交通運(yùn)輸專業(yè)英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)翻譯.doc

Choice of modeThe choice of mode for long distance travel is heavily dependent on the sensitivity of the traveler with respect to time and cost.By and large,business travel is time sensitive,vacation travel is price sensitive,and travel for personal reasons may be either time sensitive or cost sensitive,or both.長(zhǎng)距離旅行方式的選擇在很大程度上取決于旅行者對(duì)時(shí)間和價(jià)格反應(yīng)的靈敏程度。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，商業(yè)性旅行對(duì)時(shí)間反應(yīng)更靈敏，節(jié)假日旅行對(duì)價(jià)格反應(yīng)更靈敏，由于私事（個(gè)人原因）旅行則對(duì)時(shí)間或價(jià)格的反應(yīng)都靈敏。The basic attributes of each mode are schedule, speed, cost, service offered,and perceptions regarding the service offered.每種方式的特性取決于所提供服務(wù)的時(shí)間速度、價(jià)格、服務(wù)質(zhì)量和給人們的感受。Schedule and speed prescribe the ability of the mode to serve passengers at the times they want and the speed they require; for example, a same-day round trip from Chicago to New York can beaccomplished by air only.時(shí)間性和速度性要求旅客所采用的運(yùn)輸方式能提供給乘客想要的速度和時(shí)間。 比如, 從芝加哥到紐約只有乘飛機(jī)可以在同一天內(nèi)完成往返旅行Cost is a major consideration for most passengers. Rail and bus are least expensive,with private or rented car following, and air travel coming last as the most expensive means of travel. Advance purchase the supersaver fares may reduce the air transporation cost substantiaIIy.價(jià)格是大多數(shù)旅客考慮的一個(gè)重要因素, 乘坐火車和公兵汽車是最便宜的, 自己開(kāi)車和租用車輛位于其次, 乘坐飛機(jī)是旅行方式中最貴的方式. 以前購(gòu)買特惠機(jī)票可以大量減少乘飛機(jī)出行的費(fèi)用。For example, in January 1992, the supersaver Honolulu to Washington, D.C.round-trip fare was around $800, the fulleconomy class fare was around $1800,and the first class was around $3600.例如, 1992年1月份, 從火奴魯魯?shù)饺A盛頓往返旅行的的特惠機(jī)票大約只有800美元, 全價(jià)是是1800美元, 頭等倉(cāng)大約3600美元.The destination point may restrict the mode choice set, or it may require the use of more than one long-distance transportation mode. In the Honolulu to Washington, D.C. example, the on|y practical way to travel is by air.出行目的地可能會(huì)限制出行方式的選擇，它可能需要利用 一種以上的長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸方式.從火奴魯魯?shù)饺A盛頓的這個(gè)例子中, 最實(shí)用的出行方式就是乘飛機(jī)。Service is also an important factor. Travel by private or rented car offers the convenience of having a car available at all time. This may be of great importance to some travelers (e.g. , personal salespeople). Bus or rail offers few amenities on board, while airlines offer a wide variety of services on board(drinks,meals, music, and screen entertainment).服務(wù)也是一個(gè)重要因素。自己開(kāi)車或租車出行在任何時(shí)間內(nèi)都可享受到有車的便利。這對(duì)于一些旅行者來(lái)說(shuō)或許是非常重要的(比如，售貨員)。公共汽車或火車幾乎提供不了那種怡人的感覺(jué)。而乘坐定期航班就可以享受到多種服務(wù)（喝免費(fèi)飲料、免費(fèi)午餐、聽(tīng)音樂(lè)、看娛樂(lè)表演）。Perceptions of passengers regarding the overall service offered by a mode compared with other modes (e.g., auto versus bus or rail), or among providers of the same mode (e.g. ,American versus United Airlines, Avis versus Hertz Car Rental) affect the choice of modes and providers.乘客對(duì)運(yùn)輸方式的感受取決于這種運(yùn)輸方式挺提供的所有服務(wù)與另一方式所提供的服務(wù)的相互比較（比如，把乘坐小汽車與乘坐大汽車相比較，乘坐小汽車與乘火車相比較），或?qū)⑼贿\(yùn)輸方式各自提供的服務(wù)進(jìn)行比較（比如，將美國(guó)航線與聯(lián)合航線相比較，將歐洲汽車租憑巨頭Avis與全球最大的汽車租憑公司赫茲相比較），這些都會(huì)影響運(yùn)輸方式的選擇。In terms of fast service, the competitiveness of modes can be judgedby their ability to provide minimum overall travel time from origin to destination on a door-to-door basis (i.e., from the office in town A to the meeting place in town B or from !he house in town X to the hotel room in town Y).在快速服務(wù)方面，運(yùn)輸方式的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在門到門服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)取決于所提供起訖點(diǎn)之間的最小出行時(shí)間的能力，（比如，從A市辦公室到B市會(huì)場(chǎng)，或從住宅地X市道旅館所在地Y市所花費(fèi)的最小時(shí)間）。All modes except private auto and rented or company car provide terminal-to-terminal service. There are several time-consuming components before and after the main haul as well as in the terminals.