補充注釋 Unit 2 Notes to the Texts

Unit 2 Sailing the Oceans補充注釋1. This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration, which carried the minimum amount of risk. 這似乎已是最早的、最有用的探險方式，所冒的風險也最小。在seem后接動詞不定式的完成式seem to have done / been表示“該動作發(fā)生在seem之前”。如： He seems to have lost confidence in himself. 他似乎已失去了自信。 They dont seem to have grasped what I meant. （or They didnt seem to have grasped）他們好像還沒明白我的意思。 Rose is quite familiar with the people in this town. She seems to have been there a lot. 羅絲和鎮(zhèn)子里的人很熟悉。她好像經常去那里。carry在本句的意思是“具備；含有；包含”。如： This report carried a serious warning of future trouble. 這個報告含有對未來困境的嚴重警告。minimum在本句用作形容詞，意思是the smallest possible or allowed，一般只能作定語用。如：Whats the minimum age for leaving school in Britain? 在英國離校的最小年齡是多少? Youll need a minimum deposit of $20,000. 你需要最好20 000美元的押金。 Eighty cents is the minimum fare on buses. 公交車最少的車票是80美分。 minimum常用作名詞，意思是the smallest amount or level that is possible or allowed, 多用單數形式。其復數形式是minima或minimums。如： I need a minimum of seven hours sleep. 我至少需要七個小時的睡眠。 The minimum he will accept is25,000 a year. 他每年至少得到25 000英鎊。 We will try and keep the cost of the tickets to a minimum. 我們要努力讓票價保持在一個最低限。詞語聯想： the least“最少”（修飾不可數名詞），the fewest“最少”（修飾可數名詞），the lowest“最低”。如： Which method will cause the fewest problems? 哪種方法產生的問題最少? The lowest charge for a rented car is $20 a day. 租小汽車最少的費用是一天20美元。 minimum的反義詞是maximum。如： The bus can carry a maximum of 40 people. 這輛公車最多可載40人。 25,000 is the maximum we can afford. 25000美元是我們付得起的最高價。 2. As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seamans hands. 當船只在水中前進時，這些繩結從海員的手中經過，這時海員就記下繩結的數目。 這句話里的as表示“當時候；與同時”（while something else is happening）。如：The phone rang just as I was leaving the house. 我剛要出門，電話就響了。 advance這里作動詞，意思是“前進；向前推移”（move forward），也可用作及物動詞，意思是“使前進；將推向前”（move or put something / somebody forward）。如：The army advanced on the city. 軍隊向城市進軍。 The climbers have advanced two miles from base camp. 登山者已從大本營向前推進兩英里。 What he has done will advance the cause of world peace. 他所做的將促進世界和平事業(yè)。 其反義詞是retreat。 advance的其它意思與用法： 1）發(fā)展；拓展；增進（make progress, or help sth to progresshelp a person, a planto succeed）。如： Such conduct is unlikely to advance your interests. 這樣的行為不太可能增加你的利益。 2）預支（pay money before it is due to be paid; lend money）。如： He asked his employer to advance him a months salary. 他要求雇主預付他一個月的薪水。 3）提出（看法、建議等）（make a suggestionfor discussion）。如： Scientists have advanced a new theory to explain this phenomenon. 科學家提出了一項解釋這種現象的新理論。 The report advances the suggestion that safety standards should be improved. 這個報告提出了安全標準應改進的建議。 4）提前（move an event to an earlier date）。如： The date of the meeting has been advanced from 10 to 3 June. 會議日期已從6月10日提前到3日。Can we advance the date of the meeting by three days? 我們可以把會議日期提前3天嗎? 這時其反義詞是postpone, put off。 3. However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. 但是，它不容易使用，因為其參照點之一就是行駛中的船只本身。it指上面提到的星盤，awkward的意思是not convenient，difficult；as的意思是because。it was awkward to use可理解為：It was awkward to use the astrolabe. 這個句子的主語it又可看成是不定式的邏輯賓語。這種句子結構是“主語 + is / was+形容詞 + 不定式”。再舉幾例：This tin opener is awkward to clean. 這個開罐器很難清洗。This river is dangerous to swim in. 在這條河里游泳很危險。awkward的意思是“笨拙的，不靈活的；難用的，不便操作的；尷尬的；為難的；麻煩的；棘手的”。如：He is rather awkward with his hands. 他動手能力很差。It is an awkward machine to use. 這是個很難操作的機器。 Our visitors came at an awkward time. 我們的客人在一個尷尬時刻來訪。 There was along awkward silence in the room. 房間里出現了長時間令人尷尬的寂靜場面。 reference的意思是“參考；查閱”。如： You can use this dictionary for easy reference. 為了查閱方便，你可以使用這本辭典。 There is a list of references at the end of the article. 在這篇文章后面有參考目錄。 They will lend you money if you can provide a bankers reference. 如果你有銀行證明，他們就給你貸款。 4. It was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically. 這點兒份量的食物只能讓人處于饑餓之中，可是讓我們心理上最難承受是極度缺水。it是指代上句的a piece of bread。starvation quantities意思是“分到的面包太少，吃了還是餓”。 the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with可理解為the hardest for us was to cope with the extreme lack of water，其結構可參見補充注釋3。應注意的是，這里的不定式to cope是不及物動詞，必須加上結構和意義所需的介詞with。如： Mary is pleasant to talk to. 與瑪麗聊天很愉快。I think this bed must be comfortable to sleep on. 我想睡在這張床上一定很舒服。 還可參見注釋3的有關例句。starvation意思是“挨餓；饑餓；餓死”（suffering or death because there is not enough food）。例如： die of starvation餓死 on a starvation diet饑餓減肥 starvation wages即extremely low wages，挨餓工資，不夠維持基本生活的工資。 詞語聯想 starvation的動詞是starve，意思是“挨餓；餓死”（suffer very badly or die from hunger）。如： Millions of people are starving in the poor countries of the world. 世界貧困國家中無數的人在挨餓。 That winter many animals starved to death. 那年冬天有許多動物餓死。psychologically意思是“心理上地”（from a psychological point of view）。如： Psychologically it is a good idea to praise a child for their efforts. 從心理上來講，因孩子的努力而表揚他們是個好主意。 She was tough, both physically and psychologically. 無論從心理上還是生理上他都是堅強的。詞語聯想 psychological（adj.）心理上的，心理學的（of or connected with the way that mind works），例如： Are there important psychological differences between the two sexes? 兩性間是否有主要的心理差異?psychological tests心理檢測 psychology（n. ） 1）心理學（the study or science of the mind and the way it works and influences behavior）。如：educational psychology教育心理學2）心理（the type of mind that a person or group of people has）。如： If we understood the psychology of the killer we would have a better chance of catching him. 如果我們了解殺手的心理，我們就有更多的機會抓住他。 psychologist（n.）心理學家（a person who is trained in psychology） 5. The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared. 隨著食物與水的供應漸漸短缺，船上的氣氛也越來越緊張。 tension在本句的意思是“緊張；焦慮；焦急”。如：Tension increased as we waited for the results to be published. 當我們等待結果發(fā)布時，越發(fā)緊張起來。I could hear the tension in her voice as she spoke. 當她說話時，我聽出了她那緊張的語氣。tension可以表示“緊張局勢；緊張關系”。如：There are signs of growing tension between the two countries. 有跡象在表明兩國之間的緊張局勢在加劇。tension還可表示“拉力，張力；繃緊”。如：The ten