基本常用測繪英語.doc

測繪專業(yè)最常用英語(軟件開發(fā)特別版) 總結(jié)：Kiseigo 2008.08.22eve來自：測繪工程專業(yè)英語 尹暉 主編 武漢大學出版社 2005年1月第一版一 基礎(chǔ)篇1. 概率 What is Geomatics?geomatics 測繪學geodesy 大地測量學surverying and mapping 測繪fieldwork 外業(yè)工作theodolite 經(jīng)緯儀allowance 容許誤差latitude 緯度longitude 經(jīng)度meridian 子午線gravity 重力curvature 曲率geoid 大地水準面2. 大地測量和平面測量 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveyinggeodetic surveying 大地測量(學)plane surveying 平面測量control survey 控制測量vertical survey 高程測量topographic survey 地形測量detail survey 碎部測量land survey 地籍測量route survey 路線測量hydrographic survey 水道測量marine survey 海洋測量mine survey 礦山測量geological survey 地質(zhì)測量Multiple channel 多通道dual-frequency sounder 雙頻Single Frequency Depth Sounder 單頻multibeam echosounding 多波束3. 距離測量 Distance Measurementfundamental 基本原則，基本原理revolution n.旋轉(zhuǎn)stadia n. 視距，視距儀器telescope 望遠鏡terrain n. 地形infrared adj. 紅外線的electronic distance measurement 電子測距儀distance measuring instrumentdistance-measuring error 測距誤差fixed error 固定誤差proportional error 比例誤差sighting distance 視距multiplication constant 乘常數(shù)addition constant 加常數(shù)tape 卷尺4. 角度和方向測量 Angle and Direction Measurementprojection n.投影radius n. 半徑，范圍compass 羅盤，指南針clockwise adj. 順時針方向的counterclockwise adj. 反時針方向的compensator n. 補償器azimuth n. 方位，方位角bearing n. 方向，方位horizontal angle 水平角vertical angle 垂直角elevation angle 高度角5. 導線測量 Traversingtraverse n. 導線traversing 導線測量law of sines 正弦定律law of cosine 余弦定律terminate v. 停止evenly adv. 均勻地control network 控制網(wǎng)control point 控制點forward intersection 前方交會6. 高程測量的方法 Methods of Elevation Deteminationelevation 海拔reference datum 參考基準面Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黃海高程系統(tǒng)national vertical datum of 1985 1985國家高程基準direct leveling, spirit leveling 幾何水準測量BM (benchmark) 水準基點 level rod 水準尺level 水準儀backsight (BS) 后尺foresight (FS) 前尺height of instrument (HI) 儀器高height of target (HT) 目標高elevation difference 高差annexed leveling line 附合水準路線closed leveling line 閉合水準路線spur leveling line 支水準路線elevation of sight 視線高程optical level 光學水準儀electronic level 電子水準儀automatic level, compensator level 自動安平水準儀laser level 激光水準儀7. 全站儀 Robotic Total Stationprism 棱鏡instrument of geomatics engineering 測繪儀器geodetic instrument 大地測量儀器optical theodolite 光學經(jīng)緯儀total station 全站儀geo-robot 測量機器人data recorder 電子手簿，數(shù)據(jù)采集器data transfer 數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換8. 測量誤差 Erros in Measurementlaw of probability 概率論theory of error 誤差理論true error 真誤差observation error 觀測誤差instrumental error 儀器誤差personal error 人為誤差gross error 粗差systematic error 系統(tǒng)誤差random error, accident error 隨即誤差，偶然誤差probable error 或然誤差constant error 常差average error 平均誤差absolute error 絕對誤差relative error 相對誤差error of closure, closing error, closure 閉合差error propagation, propagation of error 誤差傳播error test 誤差檢驗gross error detection 粗差檢驗tolerance 限差limit error 極限誤差error of focusing 調(diào)焦誤差index error of vertical circle 豎盤指標差9. 隨機誤差的基本統(tǒng)計分析 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errorsstatistical adj. 統(tǒng)計的，統(tǒng)計學的mean n. 平均數(shù)stochastic adj.隨機的irregular adj. 不規(guī)則的probability n. 概率，可能性normal n. 正態(tài)divisor n. 除數(shù)，約數(shù)rationale n.基本原理error distribution 誤差分布most probable value (MPV) 最或然值expectation, expected value 期望值index of precision 精度指標variance 方差standard deviation 標準差mean square error (MSE) 中誤差mean square error of a point 點位中誤差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中誤差mean square error of cordinate 坐標中誤差mean square error of height 高程中誤差variance of unit weight 單位權(quán)方差，方差因子error ellipse 誤差橢圓10. 準確度和精確度 Accuracy and Precisionaccuracy n. 準確precision n. 精確calibrate v. 校準methodology n. 方法論11. 最小二乘法 Least-Squares Adjustmentadjustment n.平差parameter n.參數(shù)least square method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment 最小二乘平差function model 函數(shù)模型stochastic model 隨機模型redundant observation 多余觀測variance 方差covariance 協(xié)方差normal equation 法方程conditional 條件平差direct adjustment 直接平差condition equation 條件方程parametric adjustment 參數(shù)平差indirection adjustment 間接平差adjusted value 平差值inverse of weight matrix 權(quán)逆矩陣weight coefficient 權(quán)系數(shù)geoidal undulation 大地水準面高earths flattening地球扁率12. 大地測量學的概念 Geodesy Conceptsvery long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 甚長基線干涉測量13. 