中南大學(xué)研究生學(xué)術(shù)交流英語期末翻譯.doc

.1. P5A helpful image is to think about submitting a manuscript to an international journal as a way of participating in the international scientific community. You are, in effect, joining an international conversation. To join this conversation, you need to know what has already been said by the other people conversing. In other words, you need to understand the cutting edge of your scientific discipline: what work is being done now by the important players in the field internationally. This means:向國際學(xué)術(shù)雜志投稿有助于進入國際學(xué)術(shù)界，事實上你加入了國際間的交流。加入國際間的交流你需要了解其他人已經(jīng)說了什么。換句話說，你需要了解你的學(xué)科“前沿”：即國際上你的研究領(lǐng)域中重量級的科學(xué)工作者正在做什么。這意味著你需要： getting access to the journals where people in the field are publishing; subscribing to the e-mail alert schemes offered by journal publishers on their websitesso that you receive tables of contents when new issues are published; and developing skills for searching the Internet and electronic databases in libraries to whichyou have access. 閱讀你的研究領(lǐng)域中科技工作者發(fā)表論文的雜志； 通過雜志出版商網(wǎng)站訂閱他們通過電子郵件發(fā)送的雜志目錄，可以收到雜志出版商提供的最新一期雜志的目錄； 提升你在網(wǎng)絡(luò)和圖書館電子數(shù)據(jù)庫查閱資料的技能。2. P15Each journal has its own set of instructions for referees and sometimes these are available on the journals website. You should check and see whether this is the case for the journal you are targeting, and obtain a copy if possible. For the purposes of this book, we have constructed a composite list of referee criteria that includes the sorts of questions referees are commonly asked to respond to (Figure 3.1). In addition to ticking the boxes to provide yes/no answers to the questions, referees are asked to write their comments about any problems with the manuscript or any suggestions for improvement that need to be followed before the manuscript can be considered suitable for publication in the journal. Increasingly, as the number of manuscripts submitted to journals has grown, referees are asked to give some numerical rating of the papers novelty or quality as well (e.g. Does this manuscript fall within the top 20% of manuscripts you have read in the last 12 months?). Referees return their comments to the editor.每一種學(xué)術(shù)期刊都有自己的一套評審規(guī)則，有時能在期刊網(wǎng)站上找到。你應(yīng)該查看你的目標期刊是否也如此，并盡可能得到一份。為了實現(xiàn)本書的目的，我們總結(jié)了一個評審標準表，此表包括了評委們通常要回答的各種問題。評委們除了要在方框中打鉤來對這些問題進行“是”或“否”的回答，還要對稿件的問題寫出評論以及進一步改進的建議，以使稿件適合在期刊發(fā)表。由于學(xué)術(shù)期刊的收到的投稿數(shù)量不斷增加，評審們還要對論文的新穎性和質(zhì)量進行評分。 評審們把他們的意見反饋給編輯。3. P23Data presentation styles vary with discipline and personal preference and change over time, and there is a large amount of contradictory published advice about what to do, and what looks good. Our aim in this section is not to provide a concrete set of rules for data presentation but rather to help you optimize the presentation of your data to support the story of your article. One over-arching guideline is that tables and figures should “stand alone”: that is, the reader should not need to consult the text of the article to understand the data presented in the table or figure; all necessary information should appear in the table/figure, in the title/legend, or in keys or footnotes.數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式會因為學(xué)科和個人偏好發(fā)生變化，也會隨著時間發(fā)生變化。在究竟該做些什么，哪種方式看起來更好的問題上，大量的出版物提供的建議也會出現(xiàn)一些矛盾。我們本章的目的不在于提供一套數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)的固定規(guī)則，而是幫助大家優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式，以支撐論文的主旨。一條首要的規(guī)則是，圖表應(yīng)該“獨立呈現(xiàn)”：也就是說，讀者應(yīng)該無需通過查閱文字部份即可理解圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)，所有必要的信息都應(yīng)該包含在圖表、標題、圖例或腳注中。