職稱英語考試衛(wèi)生B完型填空復(fù)習(xí)資料.pdf

1 8OldAndActive It is well known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us Should we make any changes to our eating habits for instance or go jogging each day before breakfast Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate Although longer life should be celebrated it is actually considered a social problem The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs The country could soon be facing an economic problem if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life It s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations 7 7 7 7 ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life it is common experience that a certain amountof regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well being Furthermore exerise whichinvolves play and recreation and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing is not only pleasant but beneficial How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports They fatigue to the pointof exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest But not so with those of middle age and beyond For them moderation is of vital importance Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard to answer Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart the condition of the muscles the type of exercise and the regularity with which it is taken Two general suggestions however will serve as sound advice for anyone The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful thorough physical examinations The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion What type of exercise one should choose depens upon one s physical condition Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities Walking swimming skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise 6 6 6 6 Once dailyOnce dailyOnce dailyOnce daily PillPillPillPill CouldCouldCouldCould SimplifySimplifySimplifySimplify HIVHIVHIVHIVTreatmentTreatmentTreatmentTreatment Bristol Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine Malaria tuberculosis and HIV AIDS 2for example are all treated with combinationsof drugs But that can mean a lot of pills to take It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill taken just once a day Now two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV the virus that causes AIDS The companies are Bristol Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market 3Bristol Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva 4Gilead combined the others Emtriva and Viread into a single pill in two thousand four Combining drugs involves more than technicalissues It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies The new once daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5published a study of the new pill Researchers compared its effectiveness to6that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir Combivir containstwo drugs AZT7and 3TC 8The researchers say that after one year of treatment the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewerside effects 9Gilead paid for the study Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore Maryland led the research He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir GlaxoSmithKline Glaxo Smith Kline reacted tothe findings by saying that a single study is of limited value It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies The price of the new once daily pill has not been announced But Gilead and Bristol Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10to approve the new pill There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains For example pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders 11Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV 9 9 9 9 ManyManyManyMany WomenWomenWomenWomen WhoWhoWhoWho BeatBeatBeatBeat CancerCancerCancerCancer Don tDon tDon tDon t ChangeChangeChangeChange HabitsHabitsHabitsHabits Many women who battle breast cancer will tell you it s a life changing experience However a new study shows that for many women the changes aren t always positive or permanent Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast 2 cancer So when she was diagnosed there was no doubt in her mind what she had to do Ido exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I m on as far as the vitamins the diet and the fitness AndIcan t stress enough how important that is says Beth Snoke But a surprising new study shows thatno every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message In fact nearly 40 bf them say even aftersurviving breast cancer they haven t made significant changes in the waythey eat or how much they exercise Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in theirlife says Electra Paskett PhD at Ohio State University s Comprehensive Cancer Center Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment they may also play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back Despite growing evidence some women just aren t listening Colon cancer survivors who exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates So yes it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health says Paskett As a breast cancer survivor herself Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can makeThe challenge she says is to get more survivors to be more like Beth during and after treatment Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut down on stress and help women overcome depression There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U S Of those nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines 10101010HospitalHospitalHospitalHospital MistreatmentMistreatmentMistreatmentMistreatment According to a study most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment including humiliation by senior doctors being threatened or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13 page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1 733 second year residents The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of theAmerican MedicalAssociation Overall out of the 1 277 residents who completed surveys 1 185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused more than 45 of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records Moreover nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents attending physicians or nurses Almost 40 said patient mistreatment was a frequent event More than 10 of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep and the average number of hours without sleep was 37 6 The average on call hours during a typical week was 56 9 hours but about 25 of the residents said their on call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks Although 30 of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination verbal abuse was the most common problem cited When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times 53 of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents while just over 21 reported someone taking credit for their work Being given tasks for punishment being pushed kicked or hit and having someone threatening your reputation or career were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10 of the responding residents 2 2 2 2GoingGoingGoingGoing onononon a a a a dietdietdietdiet A typical person needs about 1 800 calories per day to stay alive These calories keep your heartbeatingand your lungs breathing They keep your organs operatingproperly and your brain running They also keep your body warm A persongainsweight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed The only way to lose fat is toreduce the number of calories that you consume per day This is the basicprinciplebehind going on a diet Unfortunately diets don t work for most people They do lose weight but thengo off the diet andput it back Buildinga sensibledietandexerciseplanis thekeyto maintaininga consistent weight You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many youactuallytake in The next step is to add exercise so that you can raisethe number of calories you can consume per day Exercise charts can show you how many calories differentformsof exercise can burn Burning 250 or 500 calories per day canmakea big difference You can ride an exercise bike while you arewatchingTV or you canclimbthe stairs instead ofthe elevator Find an exercisepartner Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to It s a good idea to wear firm fitting clothes if you are on a diet Tightclothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish 1 1 1 1BetterBetterBetterBetter ControlControlControlControl ofof ofof TBTBTBTB SeenSeenSeenSeen If If If If a a a a FasterFasterFasterFaster CureCureCureCure Is Is Is Is FoundFoundFoundFound The World Health Organization1estimates that about one third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis Most times the infection remains inactive But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB usually in their lungs Two million people die of of it The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug resistant forms of tuberculosis Current treatments take at least six months People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily But many people stop as soon as they feel better Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment Public health experts agree that a faster acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective Now a study estimates just how effective it might be A professor of international health at Harvard University2led the study Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured It would also mean 3 fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two month treatment plan They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia The scientists found that a two month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases And it might prevent about twenty five percent of TB deaths The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty That is if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3program in nineteen ninety DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment Short course Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment Earlier this year an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program The ten year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4says its long term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses 3 3 3 3O O O Onenenene G G G Goodoodoodood ReasonReasonReasonReason totototo LetLetLetLet SmallpoxSmallpoxSmallpoxSmallpox LiveLiveLiveLive It s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980 when smallpox was eradicated in the wild by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it one in the US and one in Russia Ifsmallpox had truly gone from the planet what point was there in keeping these reserves in reality of course it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials And the last official stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia for no obvious gain Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines So one again there s a good reason to keep the virus just in casethe disease puts in a reappearance How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well guarded UN laboratory that s open to all countries The US will object of course just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything But it doesn t mean the idea is wrong Ifthe virus is useful then let s make it the servant of all humanity not just a part of it 4 4 4 4Diet Diet Diet Diet AlcoholAlcoholAlcoholAlcohol LinkedLinkedLinkedLinked totototo NearlyNearlyNearlyNearly OneOneOneOne ThirdThirdThirdThird ofof ofof CancersCancersCancersCancers Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading causeof cancer and along with alcohol is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease indevelopedcountries aleading researcher said on Tuesday Dr Tim Key of the University of Oxford told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer but they know that diet alcohol and obesity play a major role Five percent of cancers could be avoided ifnobody was obese he said While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol inabout six percent Obesity raises the risk ofbreast womb bowel and kidney cancer while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth throat and liver Its dangerous impact is increasedwhen combined with smoking Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study which is comparing the diets of 500 000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer will provide some answers Early results of the study have revealed that Norway Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer Key principal scientist on the EPIC study said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal breast and prostate 5 5 5 5MenMenMenMenTooTooTooTooMayMayMayMay S