非限定動詞.doc

非限定動詞13.2.1 概說分詞（Participle）是動詞的另一種非限定形式。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）和過去分詞（Past Participle）兩種。它們同時(shí)兼有動詞、形容詞及副詞的特征。分詞與其賓語（僅限于及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞）或狀語一起構(gòu)成分詞短語。在句中可以用作表語、定語、狀語或復(fù)合賓語。13.2.2 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法區(qū)別雖然在語法功能上，現(xiàn)在分詞在句子中所能承擔(dān)的成分基本與過去分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意義，而過去分詞則表示被動的意義；現(xiàn)在分詞表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動作，而過去分詞（及物動詞）則表示已經(jīng)完成和被動的動作。在表現(xiàn)形式上，現(xiàn)在分詞有“一般式”和“完成式”與“主動式”和“被動式”之分；而過去分詞只有一種形式。見下表： 主動形式被動形式現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving being done過去分詞done現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的主要區(qū)別在于語態(tài)和時(shí)間關(guān)系上。在時(shí)間關(guān)系上：現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)進(jìn)行的意思，而過去分詞表達(dá)完成的意思，有時(shí)兩者均可表示與謂語動詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。在語態(tài)關(guān)系上：現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動的意思，而過去分詞（及物動詞）表達(dá)被動的意思。13.2.3 分詞或分詞短語在句中的用法1). 作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示句中主語所處的特征；過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。例如：Dont get excited! 別激動！The film is very moving. 這部電影很感人。The glasses are broken. 那些杯子是破的。The boy was very disappointing. 那個(gè)孩子很令人失望。The boy was very disappointed. 那個(gè)孩子很感失望。He was nearly frightened out of his mind. 他幾乎嚇得要死。He seemed quite delighted at the news. 聽了這消息他似乎很高興。The door remains locked. 門仍然鎖著。注一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，disappoint等都是及物動詞，作“使激動”、“使失望”解。其現(xiàn)在分詞表示“令人激動的”、“令人失望的”；過去分詞表示“感到激動的”和“感到失望的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，表示“感到”都用-ed形式。這類分詞有很多都完全用作了形容詞。指人時(shí)通常用過去分詞形容詞；指物時(shí)通常用現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞。當(dāng)然，主要應(yīng)從意義上去區(qū)別。例如：amazed 吃驚的amazing 驚人的bored 厭倦的boring 令人厭倦的excited感到激動的exciting令人激動的delighted感到高興的 delighting令人高興的disappointed感到失望的 disappointing令人失望的encouraged感到鼓舞的 encouraging令人鼓舞的frightened害怕的 frightening令人害怕的interested 感興趣的interesting令人感興趣的pleased感到愉快的 pleasing令人愉快的puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的satisfied感到滿意的 satisfying令人滿意的surprised感到驚異的 surprising令人驚異的tired疲倦的tiring令人疲倦的worried感到擔(dān)心的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的2). 作定語A. 分詞或分詞短語作定語時(shí)的位置單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)，通常位于所修飾的中心詞之前；分詞短語作定語，則只能位于所修飾的中心詞之后。例如： The running horse galloped down the street. 那匹奔馬沿著公路疾馳。Those are stolen goods. 那些是贓物。The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. 00北京The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. 站在那兒的那個(gè)男孩是我的一個(gè)同學(xué)。This is one of the factories built in 1960s. 這是六十年代修建的一家工廠。注1有時(shí)單個(gè)分詞作定語，也可位于所修飾詞之后。例如：He has no parents living. 他父母雙亡。On the day following he left for Beijing. 第二天他啟程去北京。Do you know the number of books ordered? 你找到訂購了多少書嗎？“Things lost never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. 07湖南注2分詞或分詞短語作定語，中心詞（也就是分詞所修飾的詞）是分詞短語的邏輯主語，在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如：Do you know the man sitting at the desk? = Do you know the man who is sitting at the desk. 你認(rèn)識坐在桌旁的那個(gè)人嗎？In his novel, all the people referred to are fictitious. = In his novel, all the people who are referred to are fictitious. 在他的小說中提到的所有人物都是虛構(gòu)的。B. 分詞短語作限制性和非限制性定語分詞短語作定語，象定語從句一樣，也可分為限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語明確限定中心詞，如省去，中心詞的意思就會受到影響。而非限制性定語僅對中心詞作一些附加說明，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，要用逗號將中心詞隔開。例如：All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. 我住在上海的所有弟兄都是科學(xué)家。（限制性）All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientist. 我所有弟兄都住在上海，都是科學(xué)家。（非限制性）All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. 