The first reference for style of data presentation is the Instructions to Contributors (sometimes called Instructions to Authors or Author Guidelines, or other similar names) of the journal you intend to submit the article to. Not all Instructions to Contributors provide great detail about data presentation, but they will generally guide you in formatting and preferred style. The next best source of information on data presentation style is articles in recent issues of the journal. You can maximize your chances of meeting the journals requirements by analysing the types of data presented, the choice of figures or tables, the choice of figure type, and the amount of data presented in the text and in the titles and legends. Use the results of your analyses to inform your decisions on the data presentation for your own manuscript.數(shù)據(jù)的呈現(xiàn)方式應(yīng)首先參考你打算投稿的期刊的“投稿須知”（有的時候也叫作者須知等類似的名稱）。不是所有的投稿須知都會提供數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式的詳細規(guī)定，但一定會就格式和優(yōu)選的方式提出一般性的建議。另一個數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式的參考來自該期刊最近幾期上的論文。為了盡可能滿足該期刊的要求，你可以分析一下這些論文的數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式、對圖或表的選擇、對不同類型圖示的選擇以及在正文部分、標題、和圖例中所出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)的多少，利用你的分析結(jié)果來指導(dǎo)自己決定論文中的數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式。4. P35Traditionally, students are taught that the Methods section provides the information needed for another competent scientist to repeat the work. In your experience of reading papers, is this what you find? Many participants in work- shops we have conducted report that they have had problems in replicating what authors have done in their published studies even after reading the Methods section thoroughly.傳統(tǒng)上，老師們總是告訴學(xué)生，方法部分為另一個有能力的科學(xué)家重復(fù)這一研究提供了所需的信息。從你閱讀論文的經(jīng)驗來看，情況真的是這樣嗎？很多參與過我們組織的研習(xí)班的人說，哪怕已經(jīng)仔細研讀過已發(fā)表的論文的方法部分，他們在重復(fù)作者的研究時還是遇到了問題。Another way to think about the goal of the Methods section is that it establishes credibility for the results and should therefore provide enough information about how the work was done for readers to evaluate the results; i.e. to decide for themselves whether the results actually mean what the author claims they mean. Referees are likely to look in this section for evidence to answer the question: Do the methods and the treatment of results conform to acceptable scientific standards?對方法部分的寫作目的的另一種認識是，方法部分為研究結(jié)果確定了可信度，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)提供足夠的有關(guān)研究方式的信息，以使讀者能對研究結(jié)果做出評估，也就是說，讀者能夠據(jù)此判斷，該研究結(jié)果是否與作者所聲稱的一致。審稿人則往往會在這一部分尋找證據(jù)，來判斷研究方法和對結(jié)果的處理是否符合現(xiàn)行的科研標準。5. P48Another important reason to pay careful attention to referencing is to avoid plagiarizing other peoples work unintentionally. Plagiarism is using data, ideas, or words that originated in work by another person without appropriately acknowledging their source. It is generally regarded as a form of cheating in academic and publishing contexts, and papers will be rejected if plagiarism is detected. Incomplete citation also prevents your gaining credit for knowing the work of other researchers in the field. Effective and inclusive citation helps you present yourself as a knowledgeable member of the research community, which can be important in terms of the impression you make on referees evaluating your manuscripts. It also allows others to benefit from the sources of information you have used.對文獻引用標注要尤為注意的另一個重要原因是避免非故意地剽竊。剽竊是在沒有以適當(dāng)方式說明來源的情況下，使用原創(chuàng)于其他人作品的數(shù)據(jù)，觀點或文字。在學(xué)術(shù)界和出版界，這種做法通常被認為是一種作弊行為，如果被發(fā)現(xiàn)有剽竊行為，論文將被拒稿。不完整的引用也會使人懷疑你是否了解本領(lǐng)域其他研究人員的工作。有效而廣泛的引用能幫助你在研究領(lǐng)域建立博學(xué)多識的形象，這對于你給你的論文評審人留下的印象是相當(dāng)重要的。同時這也使得其他人能從你所使用的信息來源中受益。