英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序.doc

句子成分：組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語(yǔ)句子成分有主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）和同位語(yǔ)。 其中主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)是句子的主要成分，其余的均為次要成分。主語(yǔ) 是句子要說(shuō)明的人或事物，是句子的主體，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式或動(dòng)名詞或從句作主語(yǔ)名詞-名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)或名詞化形容詞或名詞化分詞作主語(yǔ) Beijing will be rainy. 北京將多雨Weather in our coastal city is nice and cool in summer 夏季我們沿海城市的天氣舒適，涼爽Old and young marched side by side 老少并肩而行The wounded should be sent to hospital at once受傷人員應(yīng)立即送往醫(yī)院代詞He told a joke but it fell flat. 他說(shuō)了個(gè)笑話，但沒(méi)引人發(fā)笑。Who is the man in the car? 汽車?yán)锏娜耸钦l(shuí)？數(shù)詞Three is enough for each of us.三個(gè)對(duì)于我們每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)就足夠了 One of my classmates is from Australia.我的一個(gè)同學(xué)是澳大利亞人不定式動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式后面可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式和它的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)） To become a player like Yao Ming is my wish.成為像姚明一樣的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是我的心愿。-若不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)（不定式短語(yǔ)）放在句后 It is my wish to become a player like Yao Ming.It would be nice to see him again.如能見(jiàn)到他，那將是一件愉快的事。動(dòng)名詞（動(dòng)詞的ING形式）作主語(yǔ)Smoking is bad for you.從句作主語(yǔ)-作主語(yǔ)的從句稱為主語(yǔ)從句，可由that whether wh-詞等引導(dǎo)。Whenever you are ready will be fine.你無(wú)論什么時(shí)候準(zhǔn)備好都行。That she forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble.她忘了告訴我開(kāi)會(huì)的時(shí)間，這給我?guī)?lái)了很多麻煩。謂語(yǔ)-說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也是句子的主體部分，一般由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。動(dòng)詞分為 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，連系動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)， 連系動(dòng)詞與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與省略TO的不定式構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，助動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞原形共同構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)成分。 （主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)方面要相互照應(yīng)）表語(yǔ)- 常用的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, look, get, sound, feel, become, smell, turn, taste等名詞作表語(yǔ)She is an ordinary teacher. 她是一個(gè)普通的老師He turned doctor after school, as his parents had expected.正如父母所愿，畢業(yè)后他成了醫(yī)生。代詞作表語(yǔ)You are many, but they are few.你們?nèi)硕?，但他們?nèi)松佟hose is that book? It has been lying there for a whole day.那本書是誰(shuí)的？已經(jīng)在那里放了一天了。數(shù)詞作表語(yǔ) Five and five is ten.He was the first to leave but the last to arrive.他是第一個(gè)走的，卻是最后一個(gè)到的。形容詞作表語(yǔ)The dish tastes delicious.這道菜嘗起來(lái)很好吃。名詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作表語(yǔ)My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英語(yǔ)。I am quite surprised to see you here.在這里見(jiàn)到你我感到非常驚訝。介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)We were at table when you called. 你來(lái)電話時(shí)我們正在吃飯。動(dòng)詞不定式或短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)副詞及其短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)Is anybody in? 有人在嗎？補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)-位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：告訴 tell 讓let 幫助help 教teach 問(wèn)ask 看見(jiàn)see 有have 命令order 使make，等Dont keep the lights burning. 不要讓燈開(kāi)著。The doctor told me to do more exercise.醫(yī)生告訴我多做練習(xí)。We will make them happy.我們會(huì)讓他們高興的。主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)即被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)舉個(gè)例子They caught boy stealing.boy是caught的賓語(yǔ)，stealing是boy的狀態(tài),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)把它變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The boy was caught stealing，此時(shí)stealing就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)再來(lái)看幾句主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子The dog is called KarlThe door was painted white.The glass was found broken. 這些都是。