補(bǔ)充注釋 Unit 2 Notes to the Texts

Unit 2 Sailing the Oceans補(bǔ)充注釋1. This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration, which carried the minimum amount of risk. 這似乎已是最早的、最有用的探險(xiǎn)方式，所冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也最小。在seem后接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式seem to have done / been表示“該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在seem之前”。如： He seems to have lost confidence in himself. 他似乎已失去了自信。 They dont seem to have grasped what I meant. （or They didnt seem to have grasped）他們好像還沒(méi)明白我的意思。 Rose is quite familiar with the people in this town. She seems to have been there a lot. 羅絲和鎮(zhèn)子里的人很熟悉。她好像經(jīng)常去那里。carry在本句的意思是“具備；含有；包含”。如： This report carried a serious warning of future trouble. 這個(gè)報(bào)告含有對(duì)未來(lái)困境的嚴(yán)重警告。minimum在本句用作形容詞，意思是the smallest possible or allowed，一般只能作定語(yǔ)用。如：Whats the minimum age for leaving school in Britain? 在英國(guó)離校的最小年齡是多少? Youll need a minimum deposit of $20,000. 你需要最好20 000美元的押金。 Eighty cents is the minimum fare on buses. 公交車(chē)最少的車(chē)票是80美分。 minimum常用作名詞，意思是the smallest amount or level that is possible or allowed, 多用單數(shù)形式。其復(fù)數(shù)形式是minima或minimums。如： I need a minimum of seven hours sleep. 我至少需要七個(gè)小時(shí)的睡眠。 The minimum he will accept is25,000 a year. 他每年至少得到25 000英鎊。 We will try and keep the cost of the tickets to a minimum. 我們要努力讓票價(jià)保持在一個(gè)最低限。詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想： the least“最少”（修飾不可數(shù)名詞），the fewest“最少”（修飾可數(shù)名詞），the lowest“最低”。如： Which method will cause the fewest problems? 哪種方法產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題最少? The lowest charge for a rented car is $20 a day. 租小汽車(chē)最少的費(fèi)用是一天20美元。 minimum的反義詞是maximum。如： The bus can carry a maximum of 40 people. 這輛公車(chē)最多可載40人。 25,000 is the maximum we can afford. 25000美元是我們付得起的最高價(jià)。 2. As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seamans hands. 當(dāng)船只在水中前進(jìn)時(shí)，這些繩結(jié)從海員的手中經(jīng)過(guò)，這時(shí)海員就記下繩結(jié)的數(shù)目。 這句話里的as表示“當(dāng)時(shí)候；與同時(shí)”（while something else is happening）。如：The phone rang just as I was leaving the house. 我剛要出門(mén)，電話就響了。 advance這里作動(dòng)詞，意思是“前進(jìn)；向前推移”（move forward），也可用作及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“使前進(jìn)；將推向前”（move or put something / somebody forward）。如：The army advanced on the city. 軍隊(duì)向城市進(jìn)軍。 The climbers have advanced two miles from base camp. 登山者已從大本營(yíng)向前推進(jìn)兩英里。 What he has done will advance the cause of world peace. 他所做的將促進(jìn)世界和平事業(yè)。 其反義詞是retreat。 advance的其它意思與用法： 1）發(fā)展；拓展；增進(jìn)（make progress, or help sth to progresshelp a person, a planto succeed）。如： Such conduct is unlikely to advance your interests. 這樣的行為不太可能增加你的利益。 2）預(yù)支（pay money before it is due to be paid; lend money）。如： He asked his employer to advance him a months salary. 他要求雇主預(yù)付他一個(gè)月的薪水。 3）提出（看法、建議等）（make a suggestionfor discussion）。如： Scientists have advanced a new theory to explain this phenomenon. 科學(xué)家提出了一項(xiàng)解釋這種現(xiàn)象的新理論。 The report advances the suggestion that safety standards should be improved. 這個(gè)報(bào)告提出了安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)改進(jìn)的建議。 4）提前（move an event to an earlier date）。如： The date of the meeting has been advanced from 10 to 3 June. 會(huì)議日期已從6月10日提前到3日。Can we advance the date of the meeting by three days? 我們可以把會(huì)議日期提前3天嗎? 這時(shí)其反義詞是postpone, put off。 3. However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. 