英語語序.doc

句子成分：組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。英語句子成分有主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，補語（賓語補足語和主語補足語）和同位語。 其中主語，謂語，賓語是句子的主要成分，其余的均為次要成分。主語 是句子要說明的人或事物，是句子的主體，一般由名詞，代詞，數詞，不定式或動名詞或從句作主語名詞-名詞或名詞短語或名詞化形容詞或名詞化分詞作主語 Beijing will be rainy. 北京將多雨Weather in our coastal city is nice and cool in summer 夏季我們沿海城市的天氣舒適，涼爽Old and young marched side by side 老少并肩而行The wounded should be sent to hospital at once受傷人員應立即送往醫(yī)院代詞He told a joke but it fell flat. 他說了個笑話，但沒引人發(fā)笑。Who is the man in the car? 汽車里的人是誰？數詞Three is enough for each of us.三個對于我們每個人來說就足夠了 One of my classmates is from Australia.我的一個同學是澳大利亞人不定式動詞不定式或不定式短語（動詞不定式后面可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動詞不定式和它的賓語或狀語構成不定式短語） To become a player like Yao Ming is my wish.成為像姚明一樣的運動員是我的心愿。-若不定式短語作主語常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語（不定式短語）放在句后 It is my wish to become a player like Yao Ming.It would be nice to see him again.如能見到他，那將是一件愉快的事。動名詞（動詞的ING形式）作主語Smoking is bad for you.從句作主語-作主語的從句稱為主語從句，可由that whether wh-詞等引導。Whenever you are ready will be fine.你無論什么時候準備好都行。That she forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble.她忘了告訴我開會的時間，這給我?guī)砹撕芏嗦闊?。謂語-說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)，也是句子的主體部分，一般由動詞充當。動詞分為 實義動詞，連系動詞，情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。 實義動詞單獨作謂語， 連系動詞與表語一起構成謂語，情態(tài)動詞與省略TO的不定式構成合成謂語，助動詞與動詞原形共同構成謂語成分。 （主語與謂語在人稱與數方面要相互照應）表語- 常用的連系動詞有：be, look, get, sound, feel, become, smell, turn, taste等名詞作表語She is an ordinary teacher. 她是一個普通的老師He turned doctor after school, as his parents had expected.正如父母所愿，畢業(yè)后他成了醫(yī)生。代詞作表語You are many, but they are few.你們人多，但他們人少。Whose is that book? It has been lying there for a whole day.那本書是誰的？已經在那里放了一天了。數詞作表語 Five and five is ten.He was the first to leave but the last to arrive.他是第一個走的，卻是最后一個到的。形容詞作表語The dish tastes delicious.這道菜嘗起來很好吃。名詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作表語My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英語。I am quite surprised to see you here.在這里見到你我感到非常驚訝。介詞短語作表語We were at table when you called. 你來電話時我們正在吃飯。動詞不定式或短語作表語To see is to believe.眼見為實副詞及其短語作表語Is anybody in? 有人在嗎？補語：賓語補足語-位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構成復合賓語。需接復合賓語的動詞有：告訴 tell 讓let 幫助help 教teach 問ask 看見see 有have 命令order 使make，等Dont keep the lights burning. 不要讓燈開著。The doctor told me to do more exercise.醫(yī)生告訴我多做練習。We will make them happy.我們會讓他們高興的。主語補足語即被動語態(tài)中的賓語補足語舉個例子They caught boy stealing.boy是caught的賓語，stealing是boy的狀態(tài),賓語補足語把它變成被動語態(tài)The boy was caught stealing，此時stealing就成了主語補足語再來看幾句主語補足語的句子The dog is called KarlThe door was painted white.The glass was found broken. 這些都是。同位語-Mr Wang, our new teacher, is very kind to us.Yesterday I met Jim, a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的一個朋友吉姆。