英漢翻譯技巧練習(xí)I(student).doc

本文檔系作者精心整理編輯，實(shí)用價(jià)值高。英漢翻譯技巧練習(xí)IPart I An Overall Introduction of Translation SkillsI 英漢兩種語言對(duì)比1 所屬語系與發(fā)展歷史英語印歐語系漢語漢藏語系2 語音3 語言的本質(zhì)英語綜合性語言漢語分析性語言4 句法現(xiàn)象II 英漢兩種文化差異 1 同一民族中亦存在文化差異：蛤蟆 naughty 叩手 點(diǎn)心2 英漢文化間的差異a. 思想觀念、心理特征 龍dragon 鶴crane b. 表達(dá)方式、審美情趣 “憤怒出詩人”“止怒莫若詩” “十里蛙聲不斷，九溪曲流潺潺”“You can hear frogs continuous crying in ten miles and can enjoy the babbling of the winding streams.”3 對(duì)文化詞語和表達(dá)的處理文化詞語，指的是充滿漢語文化個(gè)性和特殊內(nèi)涵的語言。a. 直譯法 丟臉to lose face/ to be disgraced 紙老虎paper tiger/ scarecrow 騎虎難下to ride a tiger/ in chancery 貓哭老鼠cats crying for the death of rats/ to shed crocodile tearsb. 直譯加補(bǔ)充信息法 下海 鐵飯碗 跳槽 父母官 待業(yè)青年 酒囊飯袋 清明節(jié)c. 釋義法 望子成龍 和番 金三角 兩手抓，兩手都要硬d. 同（近）義表達(dá)借用法 得寸進(jìn)尺Give him an inch, and hell take an ell. 好聚好散Merry meet, merry part. 貪多嚼不爛to bite off more than one can chew 皇天不負(fù)有心人Heaven helps those who help themselves. 水中撈月to fish in the air 象只落湯雞like a drowned rate. 回譯法 忍者神龜Ninja Turtles 畫王電視big screen Panasonic 米字旗Union Jack flag 中國(guó)菜館chopsuey houseIII 常見錯(cuò)誤及解決方法 1. 不要生搬硬套漢語構(gòu)詞模式車、毛、魚、核、皮、桌2. False friends （假朋友）休息室restroom 藥店drugstore白手white-handed食言eat ones words茶葉店tea-shop蛇皮袋snake skin bag3. 隱含意義的分析倔強(qiáng)： intractable, mulish statesman, politician他們熱情照顧殘疾客人。 They took good care of disabled guests.我這位朋友很健談。 My friend is very talkative.VI 解釋性翻譯鑲補(bǔ)，減肥，重組Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays天演論Honeymoon蜜月者，西人娶婦時(shí)，即挾其游歷，經(jīng)月而返。黑奴吁天錄Uncle Toms CabinCashmere御長(zhǎng)裙，仙仙然描畫不能肖。茶花女V 參考字典1英漢大詞典 陸谷孫主編 上海譯文出版社2漢英大辭典 吳光華主編 上海交通大學(xué)出版社Part II Translation Practice一、準(zhǔn)確理解詞義：I 根據(jù)上下文辯明詞義：Work:1. He is working in the factory.2. He is working a machine.3. He is working at English.4. The ship is working eastward.5. The gears work smoothly.6. My watch doesnt work.7. The screw worked loose.8. Will these methods work?9. The yeast has begun to work.10. Electric computers work quickly and accurately.Hand:1. Soams shook her hand and went downstairs.2. He never read a book in his life and still writes a schoolboy hand.3. It would be like trying to make the hands of clock move backwards to its ticking.4. Mr. Hunter suddenly failed, and all hands in the mill were turned off.Like:1. He likes maths more than physics.2. In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.3. Like knows like.4. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.Last:1. He is the last man to come.2. He is the last man to do it.3. He is the last person for such a job.4. He should be the last (man) to blame.5. He is the last man to consult.6. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.Operate:1. The hearing aids are operated from batteries.2. The doctor operated on the patient for a tumor.3. The frontier forces had to operate against the invaders.1. With old plaster-casting, the bone takes longer to knit and crippling effects from muscle inactivity result.2. The custom had its spring in another country.3. His mother died of difficult labour.4. The Americans had viewed foreign policy as if it were a western movie in which the cavalry appeared at the climacteric moment to use superior firepower on opponents who were usually of anther race.5. The elevator girl reads books between passengers.6. Dont do your own thing, or you will meet with failure.II. 詞義的褒貶：詞義有輕重的不同：打破：break, crack, crush, demolish, destroy, shatter, smash閃光：shine, glitter, glare, sparkle詞義有范圍大小與側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同：agriculture, farming, cultivation, agronomycountry, nation, land, state, powerempty (house, room, cup, box, stomach, head, words, etc.)vacant (position, room, house, seat, etc.)hollow (tree, voice, sound, cheeks, etc.)詞義有感情色彩與語體色彩“死”to expire, to pass away, to close (end) ones day, to breathe ones lastto go west, to pay the debt of nature to depart to the world of shadowsto give up the ghost, to kick the bucket, to kick up ones heelsto lay down ones knife and fork“懷孕”1. She is having a baby.2. She is in a family way.3. She is knitting little booties.4. She is in a delicate condition.5. She is in an interesting condition.詞義的兩面性：1. The enemys scheme went bankrupt. Weve worked out a perfect scheme.2. He is an aggressive and promising young man. Japan is an aggressive country. 3. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentlemen by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.III 詞語搭配：Kill:1. He killed the man.2. He killed the dog.3. He killed time everyday down at the park.4. He killed his chances of success.5. He killed the motion when it came from the committee.6. He killed himself by overwork.7. He killed the spirit of the group.8. He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.Kill the peace (promise, friendship, a marriage)Heavy:Rain clouds crops frost wine news road sea heart fire smoker bread wire load storm traffic readerBroken:A broken man (soldier, promise, spirit) broken money (English)IV. 詞義的引申：詞義作抽象引申：1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in his nature.2. Every life has its roses and thorns.3. She sailed into the room,4. We must keep our powder dry.5. