英語四級寫作資料總結(jié).doc

英語四級寫作資料總結(jié)英語四級考試作文的評分依據(jù)是：文章切題，條理清楚語言準確和字數(shù)符合要求，所謂切題就是要求考生緊扣文章大綱；條理則要求考生詞匯、語法運用不出錯誤(書寫工整，避免嚴重語言錯誤)；四級作文的字數(shù)要求一般是不少于100字寫作中常用的詞匯1解決: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2損害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3給與：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培養(yǎng)：Develop, cultivate, foster5優(yōu)勢：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative9 認為：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10 保護：Protect, conserve, preserve11確保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12 有害的： Bad, baneful beinful ，evil, harmful, detrimental13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15 導致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17 增長至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持穩(wěn)定：do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability20 急劇地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平穩(wěn)地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22 宣稱：Allege, assert, declare, claim23 發(fā)生：Happen, occur, take place24 原因：Reason, factor, cause25 發(fā)展：Development, advance, progress26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous27 影響：Influence, impact, effect28明顯的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30與相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31對比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33 大約：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波動：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事實上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36換言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語similarly, likewise, like, too, as well, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （to that）, first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another 因果關(guān)系過渡詞語because （of）, as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （from）, consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 讓步關(guān)系過渡詞語although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that 強調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt遞進關(guān)系in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, whats more時間順序afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while方位序列in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right方式手段as, as if, as though, the way，by目的關(guān)系that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that寫作中常見錯誤歸納標點1、英文沒有頓號；2、英文沒有書名號，可用斜體，引號或下劃線；專有名詞常用斜體表示；3、句號不同；4、省略號（）；時態(tài)錯誤一致性，尤其是主謂搭配有些同學寫下了主語，但是寫謂語的時候就把主語扔到一邊去了。比如寫了 “The people”，后面的系動詞卻成了 “is”。集合名詞（army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff, team等）作主語，如果指整體，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果指具體成員，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)。表示時間，距離，價格等的復數(shù)名詞或短語，如果強調(diào)整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果強調(diào)具體數(shù)量，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)。單數(shù)名詞如果跟著along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等連接的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞需要與最近的那個主語保持一致。代詞指代的一致如下面這個句子：Were going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe well overcome it. 句子不完整有的同學寫了上半句，就忘了下半句。所以寫完一個句子以后要仔細再讀一遍，如果覺得不對，需要回頭補全句子。如People who know the harmfulness of smoking if they are careful. 人稱轉(zhuǎn)換錯誤這個毛病是絕大部分同學都容易犯的。我們在寫作時，一篇文章里面不能出現(xiàn)太多的人稱。另外在我們的文章中最保險的人稱代詞是 “we”，因為 “we”可以指“你，我，她/他”任何人。而且如果用 “we”，那么最好通篇文章都用，即使要有所變化，也最多再用一個 “I”或 “they”就行了。 比較級使用錯誤 大小寫錯誤一般來說，每一句的首字母應該大寫，人名地名的首字母和專有名詞的首字母大寫。但有些同學容易忘記。如：it is well-known that smoking is harmful to peoples health.I went to beijing yesterday. How To Deal With The Problem Of Smoking is a huge task. 拼寫錯誤這方面的錯誤相當普遍，而且較難根除。因為大家背單詞的時候有時背得并不牢。尤其是大家經(jīng)常做客觀題，只要知道應該選哪一個答案就可以了，并沒有仔細背住單詞的拼寫。要解決這個問題，大家需要背單詞時不僅能“識別”，而且能“使用”，需要多背多寫。下面是一些經(jīng)常容易搞混淆或拼錯的單詞：詞語的使用選 詞多用近義詞 Make-manufacturebuy-purchasefinish-accomplish end-terminate use-utilize love-affection agree-accord discussion-controversy tell-inform enough-sufficient speed-velocity car-vehicle open-unclose choice-alternative 區(qū)分具體與抽象的詞詞從語義上可分為具體與抽象兩種類別，例如：抽象具體goodkind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendlylaughsmile, chuckle, sniggerscientistphysicist, biologist, chemist fish shark, salmon, perch, eel tree shrub, bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow 抽象詞意范圍大，概括力強，但給人以空洞的感覺，適合于文章的開頭和結(jié)尾等總結(jié)性部分。具體詞意義有針對性、個性和精確性，給人以確切的概念，適合用于段落中細節(jié)的刻畫，論點的闡述以及事物的描寫。如果用抽象的詞來表達具體的事物，便會給人籠統(tǒng)的感覺：a. 抽象: The man is good.具體: The man is selfless.b. 抽象: There are three men in the room.具體: There are three little boys in the room.句式變換在了解組織句子的四個特點之后，我們重點看一下句子組織形式的多樣化，即在120150詞內(nèi)，盡量使用不同的句子形式，常用的句型如下：主語從句定語從句 （限定性和非限定性）狀語從句 （時間，原因，地點，條件，讓步等）分詞短語做定語或狀語強調(diào)句倒裝句 省略句What句型設問句主語和主語從句名詞、代詞、動名詞、不定式以及名詞性從句都可以作主語。