定語從句教師用講義.doc

溫新堂教育個(gè)性化VIP一對一高中英語語法-定語從句專項(xiàng)講解及練習(xí)定語從句是高中重點(diǎn)知識，也是高考?？键c(diǎn)，大家也不容易掌握，這篇文章主要教你關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 ，關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句，判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞限制性和非限制性定語從句等內(nèi)容，有例題講解。 定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。 關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。 定語從句中的關(guān)系詞有兩個(gè)作用，一是形式上，引導(dǎo)定語從句。二是意義上，代替先行詞在從句中做某種成分。這是理解定語從句和其他從句的關(guān)鍵。一、 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語） 2）whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。 3）which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語） The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作賓語） 二、 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。 1）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？ 2）that代替關(guān)系副詞，可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和介+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。 尤其是當(dāng)先行詞為way 和reason 時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞通常都省略。如： This is the reason (why,for which)I did it. I couldnt agree with the way (that,in which)she talked to her parents.三、 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記與你共事的日子。 判斷改錯(cuò)： （錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （對） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （對） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside. 習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。 方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。 而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。 關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞（where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語）。 四、 限制性和非限制性定語從句 1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性） 2）當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理.史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。 3）非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。 說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 五、 介詞+關(guān)系詞 1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 2）that前不能有介詞。 3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的介詞+關(guān)系詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。例如This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 六、 as, which 非限定性定語從句 由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太陽使地球暖起來，這對我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾?典型例題 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。 2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。 3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)： （1）as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。 （2） as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。 as 的用法 例1. the sameas；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。例如： I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。 例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有正如。例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。 As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。七、 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法 1）不用that的情況 a） 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。例如： （錯(cuò)）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介詞后不能用。例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2） 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 a）當(dāng)主句以here,there 開頭時(shí)。 Here is the hotel that youve been looking for. There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken. b）在不定代詞，如：everything,anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which. All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。 c）先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí)，只用that。 d）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that。 It is the most important task that should be finished soon. e）先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。 We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. f) 先行詞本身是that 時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞須用which.如：Whats that which flashed in the sky just now? g)主句中有who,which 等疑問代詞時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)只用that. Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 8、 分隔式定語從句（先行詞與定語從句分離） 1、被介詞短語分開。I have a painting by a painter which was sent to me for my birthday. 2、被謂語分開。The professor entered the hall who had just presented several lectuers.9、 主謂一致問題。當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語時(shí)，須注意與從句謂語動(dòng)詞是否一致。從句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式1、 取決于先行詞。如：Mr Smith ,who is mow downstairs,is asking to see you. The Smith ,who are now downstairs ,are asking to see you. 2、兩個(gè)特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)。One of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語。the (only,very,right,)one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)謂語Jeff is one of the students who were awarded.Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.10、 有些“動(dòng)詞+介詞”短語，不可把介詞置于關(guān)系詞前，否則，將會失去動(dòng)詞短語本身的含義。This is the town which the writer lived in 20 years ago.這個(gè)句子也可以改寫成：This is the town in which the writer lived 20 years ago.但是，This is the tape for which Im looking .這個(gè)句子是錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)閘ook for 短語整體表達(dá)“尋找”的含義，分開來就沒有這個(gè)含義了。所以，正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)該是：This is the tape which Im looking for.除了look for 短語之外，類似的短語還有：look after ,look forward to,care for,deal with,hear from/of/about, get through 等。11、 省略關(guān)系代詞的情況。 1、關(guān)系代詞在從句中做動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)。 I have been to the city twice (that/which)you just visited. 2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中做介詞的賓語，并且介詞在從句句尾時(shí)。 Generation gap is a problem (which/that)people are interested in. 3關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語時(shí)。 After a score of years,John is not the naughty boy (who/that)he used to be. 定語從句習(xí)題1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose14.Im interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him19.I dont like _ as you read.A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing.A. which B. that C. whom D. who22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it.A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who24.I lost a book, _I cant remember now.A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong.A. which B. whose C. what D./29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting.A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly.A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked afterC. that I have looked after D. I have looked after31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C.for which D.who33.That is not the way _I do it.A./ B.which C.for which D.with which34.I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them.A. who B. which C. that D. it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph.A. that B. which C. from that D. from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done.A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes.A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.A. that B. which C. it D. though 41. - Did you ask the guard _ happened? - Yes, he told me all _ he knew.A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that 42. I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm withthe farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which 43. The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing.A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are 44. During the days _, he worked as a servant at the Browns.A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed 45. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A. that B. / C. which D. it 46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going on inside house.A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 47. Is _ some German friends visited last week?A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 48. John got beaten in the game, _ had been expected.A. as B. that C. what D. who 49. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well.A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 50. All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been 1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 2. Ive never heard so interesting a story _ you told me. A. as B. that C. of which D. about which 3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday. A. that B. which C. as D. like 4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear. A. that B. which C. as D. like 5. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 7. This is the first time _ he has been here. A. that B. when C. at which D. which 8. I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 歷屆高考英語單項(xiàng)選擇題定語從句精選26.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 27.She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that 28.In the dark street , there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom 29.The weather turned out to be very good , _ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 30.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A.which B.where C.that D.when 31Carol said the work would be done by October,_personally I doubt very much.A. it B.that C.when D.which 32Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _,of course , made the others unhappy.Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat 33.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _ was very reasonable.A.which price C.the price of whichC.its price D.the price of whose34._ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.A.As B.It C.That D.Which 35.He lived in London for 3 months , during _ time he learned some English.A.this B.which C.that D.same36.On the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue.A.whose B.of which C.which D.its37.Whenever I met him , _ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.A.what B.which C.that D.when38.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower.A.that B.where C.which D.there39.The boss _ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.A.in which B.in that C.in whose D.whose40.I dont like _ you speak to her. A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which41.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._ I got wet through .A.Its the reason B.Thats whyC.Theres why D.Its how42.He made another wonderful discovery , _ of great importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it isC.which I think it D.I think which is參考答案一 單項(xiàng)選擇 定語從句15 A C A B A 610 B C C A D 1115 C B D D A 1620 D C A B B 2126 B B B A D D參考答案及解析1. A. which用作關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。2C. 和誰講話”要說speak to sb. 本題全句應(yīng)為Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是關(guān)系代詞，作介詞to的賓語，可以省略。3. D. where是關(guān)系副詞，表示地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。4. C. when是關(guān)系副詞，表示時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。5A.