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.詞義作具體引申：1. Do you see any green in my eye?2. The battlefield became something holy. It was not touched.3. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.4. We Zanziber would like to build a coloured society where all men can have equal opportunity.5. What aids there were to enlighten labor were immemorial.二、詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯：I 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞：1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.3. Some of my classmates are good singers.4. They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.5. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.6. What is he at?7. John voted with the Tories.8. He is a man above vulgar interests.9. Peter drew his knife on the robber.10. It looks as if we are in for a storm.11. If a man couldnt walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasnt much of a politician.12. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.13. He proved himself worthy of confidence.14. He is not very familiar with biological terms.15. Are you doubtful of his success?16. Some infectious diseases are responsible for diseases of the heart valves.II 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. To them, he personified the absolute power.3. Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were the old, the infirm, the ill and the very young.4. Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.5. The Wilde family were religious.6. They were considered insincere.III 轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞：1. Its the truth.2. Such news was no jokes. 3. We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy.4. Gases differ from solid in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter.5. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.6. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.7. The sun rose thinly from the sea.IV 其他轉(zhuǎn)譯：1. He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.2. He had the kindness to show me the way.3. This is a sheer nonsense.4. Buckley was in a clear minority.5. The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.6. He is physically weak but mentally sound.三、增詞：persuasion preparation backwardness tension arrogance madness antagonism1. The crowds melted away.2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.3. He sank down with his face in his hands.4. Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.5. To wash before meal. To wash after getting up. To wash before going to bed.6. First you borrow, then you beg.7. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.8. He is a complicated manmoody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.9. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.10. Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.11. The lion is the king of animals.12. All the rules of the military discipline must be strictly observed.13. Once they had a quarrel.14. Herb gave her a sly look.四、重復(fù)：great contributions gratitude ingratitude prosperity eternal glory to vivid hesitate arrogance grotesque careless in chaos street gossip rumours 1. China is the cradle of ancient and modern cultures.2. Wood can not conduct electricity, nor can glass.3. You can do translation work very well, if you care to.4. Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English.5. We shall need to apply our scientific and technological resources to literally every aspect of our society, to our commerce, our industry, our medicine, our transportation.五、正反譯法：1. He knew he was mortally ill.2. The first bombs missed the target.3. Such a chance was denied me.4. We can safely say so.5. His refusal is not final.6. This failure is the making of him.7. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.8. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.9. My guess is as good as yours.10. The decision is to come.11. Dont lose time in posting this letter.12. The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.13. He saw at once that Phil was not all right.14. The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.15. Let bygones be bygones.16. Haste makes waste.17. Be careful! Mind my right arm!18. She told me, as I departed, that shed hate to be in my position.19. Cease-fires in the Mideast have an unhappy habit of becoming unstuck.20. He told us of his success with undisguised delight.21. Dancing in public with a lot of country girls! Im surprised that you could even think of it.22. Washington must do something about the situation, and soon.六、被動(dòng)態(tài)的譯法：1. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system.2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.3. In case of non-delivery, letters must be returned to the senders.4. The collection of poems has been translated into many foreign languages.5. Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak-room.6. Liars are not believed even when they tell the truth.7. He was policed by bosses cops.8. It is generally accepted that matter is in constant motion and in constant change.9. As rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snow melted in the Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed.10. North Adelaide, which is chiefly residential, is bordered by more parklands, and contains two open squares.11. