Politeness in Conversation.ppt

PolitenessinConversation By GaoYa Background Grice sCooperativePrinciplefailstoexplain amongotherthings whytheychoosenottobedirectinsayingwhattheymean TworesearchorientationesPoliteness RobinTolmachLakoff AfemaleprofessoroflinguisticsattheUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley Establishinglanguageandgenderasanobjectofstudyinlinguistics Twobasicstrategiesforcommunication thetransmissionofinformationandrapport Lakoff 1973 PolitenessRules 1 Don timpose Distance e gCouldyoupostthelettersonmydesk 2 Giveoptions Deference e gIwonderifitwouldhelptoputonthepurpledress 3 Befriendly Camaraderie e gDearling passthesalttome GeoffreyLeech AspecialistinEnglishlanguageandlinguistics Farfrombeingasuperficialmatterof beingcivil politenessisanimportantmissinglinkbetweentheCPandtheproblemofhowtorelatesensetoforce PolitenessPrinciple Twogeneralrequirements 1 Maximize otherthingsbeingequal theexpressionofpolitebeliefs2 Minimize otherthingsbeingequal theexpressionofimpolitebeliefs SixMaxims 1 TactMaxim2 GenerosityMaxim3 ApprobationMaxim4 ModestyMaxim5 AgreementMaxim6 SympathyMaxim TactMaxim Indirectivesandcommissivesa Minimizecosttoothere gCouldyougivemeasheetofpaper b Maximizebenefittoothere gYoucanusemycarwheneveryouneedit GenerosityMaxim Indirectivesandcommissivesa Minimizebenefittoselfe gMayIjusthavealook b Maxmizecosttoselfe gI llmakeeveryefforttodothejobwell ApprobationMaxim Inexpressivesandrepresentativesa Minimizedispraiseofothere gYoucouldbeabitmorecareful b Maximizepraiseofothere gWhatamarvelousmealyoucooked ModestyMaxim Inexpressivesandrepresentativesa Minimizepraiseofselfe gPleaseacceptthissmallgiftofmine b Maximizedispraiseofselfe gHowstupidofme AgreementMaxim a Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothere gBasicallyweseeeyetoeyewitheachother b Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothere gIfullyagreewithyou SympathyMaxim a Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothere gThat sjustajoke isn tit Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothere gI mawfullysorrytohearyourbadnews Clashesbetweenthemaxims 1 BetweentheAgreementMaximandtheModestyMaxime gMary Whatanicecoatyou rewearing John Oh it saveryoldone John Yes it sbeautiful isn tit 2 IntheAgreementMaxime gA Thatdresssheiswearingisbeautiful don tyouthink B Yes butIlikethecolor TherelationshipbetweenthePPandtheCP ThePPisanecessarycomplementthatmayrescuetheCPfromserioustroubleintheorizing Leech 1983 80 AsLeechobserves whenmaxinsoftheCPandthePPcomeintoconflict thelattergenerallygainsmoreconsederation A We llallmissBillandAgatha won twe B Well we llallmissBILL TheQuantityMaximA Johnhasjustborrowedyourbike B Well Ilikethat TheQualityMaximA Howdoyoulikemypainting B Idon thaveaneyeforbeauty I mafraid TheRelationMaximA MissXsang Homesweethome B MissXproducedaseriesofsoundsthatcorrespondedcloselywiththescoreof Homesweethome TheMannerMaxim SomeproblemsinthePP 禮貌原則在語言的描寫 解釋和生成上都存在一定問題 關于各個準則的規(guī)定過于絕對化禮貌原則忽視了聽者的表現(xiàn)禮貌原則忽視了文化對禮貌的影響 對語言的描寫 未能完全覆蓋所有的語言情況e g有一電視連續(xù)劇 荊途 中一情節(jié) 工廠老板的太太在街上大聲責罵女兒 不準她同出身低微的男朋友一起去看電影 女兒晚上回到家 對媽媽說 媽媽 你今天為什么這么失禮 當眾罵街 徐盛桓 1992 對于語言的解釋 實際禮貌v s 字面禮貌e gA 你居然破了3000米的記錄 真是頭牲口 B 我也沒料到 運氣真是太好了 廖迅喬 2005 生成語言 禮貌原則下生成了不禮貌的語言e gIdidn tgiveyouanytroubleatall Ididn tgetmuchmorefromyourlecture 劉潤清 1987 各個準則過于絕對化Minimize Maximize對聽者的忽視聽者模型 容忍原則 滿足原則熊學亮 劉國輝 也談禮貌原則 四川外國語學院院報 2002年5月 第三期 第18卷對文化的影響忽視 GrandStrategyofPoliteness Inordertobepolite SexpressesorimpliesmeaningswhichplaceahaighvalueonwhatpertainstoO O otherperson s mainlytheaddressee orplacealowvalueonwhatpertainstoS S self speaker Leech 2005 A PlaceahighvalueonH swants placealowvalueonS swants B PlaceahighvalueonH squalities placealowvalueonS squalities C PlaceahighvalueonS sobligationtoH placealowvalueonH sobligationtoS D PlaceahighvalueonH sopinions placealowvalueonS sopinionsE PlaceahighvalueonH sfeelings placealowvalueS sfeelings H Hearer S Self Examples 1 Wedon tbelieveyouhavecausefordissatisfication Wefeelsurethatyouwillbeentirelysatified 2 Ifpossible wouldyoupleaselowerthepricealittlebit 3 Youalwayshaveagoodjudgementofthemarket 4 Whatandexcellentperformanceofourequipment Accordingtotheendusers theperformanceofthisequipmentisexcellent 5 Itisunfortunatethatwecannotdeliveryontime Iregretitmostsincerely Icanassureyou however thatiitwasunexpectedandbeyondourcontrol Pleasecalmandletustrytofindasolution 6 Weallow2percentdiscountforcashpaymentsYouwillearn2percentdiscountifyoupaycash 7 Iagreewi