如同位語與其同位成分關系密切時不用逗點隔開；如同位語對其同位成分只作補充解釋時可用逗點隔開。He told me that his uncle John is a world-famous doctor.他對我講，他的叔叔約翰是一位世界聞名的醫(yī)生。He has read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他看了各種各樣的書，古今中外都有。同位語除表示其同位成分的全部意義外，還可以表示部分意義。We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.我們中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 全部意義Amy is interested in sports, especially ball games.艾米喜歡運動，特別是球類運動。部分意義獨立成分-與全句沒有語法關系的句子成分叫做句子的獨立成分?？捎米鳘毩⒊煞值耐ǔＳ?種詞語，即感嘆語，呼語和插入語。What is it, do you think? 你認為這是什么呢？ 插入語Come in and take a seat, Mr Li.李先生，請進來坐。 呼語Hello! How are you?嘿，你好？ 感嘆語簡單句的五種基本句型主謂 主謂賓 主謂表 主謂雙賓 主謂賓賓補1.主謂Robert sings in the next room.羅伯特在隔壁唱歌 Yuan Longping works very hard.袁隆平工作很努力 這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，所謂不及物動詞，就是這種動詞后不可以直接接賓語。2.主謂賓We like English. Wang Gang always helps me when I have difficulties.當我遇到困難時，王剛總能給我?guī)椭?。這種句型中的動詞一般為及物動詞，所謂及物動詞，就是這種動詞后可以直接接賓語。3.主謂表謂語用連系動詞。常用的連系動詞有：be是, look看起來, get, sound聽起來, feel, become, smell聞起來, turn, taste嘗起來，keep保持, seem好像, 等He seemed an honest man.他似乎是個誠實的人。剛才劉翔看上去有些焦急。Liu Xiang looked worried just now.4.主謂雙賓-雙賓是指間接賓語和直接賓語。這種句型中，直接賓語為主要賓語，表示動作是對誰做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當，間接賓語也被稱之為第二賓語，去掉之后，對整個句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔。引導雙賓語的常見動詞有： buy買, teach教, lend借給, give給, tell告訴, pass傳遞, show出示, bring帶來, send發(fā)送.Her father bought her a book=Her father bought a book for her.他爸爸給她買了一本書。The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人經常給孩子們講述長征途中那些英雄的故事。（=The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.）5.主謂賓賓補主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語We have made our school a beautiful garden.我們已使我們學校成了一個美麗的花園。We have invited all our friends to come. 我們已邀請了所有的朋友。My father likes to watch Yao Ming playing basketball.我爸爸喜歡看姚明打籃球。句子結構按照句子的結構劃分，英語有簡單句，并列句和復合句。簡單句五種基本句型都是簡單句并列句并列句是由并列連詞and,but,or,for,so等把兩個或兩個以上互不依從，但意思緊密聯系的簡單句連在一起而構成的句子。其結構為簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句表示同等關系的并列句 and;Last year I met Ann and we became friends.表示轉折關系的并列句常用并列連詞but但是,yet可是,while而，另一方面,however可是It has no month, but it can talk.它沒有嘴巴，但是它會說話。He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a doctor.他想當作家，而我則想當醫(yī)生。表示選擇關系的并列句“或者”Now you can have a rest or you can watch TV.“否則，要不然” Take the chance, or else youll regret it.抓住機會，否則你會后悔的。表示因果關系的并列句for soFor在意義上與從屬連詞because,since和as相同,但它們引導的是原因狀語從句，而for則連接兩個簡單句，前者表示結果，后者表示原因。Youd better take un umbrella, for it is going to rain.So意為“因此”“所以”，但不能與because同時出現在同一個句子中。因為because是從屬連詞，而so是并列連詞，用來連接并列句。Mr Zhao went to his hometown, so Mr Wang was taking his class instead.趙老師回家鄉(xiāng)去了，所以王老師替他上課。其他形式的并列句“不是。就是。, 或者?；蛘摺！眅itheror Either my father can do it, or my mother can do it. (=Either my father or my mother can do it.)