后三種，學生在寫作時用起來不是很熟練，但卻很有價值，可以在很大程度上提高語言質(zhì)量。下面我們看幾組例句：動名詞作主語Listening to some light music will help you calm down.Talking to a person like him is just like talking to a deaf.不定式作主語To see is to believe.To help others is to help yourself in a sense. To see things as they are, to go right to the right point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical, and to discard what is irrelevant is after all, what a university training should be aiming at.主語從句主語從句一般由what, who, which, why, how, when, which, whetheror等引導，這些名詞性從句作主語時，我們稱之為主語從句。Why he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years.Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.What you have done for us will be in our memory for ever.當句子的實際主語太長時，英語習慣用先行代詞it作形式主語，然后再引出真正的主語It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.And with our current methods, it is hard to estimate the loss in environmental terms as many negative results may take decades to emerge.其他常用先行代詞it作形式主語的句型還有：It is self-evident that 很明顯的是It goes without saying that 不用說It is asserted that 有人主張 It is believed that 據(jù)信 It is generally considered that 人們普遍認為 It is hoped that 人們希望 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It is said that 據(jù)說 It is supposed that 據(jù)推測 It is well-known that 眾所周知 It must be admitted that 必須承認 It cannot be denied that 不可否認 It must be pointed out that 需指出的是 It was told that 據(jù)傳 It will be said that 有人會說 It follows that 由此可見 It is inappropriate that 是不合適的 賓語從句賓語從句是置于謂語動詞之后的名詞性從句。大家來看下面幾個例子：1、They believe that the central governments decision to develop the western part of the country and the success of Beijings bid to host the 2008 Olympics will open up further opportunities for a boom in the regional aviation market. 2、We cannot understand why they are so cruel to their beloved parents.3、Experience from foreign countries suggests that no aircraft manufacturers can survive depending only on their domestic market.寫作中常用的跟賓語從句的謂語動詞以主語是We為例舉例如下：We assume that 我們設想、假設We suggest that 我們認為、建議We hold/maintain/ that 我們認為 We stress that 我們強調(diào) We admit that 我們承認 We deny that 我們否認 We hope that 我們希望 We discover that 我們發(fā)現(xiàn) We recommend that 我們推薦、建議 We mention that 我們提到 表語從句表語從句是主語系動詞從句所構(gòu)成的語句，其中系動詞包括三類：be的其各種形式；表示變化的詞如go, become, turn；表示感覺的詞，常有“起來”的含義如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等。大家看下面的例句：That is why so many people want to work in the government.This is where she lived when she was young.Quality is what counts most.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.The assumption is that things will improve.That is how we beat them in the contest.What he wants to know is if you may agree.What we want to know is whether the government may take measures to tackle this problem.The question is which one you may choose.倒裝句式倒裝句式是指主語和謂語或表語動詞的位置顛倒，又分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝。部分倒裝是指謂語中的一部分，如助動詞do, does, did, can, may, should, ought to, must, have, 系動詞be等放在主語前面，其余部分包括謂語動詞仍在主語后面。部分倒裝的情況：虛擬語氣的條件句，省略if，同時將had, were, should提到主語之前Were it not for your help, we couldnt have arrived there.so/such.that用于句首時，后面要倒裝So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam.as, though, no matter how （what）, however引導讓步狀語時，從句需倒裝Young as he is, he has accomplished a lot.However cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake.用于so, neither, nor后面He didnt go to the concert, neither did his family.表示否定意義的詞如no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner.than，hardly.when, not only.but also, not, little, at no time, by no means（決不）, on no account（決不）, in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances等放在句首時后面主謂要倒裝。Under no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons.On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo.Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.Only + adverb（副詞）, prepositional phrase（介詞短語）, adverbial clause（狀語從句）置于句首時，后面的主謂需要倒裝。Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.全部倒裝全部倒裝是指包括表語和狀語在內(nèi)的整個謂語放在主語之前，它的語序是：表語或狀語+謂語動詞+主語。全部倒裝應用的情況用在作為地點狀語的介詞短語后面On the bed lay the dying patient.當用作表語的形容詞或分詞置于句首時Great and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland.here/there/now/then/hence置于句首而主語不是人稱代詞時Here comes the bus.段落組織技巧開頭段對于大學英語四級的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達的是整篇文章的主題思想。開頭段的作用是概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖，要求語言精練，直接切入主題或引出觀點，一般不對主題進行深入的探討，具體的論證或說明描述應該在中間段落進行，開頭段一般寫三、四句即可。在組織開頭段時要注意避免以下幾點：開頭偏離主題太遠，否則會容易導致切題不準，主題不明使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句，因為社會主旋律是倡導積極向上的思想內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物，使用不言自明的陳述，給人以充數(shù)累贅之感主題句法（use of topic sentence）常用句型歸納1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of .2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among .5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over .6) Never in our history has the idea that . been so popular.7) Faced with ., quite a few people argue that .8) According to a recent survey, .9) With the rapid development of ., .