同位語(yǔ)-Mr Wang, our new teacher, is very kind to us.Yesterday I met Jim, a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的一個(gè)朋友吉姆。如同位語(yǔ)與其同位成分關(guān)系密切時(shí)不用逗點(diǎn)隔開(kāi)；如同位語(yǔ)對(duì)其同位成分只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)可用逗點(diǎn)隔開(kāi)。He told me that his uncle John is a world-famous doctor.他對(duì)我講，他的叔叔約翰是一位世界聞名的醫(yī)生。He has read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他看了各種各樣的書，古今中外都有。同位語(yǔ)除表示其同位成分的全部意義外，還可以表示部分意義。We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.我們中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。 全部意義Amy is interested in sports, especially ball games.艾米喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是球類運(yùn)動(dòng)。部分意義獨(dú)立成分-與全句沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分?？捎米鳘?dú)立成分的通常有3種詞語(yǔ)，即感嘆語(yǔ)，呼語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)。What is it, do you think? 你認(rèn)為這是什么呢？ 插入語(yǔ)Come in and take a seat, Mr Li.李先生，請(qǐng)進(jìn)來(lái)坐。 呼語(yǔ)Hello! How are you?嘿，你好？ 感嘆語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型主謂 主謂賓 主謂表 主謂雙賓 主謂賓賓補(bǔ)1.主謂Robert sings in the next room.羅伯特在隔壁唱歌 Yuan Longping works very hard.袁隆平工作很努力 這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，所謂不及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。2.主謂賓We like English. Wang Gang always helps me when I have difficulties.當(dāng)我遇到困難時(shí)，王剛總能給我?guī)椭?。這種句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞，所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。3.主謂表謂語(yǔ)用連系動(dòng)詞。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有：be是, look看起來(lái), get, sound聽(tīng)起來(lái), feel, become, smell聞起來(lái), turn, taste嘗起來(lái)，keep保持, seem好像, 等He seemed an honest man.他似乎是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。剛才劉翔看上去有些焦急。Liu Xiang looked worried just now.4.主謂雙賓-雙賓是指間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)。這種句型中，直接賓語(yǔ)為主要賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)，間接賓語(yǔ)也被稱之為第二賓語(yǔ)，去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔(dān)。引導(dǎo)雙賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有： buy買, teach教, lend借給, give給, tell告訴, pass傳遞, show出示, bring帶來(lái), send發(fā)送.Her father bought her a book=Her father bought a book for her.他爸爸給她買了一本書。The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人經(jīng)常給孩子們講述長(zhǎng)征途中那些英雄的故事。（=The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.）5.主謂賓賓補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)We have made our school a beautiful garden.我們已使我們學(xué)校成了一個(gè)美麗的花園。We have invited all our friends to come. 我們已邀請(qǐng)了所有的朋友。My father likes to watch Yao Ming playing basketball.我爸爸喜歡看姚明打籃球。句子結(jié)構(gòu)按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)劃分，英語(yǔ)有簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型都是簡(jiǎn)單句并列句并列句是由并列連詞and,but,or,for,so等把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互不依從，但意思緊密聯(lián)系的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。其結(jié)構(gòu)為簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句表示同等關(guān)系的并列句 and;Last year I met Ann and we became friends.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句常用并列連詞but但是,yet可是,while而，另一方面,however可是It has no month, but it can talk.它沒(méi)有嘴巴，但是它會(huì)說(shuō)話。He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a doctor.他想當(dāng)作家，而我則想當(dāng)醫(yī)生。表示選擇關(guān)系的并列句“或者”Now you can have a rest or you can watch TV.“否則，要不然” Take the chance, or else youll regret it.抓住機(jī)會(huì)，否則你會(huì)后悔的。表示因果關(guān)系的并列句for soFor在意義上與從屬連詞because,since和as相同,但它們引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，而for則連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，前者表示結(jié)果，后者表示原因。Youd better take un umbrella, for it is going to rain.So意為“因此”“所以”，但不能與because同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)句子中。因?yàn)閎ecause是從屬連詞，而so是并列連詞，用來(lái)連接并列句。Mr Zhao went to his hometown, so Mr Wang was taking his class instead.趙老師回家鄉(xiāng)去了，所以王老師替他上課。其他形式的并列句“不是。就是。, 或者?；蛘??！眅itheror Either my father can do it, or my mother can do it. (=Either my father or my mother can do it.)我爸爸可以做那件事，或者我媽媽也可以做。not onlybut also(Not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.)不僅學(xué)生，而且他們的老師都誤了校車。