抽屜里所有用鉛筆寫的信都是我姐姐寄來的。（限制性）All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 抽屜里所有的信，都是用鉛筆寫的，全是我姐姐寄來的。（非限制性）C. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語個(gè)別不及物動詞如arrive, come, go等的過去分詞也可在句中作定語，但不表被動意義，而表主動、完成的意思。例如：the risen sun 升起了的太陽 fallen leaves 落葉faded flower 萎謝的花 retired worker 退休工人The escaped thief was caught again. = The thief who had escaped was caught again. 逃跑的小偷又被捉住了。Here is Professor Li come from Beijing University. = Here is Professor Li who has come from Beijing University. 這是北京大學(xué)來的李教授。The train recently arrived at the station is from Beijing. = The train that has recently arrived at the station is from Beijing. 剛到站的那趟火車是北京開過來的。A man just come from the meeting told me about it. = A man who had just come from the meeting told me about it. 那件事是剛開完會的一個(gè)人告訴我的。3). 作復(fù)合賓語分詞可作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。這時(shí)，句中的賓語是分詞短語的邏輯主語。例如：Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help? 10湖南We saw the teacher making the experiment. 我們看見那個(gè)老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。I heard my name called in the street. 我在街上聽見有人叫我的名字。能跟這類復(fù)合賓語的動詞有see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel, set等。注1在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，即分詞的動作是它的邏輯主語（句中賓語）發(fā)出的。過去分詞在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中表示被動，其動作是它的邏輯主語所承受的。注2如果謂語是被動語態(tài)，這時(shí)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語補(bǔ)足語。例如：The missing boy was last seen playing near the East Lake. 00上海 He was found buried in the snow. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)他被埋在雪里。注3在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后，既可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，也可用動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生（即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結(jié)束）用動詞不定式表示動作發(fā)生了（即動作全部過程結(jié)束了）。例如：Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你聽見有人在敲門嗎？Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. 是的，我聽見他敲了三下。I saw him going upstairs. 我看見他正往樓上走。I saw him go upstairs. 我看見他上樓去了。4). 作狀語分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的情況很普遍，可表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式及伴隨情況等。A. 時(shí)間狀語 （在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句）。例如：Walking in the street, he met a friend of his. 在街上散步時(shí)，他碰到了他的一個(gè)朋友。Hearing the news, they jumped with great joy. 聽到這個(gè)消息，他們高興得跳了起來。Thrown to the floor, he regained his footing and rushed into the street. 他摔倒在地上之后，站了起來，沖到街上。Born at the turn of the century, he became a famous poet in the late 20s. 他出生在本世紀(jì)初，到20年代后半期成為一個(gè)著名的詩人。B. 原因狀語 （在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句）。例如：Being ill, he didnt come to school. 由于生病，他沒來上學(xué)。Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. 01全國Moved by his deeds, she couldnt keep back her tears. 由于深受他的事跡說感到，她忍不住流淚。Tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep. 由于路途勞累，他很快就睡著了。C. 條件狀語（在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句）。例如：I wouldnt feel happy living in a block of apartment. 要是我住在一座公寓樓里我不會感到高興。Meeting (= If we had met) anywhere else, we wouldnt recognized each other. 如果是在別處相見，我們彼此會認(rèn)不出來。Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 從山上看這座城市非常漂亮。Given more time, we could do it much better. 如果多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們會把它做得更好。D. 結(jié)果狀語He died, leaving nothing but debt. 他去世了，留下一生債。It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces. 10天津注不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞短語都可作結(jié)果狀語，一般說來不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語表示“出乎意料”的結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語表示順理成章的結(jié)果。