除過(guò)私人小轎車與租用車輛及公司汽東之外,歷有的運(yùn)輸方式都提供起點(diǎn)到終點(diǎn)的全線運(yùn)輸服務(wù)。在除過(guò)車站多耗費(fèi)的時(shí)間之外. 主要運(yùn)輸前后也還有若干耗費(fèi)時(shí)間的部分。For rail transportation, these time components are times to get to the origin terminal, to wait for train and to board, to travel from terminal to terminal (main haul),to |eave the train and walk to exit from the platform, and to get to the destination.對(duì)鐵路運(yùn)輸而言, 時(shí)問(wèn)組成有: 到達(dá)起點(diǎn)站的時(shí)間 、等車時(shí)間、 上車時(shí)間、 旅途中從起點(diǎn)到終點(diǎn)乘車時(shí)間(就是主要運(yùn)程所花的時(shí)間)、 下車和從站臺(tái)走到車站出口的時(shí)間、 到達(dá)目的地的時(shí)間。Similarly, the respective time components by air are times to get to the terminal, to check in, to walk to gate, and to wait, to board and to wait until takeoff, main haul,to land, to alight and walk to luggage claim, to wait for luggage, to walk to exit terminal, to get to destination.同樣, 乘飛機(jī)的各個(gè)時(shí)間組成部分有: 到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)的時(shí)間、 檢票時(shí)間 、 到達(dá)登機(jī)入口的時(shí)間、等待時(shí)間、 登機(jī)時(shí)間、 等待直到飛機(jī)起飛的時(shí)間、飛行時(shí)間 、著陸時(shí)間、下飛機(jī)和到達(dá)行李提取處的時(shí)間、 等侯行李時(shí)同、 走出機(jī)場(chǎng)出站站口時(shí)間、 到達(dá)目的地時(shí)間。It is normal to expect that a two-hour trip( terminal-to-terminal) by air should take at least 4 hours from origin to destination. Considering the door-to-door time frame, it is likely that several modes may offer competitive service. By and large, auto would be the fastest mode for trip up to 100 miles (about 160 km)long, high-speed rail running at 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) is most competitive for distance between 100 to 500 miles(160 to 800 km),通常情況下乘飛機(jī)從站到站要2小時(shí)的旅程，從出發(fā)地到達(dá)目的地至少要花費(fèi)4小時(shí)的時(shí)間。鑒于門到門服務(wù)的時(shí)間性，各種運(yùn)輸方式都會(huì)提供相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的服務(wù)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，旅程100英里（大約160公里）的距離小汽車是最快的。距離100到500英里（也就是160公里到800公里）的路程，快速火車是最有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的，這種火車時(shí)速可達(dá)到每小時(shí)200英里（320公里/小時(shí)）。and air transportation is fastest for trips exceeding 500 miles (over 800 km) .Regular rail and bus are not competitive for any trip distance with respect to minimum travel time. But they possess competition advantage in terms of travel monetary expenses.距離超過(guò)500英里（超過(guò)800英里）的旅程飛機(jī)是最快的。對(duì)于任何距離和公共汽車都沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，但在旅行所花的費(fèi)用方面，他們具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。Fast growth of world markets and International business travel make itnecessary to reduce travel time substantially.Traveling between international trade centers such as New York, Frankfurt, Hong Kong,London, Moscow, Paris, Singapore, Sydney,and Tokyo takes long time even by air.世界市場(chǎng)和國(guó)際間商務(wù)旅行的快速發(fā)展, 使得大量減少旅行時(shí)間非常必要。在世界貿(mào)易中心間的旅程即使乘坐飛機(jī)也要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。比如：紐約、法蘭克福（德國(guó)）、香港、倫敦、莫斯科、巴黎、新加坡、悉尼、東京。The travel times for all transcontinental trips between the cities exceed 10 hours,As the result, at least two business days are lost in travel, while often passengers arrive in poor shape, all of which are detrimental to business.所有的城市間的跨陸旅行時(shí)間都要超過(guò)10小時(shí)，因此，在旅程中至少要花費(fèi)2個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)日的時(shí)間，并且乘客到達(dá)時(shí)往往疲憊不堪，所有這些都對(duì)商業(yè)的發(fā)展是不利的。Future advances in transportation are expected to come in the form of high-speed trains capable of reaching or exceeding 300 miles per hour (almost 500km/h) , and second-generation supersonic and/or sub-orbital aircraft capable of traveling from New York to Tokyo in lessthan 4 hours.將來(lái)運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展期待出現(xiàn)時(shí)速達(dá)到或超過(guò)每小時(shí)300英里(約500公里/小時(shí))的火車，和從紐約到東京不到4小時(shí)就可到達(dá)的第二代超音速與亞軌道的飛行。