6. P63If writers place a string of nouns and adjectives together, to form a title which packs a lot of meaning into a few words, they can sometimes cause problems of ambiguity: more than one possible meaning. This is particularly the case when nouns are used as adjectives, i.e. placed in front of the head word of the noun phrase. To investigate why this is so, lets consider some examples.如果把一系列名詞和形容詞組合在一起作為論文標題，這樣的標題把許多含義塞進了少數(shù)幾個詞中，這些詞有時會產(chǎn)生歧義：即可能會有不止一個含義。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在名詞用作形容詞時，也就是位于名詞短語的中心詞前面的時候。為了探究原因，我們首先考察一些例子。The noun phrase germination conditions has only one possible meaning: conditions for germination, and thus it can be used without risk of ambiguity. Similarly, application rate can only mean the rate of application. However, enzymatic activity suppression could mean either suppression of enzymatic activity or suppression by enzymatic activity and is therefore ambiguous. A general guideline is to restrict these noun phrases to a maximum of three words, and this many only if there is no risk of misunderstanding. If they grow longer, rewrite them by inserting the prepositions that clarify the meaning (e.g. of, by, for).名詞短語“germination conditions”只有一種可能的含義，“conditions for germination”，這一名詞短語不會出現(xiàn)模棱兩可的危險。同樣，“application rate ”只是表示“rate of application ”。然而，“enzymatic activity suppression ”既可能是“suppression of enzymatic activity ”的意思，也可能是“suppression by enzymatic activity”的意思。因此，這個名詞短語的意義是模棱兩可的。一般的指導(dǎo)原則是吧這樣的名詞短語性限制在最多三個單詞，并且是不存在錯誤理解的危險。如果名詞短語比較長，我們可以插入介詞（如of, by, for）來澄清名詞短語的含義。7. P85It is important to respond quickly to reviewers comments and the editor s recommendation about publishing the manuscript. This is true regardless of whether the manuscript has been accepted with minor changes or you have been encouraged to re-submit it after major revision. As with the covering letter you sent when you originally submitted the manuscript, the letter accompanying the revised manuscript is an opportunity to demonstrate that you appreciate the role of the editor and that you have done everything you can to improve the manuscript to meet the journals and the reviewers requirements.無論你的論文是只需要做些小的修改就能被采納還是需要做出很大的修改之后再重新投稿，你都應(yīng)該快速地對審稿人的意見和編輯對于論文發(fā)表的建議做出回復(fù)，這一點是非常重要的。正如你最初投稿時一樣，隨修訂稿一同附上的信件是一個很好的機會來證明你對編輯的重視，并證明你已經(jīng)竭盡所能地按照雜志和審稿人的要求去修改論文。8. P108-109To summarize the section above, science writing is largely made up of sentence structures (templates), which are usable for many different areas of science, plus noun phrases, which are often specific to particular areas. Once you understand this concept, you will probably find it easier to read articles from areas of science with which you are not completely familiar. This is because you can skip over the unfamiliar noun phrases on your first reading, just concentrating on the sentence structures and main meanings. Then you can identify which noun phrases recur frequently, and use a dictionary or website to find out their meanings, if you need to know them. This will depend on your reason for reading the article. If you need to understand more about the area of research and are new to it, then you will probably need to look up many noun phrases. If you are reading the article only to find one specific piece of information, perhaps about the use of a method, you will need to look up fewer noun phrases. As you make your decisions about which ones to look up, remember to identify the headword of each noun phrase first, as this is the most important part for the sentence meaning.綜上所述，學(xué)術(shù)寫作很大程度上是由一些適用于很多不同學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的句型（模板）組成和一些特定領(lǐng)域的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)組成的。