例如：His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他父母去世了，使他成為一個(gè)孤兒。He lifted a stone only to have it dropped on his own feet. 他搬起石頭砸在自己腳上。E. 方式或伴隨狀語He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information. 00上海Laughing and talking, they went into the classroom. 他們又說又笑地走進(jìn)了教室。The teacher went into the classroom, following the two students. 老師跟著兩個(gè)學(xué)生走進(jìn)了教室。The teacher went into the classroom, followed by the two students. 老師走進(jìn)教室，后面跟著兩個(gè)學(xué)生。5). 連接詞分詞結(jié)構(gòu)分詞作狀語還可以用連接詞引起，表示各種意義。A表示時(shí)間，通常用when, while, once, until, whenever引起。例如：When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year. 02上海When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. 06浙江Be careful when crossing the street. 過街時(shí)要當(dāng)心。While walking in the street, he met a friend of his. 在街上散步時(shí)，他碰到了他的一個(gè)朋友。The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to. 那姑娘橫靦腆，從不先跟別人說話。B表示地點(diǎn)，通常用where, wherever引起。例如：Rats should be exterminated where found. 老鼠一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，應(yīng)就地消滅。We should go and work wherever needed. 我們應(yīng)該哪里需要就到哪里去工作。C表示條件，通常用if, unless引起。例如：The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if carried out regularly, can improve our health. 10浙江If invited, he will go to the party. 如果被邀請，他就去參加這次聚會。He wont come unless asked. 如果不叫他，他不會來。D表示讓步，通常用though, although, even though, even if引起。例如：Even though defeated for a second time, he did not give in. 他雖然再次失敗，但不屈服。Although told many times, he still didnt understand it. 盡管給他講了多次，他還是不明白。No matter how frequentlyperformed, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. 06廣東E表示虛擬比較，通常用as if, as though引起。例如：He sat down also, as though waiting. 他也坐下來，仿佛在等人。He stopped as if remembering something. 他仿佛想起什么，停了下來。注分詞短語作時(shí)間、原因或條件狀語時(shí)，常位于句首；作結(jié)果、方式或伴隨狀語時(shí)，常位于主句之后。13.2.4 分詞的邏輯主語根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)語法，分詞作狀語，如不是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，其邏輯主語通常是句中的主語?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，表示主語發(fā)出的一個(gè)次要?jiǎng)幼骰蛘f明主語的狀態(tài)；過去分詞短語作狀語，表示句中主語是該動作的對象，表達(dá)被動意義。凡違反這條規(guī)則，被認(rèn)為是語法錯(cuò)誤。例如：Walking in the street, he met a friend of his. (= While he was walking in the street, he met friend of his.) 在街上散步時(shí)，他碰到了他的一個(gè)朋友。Being ill, he didnt come to school. (= As he was ill, he didnt come to school) 由于生病，他沒來上學(xué)。Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (= If the city was seen from the hill, it looks more beautiful.) 從山上看這座城市非常漂亮。Given more time, we could do it much better. (= If we are given more time, we could do it much better.) 如果多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們會把它做得更好。但以下幾種情況需要注意：A. 有一些分詞具有介詞或連接詞的性質(zhì)，這時(shí)就不必遵守這條規(guī)則。例如：There are ten people in the bus, including two boys. 車上有十個(gè)人，包括兩個(gè)小孩在內(nèi)。Supposing he cant come, who will do the work? 如果他來不了，誰干這工種？He is strong considering his age. 就他的年齡而論，他可算得上強(qiáng)壯的。Provided that there is sufficient time, we can do the work better. 只要有足夠的時(shí)間，我們就能夠把這工種做得更好。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞有：concerning關(guān)于；barring除外，不包括；excepting除外；failing如果沒有；granting/granted (that)盡管，即使；owing to由于；providing/provided假如；regarding關(guān)于；respecting由于，關(guān)于；saving除外，考慮到；seeing (that)既然，考慮到，supposing (that)假使；等。B. 另有一些分詞短語可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度或看問題的角度。這時(shí)，也不必遵守這一規(guī)則。例如：Judging by his accent, he must be from Sichuan. 聽他的口音，他一定是四川人。Judged by ordinary standards, their quality is good. 按通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看，他們的質(zhì)量是好的。Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the book. 總的來說，這本書沒有問題。Looking at the question objectively, who is to blame after all? 客觀地來看，究竟該怪誰？Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. 05全國III經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞短語有：generally speaking一般說來；strictly speaking嚴(yán)格地講；frankly speaking坦率地說；judged/judging by/from從來看；taken as a whole總的說來；C. 如果主語是非人稱it，也可不必顧及這一規(guī)則。例如：It rained hard coming back. 回來時(shí)雨下得很大。It was cold getting up this morning. 今天早晨起床時(shí)天氣很冷。13.2.5 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式是在現(xiàn)在分詞前加上not。例如：Not knowing what to do, he kept silent. 他不知該說什么，就保持沉默。Not having been told when to start, he came late. 沒人告訴他什么時(shí)候出發(fā)，所以來晚了。13.2.6 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)1). 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式現(xiàn)在分詞一般式通常表示一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的動作或與謂語動詞表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生。這取決于詞匯手段、上下文及語序等。例如：She sat at the desk, reading a newspaper. 她坐在桌旁看報(bào)。（與謂語動詞同時(shí)發(fā)生）When crossing the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 過街時(shí)我碰見了我的一位老朋友。（與謂語動詞同時(shí)發(fā)生）Rolling up his trousers, he waded into the river. 他卷起褲腿，淌水過河。（先于謂語動詞發(fā)生）Opening the door, he found somebody broken into his room. 他打開門，發(fā)現(xiàn)有人進(jìn)過他的房間。（先于謂語動詞發(fā)生）He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后隨手將門關(guān)上。（后于謂語動詞發(fā)生）My train starts at two, arriving in Chengdu at eight. 我坐的火車兩點(diǎn)鐘開，將于八點(diǎn)鐘抵達(dá)成都。（后于謂語動詞發(fā)生）2). 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生。例如：Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the place very well. 在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了三年，他對那地方很熟。Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 這地方他去過多次，因此他主動提出給我們當(dāng)向?qū)?。Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. 由于沒收到回信，他決定給他們再寫一封信。注現(xiàn)在分詞完成式一般不作定語。13.2.7 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)只有兩種，即：“being + 過去分詞”和“having been + 過去分詞”。前者通常表示進(jìn)行；后者通常表示完成。例如：He heard the door being closed. 他聽到門被關(guān)上的聲音。The professor being talked about will be here tomorrow. 人們正在談?wù)摰哪俏唤淌诿魈斓竭_(dá)這里。Having been told many times, he finally understood it. 13.2.8 表被動意義的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)用來表達(dá)被動意義的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)有“過去分詞”，現(xiàn)在分詞“being + 過去分詞”和“having been + 過去分詞”。它們在句中可用作：1). 定語A. “過去分詞”、“being + 過去分詞”可在句中用作定語；“having been + 過去分詞”則一般不能用來作定語。例如：The food eaten was meant for tomorrow. The food being eaten was meant for tomorrow. * The food having been eaten was meant for tomorrow.B. 延續(xù)性及物動詞的過去分詞與being + 過去分詞都可在句中作定語。過去分常表示動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，但有時(shí)時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，僅表示被動意義；being + 過去分詞通常表示動作正在進(jìn)行，有時(shí)表示與謂語動作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：He likes reading books written by Lu Xun. 他喜歡看魯迅寫的書。The large building being built will be a school. 正在修建的那幢大樓將是一所學(xué)校。He is a man loved by all. 他是一位深受大家愛戴的人。He told us to keep a secret of the things being discussed. 他叫我們對正在討論的那些事情保密。有時(shí)將“being + 過去分詞”改為“過去分詞”，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然正確，但語義發(fā)生了變化，由原來表進(jìn)行的意義變成了表完成的意義。例如：The bike being repaired is mine. = The bike which is being repaired is mine. 正在修的那輛自行車是我的。The bike repaired is mine. = The bike which has been repaired is mine. 修好了的那輛自行車是我的。但“過去分詞”并非都可以改為“being + 過去分詞”，否則會出現(xiàn)語義不合邏輯的情況。例如：The novel written by him came out last month. 他寫的那部小說上個(gè)月就出版了。* The novel being written by him came out last month.C. 非延續(xù)性及物動詞的過去分詞在句中作定語，表示動作的完成或結(jié)束；“being + 過去分詞”則不能用來作定語。例如：The maps stolen by the captain were found hidden in a boot. 上尉偷的那些地圖被發(fā)現(xiàn)藏在一只靴子里。* The maps being stolen by the captain were found in a boot.The letter just received must been written by Mary. 剛收到的那封信一定是瑪麗寫的。