但是，它不容易使用，因?yàn)槠鋮⒄拯c(diǎn)之一就是行駛中的船只本身。it指上面提到的星盤(pán)，awkward的意思是not convenient，difficult；as的意思是because。it was awkward to use可理解為：It was awkward to use the astrolabe. 這個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)it又可看成是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ) + is / was+形容詞 + 不定式”。再舉幾例：This tin opener is awkward to clean. 這個(gè)開(kāi)罐器很難清洗。This river is dangerous to swim in. 在這條河里游泳很危險(xiǎn)。awkward的意思是“笨拙的，不靈活的；難用的，不便操作的；尷尬的；為難的；麻煩的；棘手的”。如：He is rather awkward with his hands. 他動(dòng)手能力很差。It is an awkward machine to use. 這是個(gè)很難操作的機(jī)器。 Our visitors came at an awkward time. 我們的客人在一個(gè)尷尬時(shí)刻來(lái)訪。 There was along awkward silence in the room. 房間里出現(xiàn)了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間令人尷尬的寂靜場(chǎng)面。 reference的意思是“參考；查閱”。如： You can use this dictionary for easy reference. 為了查閱方便，你可以使用這本辭典。 There is a list of references at the end of the article. 在這篇文章后面有參考目錄。 They will lend you money if you can provide a bankers reference. 如果你有銀行證明，他們就給你貸款。 4. It was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically. 這點(diǎn)兒份量的食物只能讓人處于饑餓之中，可是讓我們心理上最難承受是極度缺水。it是指代上句的a piece of bread。starvation quantities意思是“分到的面包太少，吃了還是餓”。 the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with可理解為the hardest for us was to cope with the extreme lack of water，其結(jié)構(gòu)可參見(jiàn)補(bǔ)充注釋3。應(yīng)注意的是，這里的不定式to cope是不及物動(dòng)詞，必須加上結(jié)構(gòu)和意義所需的介詞with。如： Mary is pleasant to talk to. 與瑪麗聊天很愉快。I think this bed must be comfortable to sleep on. 我想睡在這張床上一定很舒服。 還可參見(jiàn)注釋3的有關(guān)例句。starvation意思是“挨餓；饑餓；餓死”（suffering or death because there is not enough food）。例如： die of starvation餓死 on a starvation diet饑餓減肥 starvation wages即extremely low wages，挨餓工資，不夠維持基本生活的工資。 詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想 starvation的動(dòng)詞是starve，意思是“挨餓；餓死”（suffer very badly or die from hunger）。如： Millions of people are starving in the poor countries of the world. 世界貧困國(guó)家中無(wú)數(shù)的人在挨餓。 That winter many animals starved to death. 那年冬天有許多動(dòng)物餓死。psychologically意思是“心理上地”（from a psychological point of view）。如： Psychologically it is a good idea to praise a child for their efforts. 從心理上來(lái)講，因孩子的努力而表?yè)P(yáng)他們是個(gè)好主意。 She was tough, both physically and psychologically. 無(wú)論從心理上還是生理上他都是堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的。詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想 psychological（adj.）心理上的，心理學(xué)的（of or connected with the way that mind works），例如： Are there important psychological differences between the two sexes? 兩性間是否有主要的心理差異?psychological tests心理檢測(cè) psychology（n. ） 1）心理學(xué)（the study or science of the mind and the way it works and influences behavior）。如：educational psychology教育心理學(xué)2）心理（the type of mind that a person or group of people has）。如： If we understood the psychology of the killer we would have a better chance of catching him. 如果我們了解殺手的心理，我們就有更多的機(jī)會(huì)抓住他。 psychologist（n.）心理學(xué)家（a person who is trained in psychology） 5. The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared. 隨著食物與水的供應(yīng)漸漸短缺，船上的氣氛也越來(lái)越緊張。 tension在本句的意思是“緊張；焦慮；焦急”。如：Tension increased as we waited for the results to be published. 當(dāng)我們等待結(jié)果發(fā)布時(shí)，越發(fā)緊張起來(lái)。I could hear the tension in her voice as she spoke. 當(dāng)她說(shuō)話時(shí)，我聽(tīng)出了她那緊張的語(yǔ)氣。tension可以表示“緊張局勢(shì)；緊張關(guān)系”。如：There are signs of growing tension between the two countries. 有跡象在表明兩國(guó)之間的緊張局勢(shì)在加劇。tension還可表示“拉力，張力；繃緊”。如：The ten