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens.12. The town halls foundation stone was laid in 1863.七、定語從句的譯法：I 譯成定語詞組：1. The incubation period is the time that elapses between the entrance of the microorganism and the manifestation of the disease.2. The people who worked for him live in mortal scare of him.3. Each day we make decisions that affect our lives and sometimes, the lives of others.4. Brindley had begun on his account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.II 譯成并列句1. The nervous system consists of a great number of nerves, which like the blood vessels extend to all parts of the body.2. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to 200 pounds each.3. Isabel was a tall girl with the oval face, a straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristics of the family.4. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded.5. and the old ways of earning a living rivaled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.6. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.7. This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khans grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.III 溶合法1. There are many people who want to see the film.2. There is a sense in which morality and expedience need not conflict.3. There are events taking place at this time which dim their hopes and lessen the prospects.IV 譯成狀語從句1. He would have to be very careful not to offend the foreman, who could give him the sack at any time.2. The task, which seemed to be difficult, was already accomplished in time.3. He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.4. Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.5. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.6. Zhou Enlai arranged for experts from Beijing University to give Bill Morrow some up-to-date information he wanted.八、長(zhǎng)句的翻譯：可調(diào)整語序、調(diào)整長(zhǎng)度1. Here at home in England, under the fire of the Boche, we do not forget the ties and links that unite us to France, and we are persevering steadfastly and in good heart in the cause of European freedom and fair dealing for the common people of all countries, for which, with you, we drew the sword.原序2. The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5 percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year rate in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982. 3. If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name “Windy City”.變序4. The Westerner who developed a farm, opened a shop, or set up in business as a trader, could hope to prosper only as his own community prosperedand his community ran from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada down to Mexico.5. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals.6. Although experienced diplomats do not often share the popular skepticism about international law, there is a danger that the popular attitude may affect inexperienced officials and pressure groups within a state, and that the state may, as a result, be pushed into breaking international law.拆句7. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.8. In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this week, let us recognize at the outset these points: we have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend these differences.9. It all began in the mid-1850s, when Lowes experiments with balloons led him to believe in the existence of an upper stream of air that moved in an easterly direction, no matter what direction the lower currents flowed.并句10. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer often come with intensity great enough to cause flash-flooding. Every child raised in the West know about these dangers. At least thats what I used to think. Im not so sure anymore.九、習(xí)語的譯法：I 英漢成語比較：比喻不同1. Just like the mushroom.2. Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.3. Look for a needle in a haystack.4. Like a rat in a hole.5. No smoke without fire.6. A good conscience is a soft pillow.7. Neither fish nor fowl.8. You cannot make a crab walk straight.風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣不同1. Dog tired2. To dog ones steps3. Top dog4. Lucky dog5. As faithful as a dog6. Love me, love my dog7. Every dog has its day8. A surly dog9. That/this dirty dag10. He is in the doghouse.11. He was a bit of a dog in his younger days歷史背景不同1. To know the ropes2. To tide over3. To sink or swim4. To go with the stream5. To clear the decks6. All at sea7. Plain sailing 8. To rest ones oars9. To keep ones head above water10. Blow hot and cold11. Love is blind.12. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.II 英漢習(xí)語對(duì)譯直譯1. Golden age2. To pack like sardines3. Sour grapes4. A gentlemens agreement5. An olive branch6. The Trojan horse7. The heel of Archilles8. The sword of Damocles9. To show ones card10. To turn over a new leaf11. He laughs best who laughs last.12. Neces