* The letter being received must have been written by Mary.2). 狀語A. 時(shí)間狀語“過去分詞”如同時(shí)表示被動意義或完成時(shí)，?？膳c“having being + 過去分詞”換用。用“having being + 過去分詞”主要表示動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生。其意義相當(dāng)于由after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。例如：Driven out of the house, the cat limbed up the tree. = Having been driven out of the house, the cat limbed up the tree. = After the cat was driven/had been driven out of the house, it limbed up the tree. 那只貓被趕出房子后，爬到樹上去了。如“過去分詞”不表示完成的動作或先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作，則不能用having been + 過去分詞來替換。例如：Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市看起來更加漂亮。* Having been seen from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.* After the town has been seen from the hill, it looks more beautiful.城市漂亮是客觀存在的事實(shí)，不能因?yàn)閺纳缴峡戳撕蟛牌?。因此該句?shí)際意義相當(dāng)于when/if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句：When/If you see the town from the hill, it looks more beautiful. 或When/If the town is seen from the hill, it looks more beautiful.B. 原因狀語延續(xù)性及物動詞和非延續(xù)性及物動詞的過去分詞可與“being + 過去分詞”互換，在時(shí)間和意義上無多大差異。用“being + 過去分詞”有強(qiáng)調(diào)原因的意味，都相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。例如：Regarded as a thief, John couldnt work there any longer. = Being regarded as a thief, John couldnt work there any longer. = John couldnt work there any longer because he was regarded as a thief. 由于約翰被當(dāng)作了小偷，他不能再在那兒工作了。Asked to sing a song, she couldnt very well refuse. = Being asked to sing a song, she couldnt very well refuse. = As she was asked to sing a song, she couldnt very well refuse. 由于有人請她唱首歌，她不好拒絕但是，非延續(xù)性及物動詞的過去分詞用得較普遍，“being + 過去分詞”較少用。例如：Hit by the bullet, the boy fell down from the tree. 那個(gè)孩子被子彈擊中，從樹上摔了下來。Properly marked with numbers, the books can be easily found. 把這些書適當(dāng)?shù)鼐幧咸柧腿菀渍业搅恕榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，也可用“having been + 過去分詞”。例如：Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up？由于得到這樣好的機(jī)會，他怎么好放棄呢？ Having been polluted, the water is not allowed to be drunk by the people. 由于水已經(jīng)受到了污染，已不允許人們再飲用。C. 賓語補(bǔ)足語在表示“看見，聽見”等感官動詞如fell, find, notice, hear, see, observe, watch等后的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，可用及物動詞的“過去分詞” 或“being + 過去分詞” 作賓語補(bǔ)足語。過去分詞著重表示動作的完成或結(jié)果；being + 過去分詞著重表示動作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語所表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：When he came to, he found himself taken to a hospital. 他醒來時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被送到了醫(yī)院。When he came to, he found himself being taken to a hospital. 他醒來時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正被送往醫(yī)院。在使役動詞have, get后，一般只用及物動詞的過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，不用being + 過去分詞。在其它使役動詞或表意向的動詞如keep, make, like, want等后，也常用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如：While playing football, he had his leg broken. 他在踢足球時(shí)把腿給弄折了。* While playing football, he had his leg being broken.We must get the machine repaired. 我們必須（請人）把機(jī)器修好。* We must get the machine being repaired.I dont want the children taken out in such weather. 這樣的天氣我不想別人把孩子帶出去。When you speak English, you are sure to make yourself understand. 你講英語時(shí)，一定要讓別人明白你說的話。3). 小結(jié)過去分詞在句中可用作表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語或狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、及伴隨情況等；being + 過去分詞可用作定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語或狀語表示時(shí)間、原因等，主要表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動作；having been + 過去分詞一般用作狀語，表示時(shí)間或原因，指一個(gè)完成了的動作。13.2.9 分詞短語作定語與定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換無論是單個(gè)分詞還是分詞短語作定語，中心詞（即被分詞所修飾的詞）是分詞（短語）的邏輯主語。