外文翻譯--改變輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)機(jī)艙里操作者舒適性的方面的內(nèi)容

本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）翻譯資料英文題目：Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders and excavators accord- ing to operators中文題目：改變輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)機(jī)艙里操作者舒適性的方面的內(nèi)容 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 班 級(jí)： 專 業(yè)：機(jī)械 設(shè)計(jì)制造及其 自動(dòng)化 指導(dǎo)教師： Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders and excavators according to operatorsAbstractComfort plays an increasingly important role in interior design of earth moving equipment. Although research has been conducted on vehicle interiors of wheel loa- ders and excavators, hardly any information is known about the operators opinion. In this study a questionnaire was completed by machine operators to get their opinion about aspects which need to be improved in order to design a more comfortable vehi- cle interior. The results show that almost half of the operators rate the comfort of th- eir cabin“average” or “poor”. According to the operators, cab comfort of wheel loaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides improving seat comfort, cabin comfort of excavators can be improved by changing the cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control.Keywords: Cabin comfort； Operators opinion； Earth moving equipment.1. IntroductionComfort plays an increasingly important role in vehicle design. As machine operators of earth moving equipment often spend long hours in their vehicle some- times even more than 8 h a daycomfort is a major issue in interior design of these machines.Operating earth-moving machinery is not a physically heavy job and can be sustained for long periods.Nevertheless, operating such a machine appears to be a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders, especially when the task is not interrupted by other working activities or breaks. Zimmerman et al. (1997) showed that the main problems of earth-moving machinery operators concern physical complaints in the neck/ shoulder and low back region, general fatigue and feelings of discomfort. This might be attributed to a combination of static load during prolonged sitting frequ- ently in awkward posturesexposure to whole body vibrations, and handling and steering the machine(Zimmerman et al., 1997； Tola et al., 1988； de Looze et al., 2000).A comfortable well-designed vehicle interior may reduce awkward postures and provide an environment that stimulates optimal operator performance. Based on a literature review about musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors, Zimmerman et al. (1997) made four recommendations for reducing work-related musculoskeletal 2disorders among operators: minimizing of magnitude and frequency of vibration rea- ching the operator； locating controls optimally to minimize reach distances, trunk exion and trunk rotation； providing maximum operator visibility from an upright supported seated posture； and taking regular breaks to minimize the effects of sus- tained postures. Improvements of cab comfort are very often based on reducing the risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (Zimmerman et al., 1997； Attebrant et al., 1997). Only a few studies have mentioned aspects which operators wishto see improved. Nakada (1997) describes the desirability ranking for dump trucks and wheel loaders given by product creators, designers, design engineers, operators and young people. Nakada, (1997) shows that much design attention has been paid to instrument panel/monitors and meters and the operator seat. Unfor- tunately, the operators opinions cannot be distinguished in Nakadas study (1997).However, in order to design a comfortable vehicle interior, the opinion of the operators is important as they are the end-users of the machines. Their user expe- rience may be of great help designing a more comfortable vehicle interior. The aim of the current study is to nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and excavator ope- rators, which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicle interiors in the future. In this article we describe the results of a questionnaire given to 273 machine operators. They were asked their opinion about their current machine, their future demands and aspects they considered important to work well with the machine. This allowed us to identify aspects that need improvement in machine design.2. Method2.1. SubjectsA convenience sample was obtained through approaching operators visiting Ba- uma (the worlds largest exhibition for construction equipment). Most of the parti- cipants were wheel loader operators (n = 61) and excavator operators (n=212). The others (n = 65) were operators of several construction machines (e.g., mobile cranes, dozers, tower cranes, off-road trucks). Only the results for wheel loader and excava- tor operators are presented in this article, as they account for 18% and 62.7% of the total number of respondents respectively. Figs. 1 and 2 show a typical wheel loader and excavator.2.2. QuestionnaireData were collected by means of a questionnaire which was completed during an interview. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: (1) characteristics of the population, (2) evaluation of the current machine being operated, and (3) future de- mands on earthmoving machinery. In the rst part we asked the operators age, years of experience as operator, the kind of machinery being operated and its age. In the se- cond part of the questionnaire, operators evaluated their machine by rating overall 3comfort and their opinion of specic parts of the machine on a four-point scale (very good, good, average, poor). Finally, two open questions asked about the operators f- uture demands: what improvements would make the machine more comfortable and what aspects are the most important to work well with the machine.42.3. Data analysisData were sorted by machine type, after which the responses of wheel loader operators and excavator operators were separately analyzed. Within these groups, operators of older machinery (4 years old) were separated from operators of newer machinery (4 years old). In addition, the categories very good andgood were combined (very good/good) and the categories average and poor were com- bined(average/poor).Frequency tables were made of the operators opinions about overall machine comfort and about their opinions about specic parts of their machines. Chi-square was calculated between age of machine and overall comfort and between age of ma- chine and the operators opinion of specic parts of the machine. We assumed that if fewer than 80% of the operators rated a part of the machine good/very good, im- provement of this part could contribute to a more comfortable vehicle interior. In part three of the questionnaire, the operators indicated aspects to improve machine com- fort and aspects they found necessary to work well with the machine. We classied these aspects into categories and calculated the percentage responses.53. Results3.1. Characteristics of the populationBoth the wheel loader operators (mean age: 36.59.4 years) and the excavator operators (mean age: 36.39.3 years) who participated in this study, were experien- ced with a mean of 12.3 (8.1) and 13.4 (9.2) years of service, respectively. Half of the operators operate machines less than 4 years old (53% of the wheel loader and 50% of the excavator operators).3.2. Evaluation of current machine57.4% of wheel loader operators and 55.9% of the excavator operators rated the overall cabin comfortgood/very good. It shows that operators of newer machinery (4 years old) rated the overall cab comfort as good/very good more often than operators of older machines (4 years old). This was found both among wheel load- ers (2(1)=8.5,p0.04) and among excavators (2(1)=23.0,p0.001).Seventy-eight percent of the operators driving wheel loaders less than 4 years old, rated the comfort of their machine as good/very good.With excavator operators this gure was 81%. These results show that during recent years the experienced cab comfort of excavat- ors and wheel loaders has improved.It illustrates the opinion of the operators about specic parts of the machines less than 4 years old.Fewer aspects of wheel loaders are ratedaverage/poor by more than 20% of the operators, than excavators. Com- mon aspects which can contribute to increase of cab comfort are dashboard and dis- plays, adjustability of seats and controls, vibration and damping, noise reduction, and seat comfort. Excavator operators would also like to see improvement of climate co- ntrol, improved machine appearance, and better cab dimensions (including interior space, ingress/egress),view, and reliability.3.3. Future demandsThe participants generated 467 items desired to improve the machines comfort. We classied these aspects into 15 categories (see Table 2). It shows which features should be improved according to the operators. Seat comfort, climate control and ac- cessories are often mentioned for both