于尋找良好的平衡的方式，技