因此分詞（短語）作定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，關(guān)系代詞就是中心詞即先行詞的意思。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作定語轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，必須注意以下兩點(diǎn)：1). 在語態(tài)上要一致現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作定語表達(dá)主動的意義，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語動詞須用主動語態(tài)。例如：Who is the man reading the book over there? = Who is the man that is reading the book over there? 在那邊看書的那人是誰？過去分詞（短語）作定語表達(dá)被動的意義，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語動詞須用被動語態(tài)。例如：This is one of the factories built in 1960s. = This is one of the factories that were built in 1960s. 這是六十年代修建的一家工廠。This is a book written by Lao She. = This is a book which was written by Lao She. 這時(shí)老舍寫的一本書。2). 在時(shí)態(tài)上要一致現(xiàn)在分詞具有進(jìn)行，持續(xù)的意義，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)；如表示經(jīng)常性的動作或現(xiàn)在（當(dāng)時(shí)）的狀態(tài)，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語用一般時(shí)態(tài)。例如：The professor giving us a talk is from Beijing University. = The professor who is giving us a talk is from Beijing University. 給我們作報(bào)告的那位教授來自北京大學(xué)。He lived in a room facing the south. = He lived in a room which faces the south. 他住在一間朝南的房間里。The door opening on to the garden will be locked this evening. = The door which opens on to the garden will be locked this evening. 通往花園的門今晚將上鎖。過去分詞具有完成的意義，表達(dá)的動作通常在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語根據(jù)主句謂語時(shí)態(tài)可用一般過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。例如：He likes to read books written Lu Xun. = He likes to read books which were written by Lu Xun. 他喜歡看魯迅寫的書。Yesterday I received a book sent by a friend of mine in Chengdu. = Yesterday I received a book which had been sent by a friend of mine in Chengdu. 昨天我收到成都一個(gè)朋友寄來的書。有時(shí)也表示與謂語動詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語與主句謂語一致。例如：We suddenly found ourselves in a lovely glade of greenwood surrounded by ancient trees. = We suddenly found ourselves in a lovely glade of greenwood which was surrounded by ancient trees. 我們突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己進(jìn)入了一片古樹環(huán)繞、景色幽美的林間空地。過去分詞作定語，有時(shí)候所表示的時(shí)間不確切，轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí)，從句謂語則應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文的意思來確定時(shí)態(tài)。例如：She is a good teacher loved by all. who is lovedShe is a good teacher who was loved by all. who will be loved3). 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作定語時(shí)，中心詞是現(xiàn)在分詞被動式的承受者, 轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句時(shí), 從句謂語是被動語態(tài)。例如：This is the car being repaired = This is the car which is being repaired. 這是那輛正在修理的汽車。The large building being built down the street will be a hospital. = The large building which is being built down the street will be a hospital. 街上正在修的那幢大樓將是一家醫(yī)院。12.2.10 不能轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句上一節(jié)講到了分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作定語轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句的情況。從以上示例我們可以看出，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中都是作主語。但關(guān)系代詞作主語的定語從句并非都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。下面就是不能轉(zhuǎn)換的幾種情況：1). 如主句謂語是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句謂語事過去時(shí)時(shí)。例如：The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天到我們學(xué)校參觀的外國人來自加拿大。(The foreigner visited our class yesterday is from Canada.) The boy who broke the window is called Tom.打壞窗子的那個(gè)男孩教湯姆。 (The boy breaking the window is called Tom.)2). 如定語從句是完成時(shí)時(shí)。例如：She told her father all that had happened. 她把所發(fā)生的一切告訴了她父親。 (She told her father all having happened.)We like the football team that has played several games here. 我喜歡在這兒踢了幾