wheel loaders (20%, 12%,15%, resp.) and ex- cavators (21%, 19%, 12%, resp.).Excavator operators also mention cab design (inc- luding dimensions, ingress/egress； 19%).The aspects considered most important to work well with the machine are sum- marized . Machine performance is by far the most important issue if we look at the averages. Other aspects like view and reliability play less important roles.4. DiscussionThe aim of the current study was to nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and excavator operators which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicle interiors in 6future. In order to nd these aspects, we asked questions about three issues.about comfort of specic aspects of the cab (rating on a four-point scale)；about aspects necessary to improve the cab comfort (open question)；about aspects important to work well with the machine (open question).Excavator and wheel loader operators mentioned improved seat comfort, clim- ate control and accessories as ways to increase cab comfort. Excavator operators also mentioned cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress). These aspects were al- so rated asaverage/poor by more than 20% of the operators (except accessories be- cause this was not an item in the second part of the questionnaire). Other aspects wh- ich can be taken into account with cab design are those which operators mention as most important aspects to work well with the machine. Especially when these aspects are also rated as average/poor by more than 20% of the operators, they need spec- ial attention.Improving these aspects have priority in designing a more comfortable cab.In our study, we collected our data among visitors to the Bauma exhibition in 2001. The advantage of this collection method is that it is possible to reach a large group of operators within a short period of time, at the same time getting a large re- sponse, which would normally be very difcult. A disadvantage might be that the va- st majority of respondents were German which could mean that the results have a li- mited validity among operators in other countries. The German operators may have other ideas about cab comfort than operators, who work in other countries. The de- mands of the operators on their machine depend on the working environment (e.g., climate, landscape, dust) and their tasks (e.g., driving off road, driving on the main road), which can be different between countries. Besides, the operators based their opinion on their current machine. It is possible that in Germany certain brands are overrepresented compared to other countries and that the operators opinion might vary according to the brand. The most common brands would therefore inuence the results of our study as many operators use one of these machines (Excavators: brand A 22.6%, brand B 22.2%；Wheel loaders: brand A 21.3%, brand B 18%, brand C 11.5 %).Since we used a short questionnaire to collect the data, no detailed information could be asked. The goal of our study was to get a global view on the operators opi- nion. The open questions gave the operators the opportunity to think open-minded which may render valuable information. Open questions are less suitable for data an- alysis, because we needed to categorize answers. Inevitably information is lost in this process, but the goal of obtaining a global view was nevertheless achieved.Our results show that seat comfort, climate control, accessories (for wheel load- ers and excavators) and cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress), view, and reliability (for excavators only) are the aspects which can improve cab comfort. All 7these aspects are ratedaverage/poor by more than 20% of the operators and they a- re also mentioned as aspects which need improvement in order to increase cab com- fort. In our opinion designers should give priority to these items when redesigning cabs. It is interesting that operators did not mention vibration as an aspect which can improve comfort, as it was ranked high on the list of machine parts rated average/p- oor. Besides, whole body vibration is a serious health hazard (Houtman et al., 200 1). It is possible that the operators did not mention vibration because they may see vibration as an engine property or an inevitable consequence of working on earth- moving equipment. Operators might have the idea that vibration cannot be reduced by redesigning only the cab. It is,however, unclear why operators did not mention vibration. When comparing excavators and wheel loaders, improving seat