結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段的寫作方法可以歸納如下：總結(jié)歸納簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。重申主題再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想預測展望立足當前，放眼未來。提出建議提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應的行動提出問題提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。引用格言用格言、諺語或習語總括全文中心思想。結(jié)尾句型1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that .2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop .3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to .4) In conclusion, it is imperative that .5) There is no easy method, but .might be of some help.6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must .7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to .10) Taking all these into account, we .11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear.中間段再看一下中間段落的組織。中間段的任務是依據(jù)開頭段所交代的內(nèi)容來闡述文章的論點，圍繞主題或論點展開討論，或就具體要求進行描述和說明。中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。中間段篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長，每段有相應的主題句，包含定義、解釋、描寫等手法，說明主題思想的擴展句采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段，當然不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。中間段有以下具體特點：所涉及內(nèi)容應該準確、清楚，頗具說服力；段落中一定具備主題句；段落內(nèi)容應該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節(jié)；內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；段落之間連貫自然；段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當；詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。常用的中間段展開方法歸納如下：列舉法比較對比法因果法例證法分類法英語四級常用句型總結(jié)開頭 Recently, the problem of has aroused peoples concern. 最近,問題已引起人們的關(guān)注. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已在我們的生活中扮演著越來越重要的角色.它給我們帶來了許多好處,但也產(chǎn)生了一些嚴重的問題. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口過剩)已成為我們不得不面對的問題了. It is commonly believed that / It is a common belief that 人們一般認為 Many people insist that 很多人堅持認為 With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that 隨著科技的發(fā)展,越來越多的人認為 A lot of people seem to think that 很多人似乎認為 引出不同觀點: Peoples views on vary from person to person. Some hold that . However, others believe that. 人們對的觀點因人而異.有些人認為. 然而其他人卻認為 People may have different opinions on 人們對可能會有不同的見解. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人們對待吸毒的態(tài)度因人而異. There are different opinions among people as to 關(guān)于. 人們的觀點大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 對(失敗)人們的態(tài)度各不相同. 結(jié)尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that 把所有這些因素加以考慮,我們自然會得出結(jié)論 Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that 考慮所有這些因素,我們可能會得出合理的結(jié)論 Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that 因此,我們最好得出這樣的結(jié)論 There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫無疑問,跳槽有優(yōu)點也有缺點. All in all, we cannot live without But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 總之,我們沒有是無法生活的.但同時,我們必須尋求新的解決辦法來對付可能出現(xiàn)的新問題. 提出建議: It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 該是我們停止這一趨勢的時候了. It is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on the improvement of 該是采納的建議,并對的進展給予特殊重視的時候了. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of 毫無疑問,對問題應予以足夠的重視. Obviously,. If we want to do something , it is essential that 顯然,如果我們想做某事,很重要的是 Only in this way can we 只有這樣,我們才能 It must be realized that 我們必須意識到 預示后果: Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that will lead us in danger. 很明顯,如果我們不能控制這一問題,很有可能我們會陷入危險. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that 毫無疑問,除非我們采取有效措施,很可能會 It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很緊迫的是,應立即采取措施阻止這一事態(tài)的發(fā)展. 論證 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看來,支持第一種觀點比支持第二種觀點更有道理. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that 我無法完全同意這一觀點. Personally, I am standing on the side of 就個人而言,我站在的一邊. I sincerely believe that 我真誠地相信 In my opinion, it is more advisable to do than to do. 在我個人看來,做比做更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why 給出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, Second, Third, 這一現(xiàn)象的存在是有許多原因的.首先, 第二, 第三, Why did ? For one thing For another. Perhaps the primary reason is 為什么會? 一個原因是 令一個原因是 或許其主要原因是. I quite agree with the statement that the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分贊同這一論述,即,其主要原因如下: 列出解決辦法: Here are some suggestions for handling 這是如何處理某事的一些建議. The best way to solve the troubles is 解決這些麻煩的最好辦法是 People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人們已找出許多辦法來解決這個問題. 批判錯誤觀點和做法: As far as something is concerne