大地水準面和參考橢球 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoidmean sea level (MSL) 平均海水面reference ellipsoid 參考橢球semi-major axis of ellipsoid 橢球長半軸semi-minor axis of ellipsoid 橢球短半軸orthometric heights (H) 正高geodetic height, ellipsoidal height (h) 大地高geoidal height, geoid undulation (N) 大地水準面高,大地水準面差距quasi-geoid 似大地水準面normal height 正常高height anomaly 高程異常Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) 1980大地測量參考系統(tǒng)Krasovsky ellipsoid 克拉索夫斯基橢球14. 坐標轉(zhuǎn)換 Datums, Coordinatesgeodetic datum 大地基準geodetic coordinate 大地坐標geodetic origin 大地原點geodetic latitude 大地緯度geodetic longitude 大地經(jīng)度world geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84) 1984世界大地坐標系rectangular grid 直角坐標網(wǎng)independent coordinate system 獨立坐標系coordinate conversion 坐標轉(zhuǎn)換translation parameters 平移參數(shù)rotation parameters 旋轉(zhuǎn)參數(shù)scale parameter 尺度參數(shù)Xian Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 1980西安坐標系15. 地圖投影 Map Projectionmap projection 地圖投影arbitrary projection 任意投影conformal projection 正形投影Mercator projection/ Mercators projection 墨卡托投影transverse projection 橫軸投影Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 通用橫軸墨卡托投影Lambert projection/ Lambers projection 蘭勃特投影16. 重力測量 Gravity Measurementgravity measurement 重力測量law of universal gravitation 萬有引力定律centrifugal force 離心力gravitational constant 重力常數(shù)gravimeter, gravity meter 重力儀17. 大地網(wǎng)的最佳解決方案 Optimal Design of Geomatics Networkspecification n. 規(guī)格，說明書，規(guī)范sensitivity n. 靈敏度deformation n. 變形18. 施工測量 Construction Layoutengineering survey 工程測量construction control network 施工控制網(wǎng)deformation observation變形觀測reliability 可靠性construction survey 施工測量setting-out survey, construction layout 施工放樣road engineering survey 道路工程測量cross section 橫斷面profile survey 縱斷面測量19. 變形監(jiān)測Deformation monitoring of Engineering Structuredeformation monitoring(observation) 變形監(jiān)測(觀測)displacement observation 位移觀測settlement (subsidence) observation 沉陷觀測二高級篇20-21. 了解GPS Understanding the GPSionosphere 電離層troposphere 對流層antenna 天線GPS (global positioning system) 全球定位系統(tǒng)GPS receiver GPS接收機broadcast ephemeris 廣播星歷precise ephemeris 精密星歷precise code 精碼pseudorange 偽距ionospheric delay 電離層延遲tropospheric delay 對流層延遲multipath effect 多路徑效應reference receiver 基準接收機roving receiver 流動接收機receiver antenna 接收機天線real-time kinematic (RTK) 實時動態(tài)定位differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential correction 差分改正post-processed differential correction 后處理差分改正22. 各種衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng) Competition in Space OrbitGlobal Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) 全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellite System) 全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)(俄)GALILEO 伽利略系統(tǒng)satellite clock 衛(wèi)星鐘dual-frequency 雙頻precise positioning service (PPS) 精密定位服務standard position service (SPS) 標準定位服務geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步衛(wèi)星23-25. GIS基礎(chǔ) GIS BasicsGIS (geographic information system) 地理信息系統(tǒng)raster n. 光柵vector n. 向量，矢量image data 圖像數(shù)據(jù)vector data 矢量數(shù)據(jù)raster data 柵格數(shù)據(jù)data capture 數(shù)據(jù)采集data classification 數(shù)據(jù)分類data compression 數(shù)據(jù)壓縮data transmission 數(shù)據(jù)傳輸digital terrain model (DTM) 數(shù)字地面模型digital elevation model (DEM) 數(shù)字高程模型27. 攝影測量的發(fā)展 Developments of Photogrammetryaerial photogrammetry 航空攝影測量homologous points 同名點image point 像點picture element / pixel 像素intensity value 強度值，亮度值relative orientation 相對定向absolute orientation 絕對定向block adjustment 區(qū)域網(wǎng)平差image rectification 影像糾正digital raster graph DRG 數(shù)字柵格圖29. RS應用 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RSdigital image processing 數(shù)字圖像處理digital image 數(shù)字影像optical image 光學影像gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度等級image analysis 圖像分析image processing 圖像處理image transformation 圖像變換image coding 圖像編碼image correlation 影像相關(guān)image digitization 圖像數(shù)字化image matching 影像匹配image overlaying 影像重合32. interferometry 干涉測量interometry SAR 干涉雷達常用數(shù)學表達1/2 a half; one half1/4 a fourth; a quarter; one quarter1/1234 one over a thousand, two hundred and thirty-four x square; x squared; x to the second power x cube; x cubed; x to the third power the nth power of x; x to the power of n y to the minus tenth power1:2 the ratio of one to two b prime b double prime; b second prime b sub one the first derivative of func square root of a plus or minus= is equal to; equals equal(s) to or less than equal(s) to or larger than a is approximately equal to b (a approximately equals b)a + b = c a plus b is (are; equals; is equal to ) c(a + b cd) / e = f a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divide