comfort is an is- sue for both wheel loaders and excavators. Although seat comfort in excavators has been improved during recent years (see Table 1), improvements are still necessary. However,this is not easy as sitting comfort depends on many other factors more or less related to seat design: e.g., adjustability of seat and controls, vibration and dam- ping, and view. For example, a bad view from the cabin can result in awkward body postures, which reduces comfort in spite of a comfortable seat.Beyond the common aspect seat comfort, many differences exist between wheel loaders and excavators. One difference we found between the excavator and the wh- eel loader was that excavator cab design (including dimensions and ingress/egress) needs improvement. This difference may be explained by access and space. Firs- t,there is a difference in machine access with grips generally quite wide apart and steps to the cabin far from optimal, being either too high or too narrow. Operators could experience this as a problem. Secondly, there is a fundamental difference be- tween wheel loaders and excavators in the space available for the cab. With the pre- sent design, excavators have a limited width available for the cab as it must be posi- tioned between the boom and the left machine side, leaving approximately 1 m for the cab.Another difference is that improving view can increase the cab comfort of the excavator. View is a very important aspect to work well with the excavator. The boo- m of the excavator has a wide range of motion and the operator needs to see the bu- cket for the full range. A comfortable cab provides a clear view of the work place and the bucket, without necessitating awkward postures.In the introduction, we stated that comfort plays an important role in cab design. It is therefore interesting to nd that the operators did not mention comfort as one of the most important aspects to work well with the machine. They mentioned aspects such as the machines performance, reliability, view and operability. It seems that operators think rst about the basic requirements needed to perform their task and 8apparently do not see comfort as one of them.If we compare our results with the results of Nakada, (1997), in both studies the operator seat is ranked as important. Instrument panel, monitors and meters are also ranked as important in Nakadas study. In our study vibration, dashboard and disp- lays are high on the list of parts rated as average/poor by more than 20% of the operators, but they are not seen as aspects that can improve cab comfort. Nakadas study did not mention vibration at all. A reason for this may be that in our study, ex- perienced operators played a larger role than in Nakadas and because that study was focused on interior design.An increase in cab comfort has been achieved during recent years. From Table 1 it seems that wheel loaders have made progress on fewer aspects than excavators. But in fact, the improvements of specic aspects of wheel loaders (i.e., machines ap- pearance, climate control, and view) were of such a high level that these aspects were rated as average/poor by fewer than 20% of the operators and are therefore not m- entioned in this table. However, 27.7% of the excavator operators and 25.0% of the wheel loader operators of machinery less than 4 years old rate the cabins comfort average/ poor. These results show that improvement of cab comfort is still needed. In our study, we found some important aspects which can contribute to improvement of cab comfort. Unfortunately, these aspects do not represent detailed information, and we can not say how they should be changed to get a more comfortable cab. The- refore, further research is necessary to indicate specic improvements for each mac- hine individually.5. ConclusionOperators do not mention cabin comfort as one of the most important aspects to work well with the machine, yet when asked about it almost half of the wheel loader and excavator operators rate their cabins comfort as average/poor. Cab comfort of wheel loaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides seat comfort, cab comfort of excavators can be improved by changing the cab design (including dimensions,ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control, according to the operators. Because we cannot say specically how these aspects should be changed to get a more comfortable cab, further research is necessary to indicate specic impr- ovements for excavators and wheel loaders individually.9改變輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)機(jī)艙里操作者舒適性的方面的內(nèi)容摘要：在國(guó)內(nèi)在地球上移動(dòng)的設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)中，舒適性的作用越來(lái)越重要。