The major objective of advanced transportation technologies is thesubstantial reduction of travel time through high cruising speed. Additional objectives are the reduction of fuel consumption,pollution, and noise. Most of the research and applications are concentrated inpassenger rail (e.g. , the magnetic levitation rails) and air transportation (e.g. , the y-by-wire technology). (開(kāi)發(fā))先進(jìn)的交通運(yùn)輸技術(shù)的主要目的是通過(guò)提高運(yùn)輸速度極大地減少出行時(shí)間，其次就是減少燃料消耗、污染和噪聲。大多數(shù)研究和應(yīng)用集中在鐵路客運(yùn)方面（比如磁懸浮列車）和空運(yùn)方面（比如電子信號(hào)控制的飛行技術(shù)）。The evolution of transportation has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the history .Transportations early function was to meet the basis need of hauling food supplies .But with the formation of tribes ,then peoples ,and finally nations ,the societal and economic functions of transportation became more and more complex.運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展演變與人類整個(gè)歷史的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)，運(yùn)輸?shù)脑缙诠δ苁菫榱藵M足食物的儲(chǔ)備這一基本需要。但隨著部落的出現(xiàn)、種族的產(chǎn)生、最后到民族的形成，運(yùn)輸?shù)纳鐣?huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)功能變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。At first there was mobility required for individuals,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of nature disasters and tribal aggressions,and in search for the best place to settle.As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transportation was increasingly needed to open up regions for development,to provide access to natural resources,to promote inter-communal trade,and to mobilize territorial defense.最初，個(gè)人、家庭、動(dòng)物為了抵御并避開(kāi)自然災(zāi)害和部落侵襲，以尋求最好的地方來(lái)居住，因此都需要隨時(shí)遷移。當(dāng)部落群體形成并逐步建立他們的家園時(shí)，人們就更多地需要依靠運(yùn)輸來(lái)進(jìn)行當(dāng)?shù)氐拈_(kāi)發(fā)。以尋求發(fā)展，依靠運(yùn)輸來(lái)獲取自然資源、促進(jìn)群落間貿(mào)易、實(shí)現(xiàn)領(lǐng)土防御。After basic societal needs had generally been attended to,local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic,cultural,and technological development through trade links with other people and regions.Again,transportation provided the mobility required for such intertribal,international,and intercontinental cultural exchange and trade.當(dāng)基本的社會(huì)需求和受到普遍關(guān)注之后，當(dāng)?shù)卣蜁?huì)投入更多的精力，通過(guò)與其他民族或區(qū)域間的貿(mào)易來(lái)提高當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)】文化和科技水平。另一方面，運(yùn)輸也會(huì)促進(jìn)部落之間、民族之間、各州之間的貿(mào)易與文化交流。During this gradual development toward an organized human society,transportation as a physical process of moving people and goods promoting such development,continuously underwent technological and organizational changes.Todays transportation in its various modes and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changers in response to societal requirements and preferences.在人類社會(huì)逐步發(fā)展過(guò)程中，運(yùn)輸作為人和物移動(dòng)的物理過(guò)程，加快了人類社會(huì)進(jìn)程的步伐，并不斷促進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)和組織方式的變革。為了適應(yīng)社會(huì)需求并順應(yīng)人們的選擇，如今運(yùn)輸?shù)母鞣N方式和組織安排發(fā)生了很大的變化。The evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transportation is manifested by todays transportation systems, which include surface, air. and water transportation. Special industry needs have led to the development of other transportation modes, such as pipelines,cables. and belts.現(xiàn)今的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，包括地面運(yùn)輸、空中運(yùn)輸和水上運(yùn)輸（的出現(xiàn)），證實(shí)了日益復(fù)雜的運(yùn)輸方式的演變（過(guò)程）。特殊行業(yè)的需求是另外一些運(yùn)輸方式得以發(fā)展，譬如管道運(yùn)輸、索道運(yùn)輸和輸送帶運(yùn)輸。within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economicrequirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transportation modes generally fulll rather specific functions .These functions are outlined in table 1.各種已有的運(yùn)輸方式為了滿足社會(huì)發(fā)展所追求的低成本高效率需求，都慢慢地具有了特殊功能。這些功能見(jiàn)表1.The total cost of owning and operating a company,including transportation companies,is usually broken into fixed and variable costs.Fixed costed do not relate to production or utilization of the equipment.Aircraft,trucks,trains,computers,and offices cost a fixed amount of money no matter what the degree of utilization(i.e.,from idle to around-the-clock utilization,the fixed cost remains the same).