復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體從句須由一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞（Connective）引導(dǎo)。從句主要分為三類：名詞性從句，形容詞從句和副詞性從句。名詞性從句包括：主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句。 形容詞性從句即定語(yǔ)從句 副詞性從句即狀語(yǔ)從句We think that this answer is correct.我們認(rèn)為這個(gè)答案是正確的。（賓語(yǔ)從句）Who will be our monitor hasnt decided yet.誰(shuí)會(huì)成為我們的班長(zhǎng)還沒(méi)決定。（主語(yǔ)從句）The player who played basketball best is Yao Ming.打籃球最好的隊(duì)員是姚明。（定語(yǔ)從句）Where I live there are plenty of trees.我生活的地方有很多樹(shù)。（狀語(yǔ)從句）The problem is when we can get a pay rise.問(wèn)題是我們何時(shí)可以得到加薪。（表語(yǔ)從句）主語(yǔ)從句-引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連詞有三類：從屬連詞（that, whether），關(guān)系代詞（who,whom,what,which,whose）和關(guān)系副詞（when,where,why）1.由連詞that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句That Tom will win the medal seems unlikely.湯姆想獲得獎(jiǎng)牌看起來(lái)是不可能的。形式主語(yǔ)it代替that主語(yǔ)從句It is a pity that your mother didnt attend the party yesterday.昨天你媽媽沒(méi)參加聚會(huì)很遺憾。2.由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。What your parents need is more practice. 你父母所需要的是更多的訓(xùn)練。Whatever we do is to serve the people.我們無(wú)論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。3.用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。When he will come here isnt known. 人們還不知道他什么時(shí)候會(huì)來(lái)。表語(yǔ)從句1. 由that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句The trouble is that we have lost his address. 麻煩的是我們把他的地址丟了。2. 關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等) 和關(guān)系副詞（where when how why等)引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句Thats not what Im looking for.那不是我在找的東西。賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句分三類：動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句，介詞賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要有以下三類：1.從屬連詞 that, if, whether. ( that引導(dǎo)表示陳述的賓語(yǔ)從句，whether 和if引導(dǎo)表示“否定”的賓語(yǔ)從句。)We knew (that) we should learn from each other.Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.2關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,what, whatever, whichever等Do you know who has won the game? 你知道游戲誰(shuí)贏了？The teacher asked the new student which class he was in.老師問(wèn)新來(lái)的學(xué)生在哪一個(gè)班里。3. 關(guān)系副詞when where how why等Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?你能告訴我怎樣去最近的郵局？動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句1. 可帶賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：hope希望,tell告訴,say說(shuō),consider認(rèn)為,think想,imagine想象,except期望,suppose猜測(cè),know知道,hear聽(tīng)說(shuō),wonder想知道2. 有些“動(dòng)詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。We found out that all the tickets for the film have been sold out.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這部電影的所有門票全部賣光了。3. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有的也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有：make sure確保，make up ones mind下決心，keep in mind牢記We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop our bodies.我們應(yīng)該牢記運(yùn)動(dòng)能增強(qiáng)我們的體質(zhì)。4. 常用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替的賓語(yǔ)從句。動(dòng)詞find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，則需要it作形式賓語(yǔ)而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。I feel it a pity that I havent been to the party.沒(méi)去參加晚會(huì)，我感到很遺憾。介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句1. wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 一般情況下介詞后跟wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。We are talking about whether it will snow tomorrow.我們?cè)谟懻撁魈焓欠裣卵?. that引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句偶爾見(jiàn)到except,but,besides三個(gè)介詞后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的情況。I know nothing about my neighbor except that he is a teacher.關(guān)于我的新鄰居我只知道他是位老師，其他我一無(wú)所知。形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句常引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有sure,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,sorry等Im sure that he can come on time.我確信他能按時(shí)來(lái)。當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,say,guess,suppose,suggest,believe,feel等時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞常是who,