盡管研10究已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的工具內(nèi)部，但是操作者對(duì)于此信息沒(méi)有任何解決辦法。在這項(xiàng)研究中，對(duì)機(jī)械操作者進(jìn)行了一次完全的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，以確定他們?yōu)榱嗽O(shè)計(jì)出更加舒適的交通工具內(nèi)部環(huán)境是需要改進(jìn)機(jī)器的那些方面。結(jié)果表明幾乎一半的操作者表示他們的機(jī)艙的舒適性“一般”或是“很差”。根據(jù)操作者的意見，輪式裝載機(jī)的機(jī)艙內(nèi)的舒適性可以通過(guò)改變座位的舒適程度來(lái)增加。除了改進(jìn)座位的舒適程度，挖掘機(jī)的機(jī)艙的舒適性可以通過(guò)改變機(jī)艙的設(shè)計(jì)（包括 ， /出 ， ，可 性和 的 來(lái)現(xiàn)。機(jī)艙的舒適性，操作者的意見，在地球上移動(dòng)的設(shè)備。1介紹在交通工具的設(shè)計(jì)中，舒適性 的作用表現(xiàn) 越來(lái)越重要。在地球上移的機(jī)械設(shè)備的操作者經(jīng) 的 在他們的交通工具內(nèi)部，有 一 8 在這些機(jī)器的內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)上，舒適性是一要的問(wèn)。操在地球上移動(dòng)的設(shè)備 是上的currency1重的工作，是需要“的工作。fi，操fl此的機(jī)器對(duì)于 的 是一的”，工作沒(méi)有 他動(dòng) 或。Zimmerman et al. (1997)出在地球上移動(dòng)的機(jī)械的操者 的要問(wèn)在于機(jī)的，在部， 部，以部 ，一般的和 舒的。這可以 為在“ 過(guò)程中的 作用的 ，這在 的 表現(xiàn)的更為 currency1，這些在 的 動(dòng)，操和 機(jī)器的過(guò)程中完全 出來(lái)。一 為舒適的 內(nèi)部的工作環(huán)境可以的 ， 一操者 的表現(xiàn)的環(huán)境。 于對(duì) 的 和他們?cè)诘摹钡?，Zimmerman et al.在1997 對(duì)于操者工作中的 的 出了四條建議 操者 的重要性和他們振動(dòng)的 率；對(duì)于 的距離，干的靈性以干的循環(huán)， 定出 的 方案； 以筆直的 在位置上的操者 限度的 見度；以進(jìn)行有律的 以“ 維的 的影響。機(jī)艙的舒適性的改進(jìn) 是 于工作中 的”改變的。(Zimmerman et al., 1997； Attebrant et al., 1997)。只有為數(shù) 多的幾項(xiàng)研究 了操者想要改進(jìn)的方面。Nakada (1997)根據(jù)創(chuàng)作者、設(shè)計(jì)師、設(shè)計(jì)工程師、經(jīng)營(yíng)者和 輕人描述出鏟斗，裝載機(jī)的 排名。Nakada, (1997)出，許多設(shè)計(jì)都意了儀器的版面，計(jì) 器，以操作者的位置。 幸的是，Nakadas study (1997)的研究里 沒(méi)有將操者的意見 出來(lái)。fi，為了設(shè)計(jì)出一 為舒適的 內(nèi)部環(huán)境，操者的意見是很重要的，為他們是機(jī)器的 終用者。他們的 踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)出更為舒適的 內(nèi)部有很 的幫助。這次研究的目的是找出輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的操者 出的意見，這對(duì)于未來(lái)改進(jìn) 內(nèi)部的舒適性很有幫助。在這篇章里，我們出了一由273機(jī)械操者進(jìn)行調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的結(jié)果。他們對(duì)目前的機(jī)器，未11來(lái)的需求，以自認(rèn)為對(duì) 協(xié)助機(jī)械工作的重要方面 出了自己的意見。這我們 找出改進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方面的問(wèn)。2.方法2.1.專題操者參 Bauma（世界上 的建筑設(shè)備展覽館 了一簡(jiǎn)單的樣品。 多數(shù)的參加者都是輪式裝載機(jī)(n = 61)的操者和挖掘機(jī)(n=212)的操者。他人(n=65)是一些建筑型機(jī)械（例fl移動(dòng)式 重機(jī)，推土機(jī)，塔式 重機(jī)，越野 的 者。結(jié)果只有輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)操者的意見列 了本中，以為他們分 占據(jù)了18%和62.7%的受訪者總數(shù)。圖1和圖2顯示了典型的輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的 形。2.2.調(diào)查表通過(guò)在采訪過(guò)程中 完成的調(diào)查表完成了數(shù)據(jù)的采集。調(diào)查表 分成了三部分 （1 人的特征，（2 目前正在操作的機(jī)器的評(píng)價(jià)，（3 推土機(jī)械的未來(lái)需求。在第一部分里我們?cè)儐?wèn)了操作者的 齡， 的 分， 的機(jī)械裝置的類以他們的壽命。在調(diào)查表的第二部分里，操者對(duì)他們機(jī)械的 舒適性以他們對(duì)一些具的機(jī)械部件的意見 同一共劃分了四等級(jí)（非好，好，一般，很差 。 后，針對(duì)操者對(duì)于未來(lái)的需求 出了兩開放性的問(wèn) 哪些方面的改進(jìn)可以機(jī)械更為舒適以哪些方面對(duì)于機(jī)械的運(yùn)行更為重要。12圖1 挖掘機(jī)圖2 輪式裝載機(jī)2.3數(shù)據(jù)分析通過(guò)分 對(duì)輪式裝載機(jī)和挖掘機(jī)的操者的反應(yīng)分 進(jìn)行分析以后，根據(jù)機(jī)器的型號(hào)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分類。在這些 組里，老機(jī)器（4 以上 的操者 機(jī)器（ 4 的操者中分離出來(lái)。此 ，“非 好”和“好”已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了 （“非 好/好” ，“一般”和“很差” 進(jìn)行了 （“一般/很差” 。率表由操作者對(duì)于機(jī)器的 舒適性和他們機(jī)器的 部件的意見 組成。 方由機(jī)器的 齡和 舒適性 ，或是由機(jī)器的 齡和操作者對(duì)機(jī)器的 部件的要求 的 計(jì) 成的。我們 設(shè)fl果 80%的操者認(rèn)為部分機(jī)器“好/非 好”，這部分的改進(jìn) 形成一更為舒適的 內(nèi)部。在調(diào)查表的第三部分里，操者出了改 機(jī)器舒適性的內(nèi) 以他們認(rèn)為 更好的 機(jī)器方面的內(nèi) 。我們 這些現(xiàn) 分成了 同的類 ， 分 計(jì)了他們的 分 。3.結(jié)果3.1.人的特征參 這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的輪式裝載機(jī)的操者（ 齡為36.59.4 和挖掘機(jī)的操者（ 齡為36.39.3 ，都分 有12.3 (8.1) 和13.4 (9.2) 的 經(jīng)驗(yàn)。有一半的操者 機(jī)器 四 （53%為輪式裝載機(jī)操者，50%為挖13掘機(jī)操者， 。3.2.當(dāng)前機(jī)器的評(píng)估57.4%的輪式裝載機(jī)的操者和55.9%的挖掘機(jī)的操者認(rèn)為機(jī)艙內(nèi)的總舒適度為“好/非 好”， 機(jī)器（ 4 的操者認(rèn)為機(jī)艙內(nèi)總舒適度為“好/非 好”的 例 于 機(jī)器（ 過(guò)4 的操者。這現(xiàn) 在輪式裝載機(jī)(2(1)=8.5,p0.04)和挖掘機(jī)(2(1)=23.0,p0.001)中都出現(xiàn)過(guò)。78%的操者 4 的輪式裝載機(jī)，認(rèn)為他們機(jī)器的舒適性為“好/非 好”，在挖掘機(jī)中這些操者的 例更是 81%。這些 表明 來(lái)挖掘機(jī)和輪式裝載機(jī)的機(jī)艙內(nèi)部舒適性確 了。以 為操者對(duì) 4 的機(jī)械部件的意見 多于20%的操者認(rèn)為更的輪式裝載機(jī)“一般/很差”，這 挖掘機(jī)要。有助于 機(jī)艙舒適性 方面是 儀表 ，顯示器，座位的可調(diào) 性 ，振動(dòng)， ，座位的舒適性。挖掘機(jī)操者 想 現(xiàn) 的改進(jìn)，改進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)備的 形以更好的機(jī)艙 （包括內(nèi)部 ，進(jìn) /出 “度 ， 形以可 性。3.3.未來(lái)的要求參 者了467條項(xiàng)目以 機(jī)器的舒適性。我們將這些項(xiàng)目分成了15類。以 表明根據(jù)操者的意見機(jī)器的哪些特currency1 需要改進(jìn)。座位的舒適性， 的 以助程“經(jīng) 在輪式裝載機(jī)(20%, 12%,15%)和挖掘機(jī)(21%, 19%, 12%)中 。挖掘機(jī)的操者 了機(jī)