我爸爸可以做那件事，或者我媽媽也可以做。not onlybut also(Not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.)不僅學生，而且他們的老師都誤了校車。復合句復合句是由一個主句和一個或多個從句構成。主句是全句的主體從句須由一個關聯詞（Connective）引導。從句主要分為三類：名詞性從句，形容詞從句和副詞性從句。名詞性從句包括：主語，表語，賓語和同位語從句。 形容詞性從句即定語從句 副詞性從句即狀語從句We think that this answer is correct.我們認為這個答案是正確的。（賓語從句）Who will be our monitor hasnt decided yet.誰會成為我們的班長還沒決定。（主語從句）The player who played basketball best is Yao Ming.打籃球最好的隊員是姚明。（定語從句）Where I live there are plenty of trees.我生活的地方有很多樹。（狀語從句）The problem is when we can get a pay rise.問題是我們何時可以得到加薪。（表語從句）主語從句-引導主語從句的連詞有三類：從屬連詞（that, whether），關系代詞（who,whom,what,which,whose）和關系副詞（when,where,why）1.由連詞that 引導的主語從句That Tom will win the medal seems unlikely.湯姆想獲得獎牌看起來是不可能的。形式主語it代替that主語從句It is a pity that your mother didnt attend the party yesterday.昨天你媽媽沒參加聚會很遺憾。2.由關系代詞引導的主語從句。What your parents need is more practice. 你父母所需要的是更多的訓練。Whatever we do is to serve the people.我們無論做什么都是為人民服務。3.用關系副詞引導的主語從句。When he will come here isnt known. 人們還不知道他什么時候會來。表語從句1. 由that引導的表語從句The trouble is that we have lost his address. 麻煩的是我們把他的地址丟了。2. 關系代詞(who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等) 和關系副詞（where when how why等)引導的表語從句Thats not what Im looking for.那不是我在找的東西。賓語從句賓語從句分三類：動詞賓語從句，介詞賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。賓語從句的引導詞主要有以下三類：1.從屬連詞 that, if, whether. ( that引導表示陳述的賓語從句，whether 和if引導表示“否定”的賓語從句。)We knew (that) we should learn from each other.Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.2關系代詞who,whom,whose,which,what, whatever, whichever等Do you know who has won the game? 你知道游戲誰贏了？The teacher asked the new student which class he was in.老師問新來的學生在哪一個班里。3. 關系副詞when where how why等Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?你能告訴我怎樣去最近的郵局？動詞的賓語從句1. 可帶賓語的常見動詞有：hope希望,tell告訴,say說,consider認為,think想,imagine想象,except期望,suppose猜測,know知道,hear聽說,wonder想知道2. 有些“動詞+副詞”結構也可以帶賓語從句。We found out that all the tickets for the film have been sold out.我們發(fā)現這部電影的所有門票全部賣光了。3. 動詞短語有的也可以帶賓語從句。常見的這類動詞短語有：make sure確保，make up ones mind下決心，keep in mind牢記We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop our bodies.我們應該牢記運動能增強我們的體質。4. 常用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句。動詞find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有賓語補足語時，則需要it作形式賓語而將賓語從句后置。I feel it a pity that I havent been to the party.沒去參加晚會，我感到很遺憾。介詞的賓語從句1. wh-引導的賓語從句 一般情況下介詞后跟wh-引導的賓語從句。We are talking about whether it will snow tomorrow.我們在討論明天是否下雪。2. that引導的介詞賓語從句偶爾見到except,but,besides三個介詞后跟that引導的賓語從句的情況。I know nothing about my neighbor except that he is a teacher.關于我的新鄰居我只知道他是位老師，其他我一無所知。形容詞的賓語從句常引導賓語從句的形容詞有sure,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,sorry等Im sure that he can come on time.我確信他能按時來。當主句中的謂語動詞是think,say,guess,suppose,suggest,believe,feel等時，賓語從句的引導詞常是who,