一旦理解了這一點，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你太不熟悉的領(lǐng)域的論文閱讀起來變?nèi)菀琢?。這是因為你在第一次閱讀的時候可以略過那些不熟悉的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，專注于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和大意。然后你可以識別出那些反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，如果需要的話，使用字典或網(wǎng)站了解其含義。這取決于你閱讀這篇論文的目的。如果你需要深入了解此研究領(lǐng)域，并且對它十分陌生，那么你很可能需要查詢很多名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的含義。如果你只是為了找到某一特定信息而閱讀，也許是某一種方法的使用，你要查詢的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)就會少一些。在你決定哪些名詞詞組需要查詢時，記得首先確定名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的中心詞，因為它是整個句子含義的最重要的部分。Unit 1Page741、我是北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院副教授。近日從網(wǎng)上得知，“第五屆國際跨文化交流研討會” 將于 2016 年 3 月在牛津大學(xué)舉辦。 我對參加 這次會議非常感興趣，因為我已從事這方面 研究多年。Im an associate professor in the School of Foreign Languages of Beijing University. Recently, Ive learned online that the 5th International Inter-cultural Communication Seminar will be held in March 2016 in Oxford University. Im very much interested in attending this event because I have been studying in this field for many years.4. 我已接到論文被采用的通知和出席會議的正式邀請，并已于2月20日在網(wǎng)上正式注冊參加會議，但至今尚未得到任何會議資料。煩請告知組委會聯(lián)系人及email 地址，以便我們聯(lián)系與會的具體事宜。I have received the acknowledgment of my paper s acceptance and the official invitation to the conference, and registered online on February 20th. However, I have not received any conference material. Please let me know the Organizing Committees contact and email address so that we can obtain information related to this conference.5. 感謝您對此事的關(guān)照。如能早日得到您的答復(fù)，我們將不勝感激。Thanks for your kind consideration of this matter. Your early reply would be appreciated. (We should be very much obliged if you reply to us at your earliest convenience.Unit IIPage 972. 現(xiàn)以 Word 文檔附件發(fā)去由劉南和張?zhí)K撰寫的兩篇論文文化研究：西方與中國（liu.doc ）和中國比較文學(xué)與多元文化對話（zhang.doc ）。我們希望前一篇能被安排在分組會上宣讀，而另一篇在張貼會議中展示W(wǎng)ord document attachments are two papers entitled “Cultural Studies: The West and China” (liu.doc) by Liu Nan and Comparative Literature in China and Multi-cultural Dialogue(zhang.doc) by Zhang Su. We hope that the former can be orally presented at the group meeting while the other can be displayed in the poster session.3. 我已在網(wǎng)上提交了我的論文文摘，希望我的論文能被論文委員會錄用，我在宣讀方式上沒有特別的要求。I have submitted my abstracts online, hoping that my paper can be employed by thesis committee, and we have no presentation preference.4. 我們利用EPS2003主頁是的“論文提交功能”向大會提交了馮麗等人撰寫的題為中國荒漠化治理的模式與制度創(chuàng)新的論文。希望早日告知我們是否可以得到會議的邀請。We have submitted the paper entitled “Chinas pattern of desertification controllingand institutional innovation” of Feng Li on homepage of EPS2003. We look forward to receiving an invitation to the meeting as soon as possible.Unit IIIPage 1072. 我是中國貴州師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)系講師，屬于欠發(fā)達地區(qū)青年教師代表，根據(jù)有關(guān)規(guī)定似可優(yōu)先申請由貴基金會資助的國際研討會。希望您能盡早把資助申請表發(fā)到我的郵箱。I am a lecturer of education in Guizhou Normal University in China, belonging to representatives of young (college) teachers in underdeveloped areas. According to relevant regulations, it seems that I have priority of applying for attending the International Seminar of this organization. Hoping for your emailing of application form for financial assistance as soon as possible.3. 根據(jù)“獲得博士學(xué)位不滿兩年，且正在從事博士后研究者可以申請參加會議的旅費資助”的規(guī)定，本信旨在申請我往返紐約的旅費資助。如想申請減免注冊費，是否還有其他表格需要填寫？According to the regulation of “the one who has had a doctor degree no more than two years and is doing post-doctor research can apply for travel support of attending meeting”, the aim of this letter is applying for the travel support to and from New York. If I want to apply for reducing th