企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)的總成本通常包括固定成本和變動(dòng)成本，運(yùn)輸公司也如此。固定成本與設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)或利用狀況無(wú)關(guān)。飛機(jī)、載重汽車、鐵路汽車、計(jì)算機(jī)和辦公室等不管其利用程度如和，它們都要花費(fèi)固定的成本。就是說(shuō)，從空閑到一天24小時(shí)使用，固定成本仍然相同。Variable costs,on the other hand,tend to be proportional to the degree of utilized,the more labor that is necessary to operation them,the more fuel that is necessary to produce propulsion,and the more maintenance that is required,due to the increased wear and tear.All costs tend to become variable in the long term(5 years or more)as corporations expand or reduce their activities(increase or decrease of fixed facilities,equipment,and operations).相反，變動(dòng)成本與設(shè)備的利用程度成正比，設(shè)備利用的越多，使用設(shè)備所必需的勞動(dòng)力就越多，產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力所必需的燃料就越多，由于磨損所需要的維護(hù)就越多。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)開(kāi)（5年或更多年份）隨著企業(yè)擴(kuò)張或縮減（增加或減少固定設(shè)施、設(shè)備和運(yùn)營(yíng)作業(yè)），總成本是變動(dòng)的。The absolute magnitude of the xed cost and the magnitude of the variable cost relative to the xed cost determine the existence ofeconomics of scale. In simple terms, when economies of scale are present, production increases lower the cost per unit.固定成本的絕對(duì)數(shù)量和變動(dòng)成本相對(duì)固定成本的數(shù)量決定了是否存在規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)存在是，隨著產(chǎn)量的增加產(chǎn)品單位成本會(huì)下降。 Economies of scale exist when first,the fixed cost is high(thus the more the units over which it is spread,the lower the cost per unit),and second,the variable cost is small compared with the fixed cost.When Economies of scale are not present,the cost per unit does not change substantially.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)存在時(shí)首先是，固定成本高，可以分?jǐn)偣潭ǔ杀镜漠a(chǎn)品數(shù)量越多，單位成本就越低。其次，變動(dòng)成本比固定成本更小。當(dāng)規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)，單位成本就不會(huì)發(fā)生很大變化。Transportation carriers can be private or for-hire.Private carriers are usually the transportation subsidiary of a large manufacturing industry.They carry only materials and goods of a specific manufacturer.For-hire carriers are further categorized into common and contract.運(yùn)輸工具有私有的和租用的兩種，私有運(yùn)載工具常完成大型制造業(yè)的輔助運(yùn)輸，他們只為某些制造商運(yùn)輸材料或貨物。出租的載運(yùn)工具分為公有的和合同的。Common carriers serve the general public,often on a first-come,first-served basis.Contract carriers provide services to the public on a contract basis only.For-hire carriers can be either regulated or exempt from economic regulation,depending on the types of products they carry.公有的運(yùn)載工具為大眾服務(wù)，以先到先接待為服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)。合同式的運(yùn)載工具專為簽訂合同的人民提供服務(wù)。租用的運(yùn)載工具有些會(huì)和受到管制，有些則不會(huì)被管，這要依據(jù)他們運(yùn)載的貨物類型而定。7主謂一致的問(wèn)題看上去似乎很簡(jiǎn)單，其實(shí)使用起來(lái)卻不是那么容易，有時(shí)候甚至很復(fù)雜.這是因?yàn)樵诓煌闆r下，處理這一問(wèn)題所依據(jù)的原則各不相同.就其在現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法中的基本原則而言，通常有三個(gè)不同角度的著眼點(diǎn)：1,語(yǔ)法一致 2,意義一致 3,就近原則.語(yǔ)法一致主謂一致的原則是指，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致：主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也采取單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式.例如：A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.(主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也采取單數(shù)形式）語(yǔ)法書(shū)幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的某些規(guī)則.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.(主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式）語(yǔ)法書(shū)幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的某些規(guī)則.主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致的問(wèn)題遠(yuǎn)不只上述的那么簡(jiǎn)單，有許多方面的情況需要去具體地對(duì)待：#不定式，動(dòng)名詞，以及從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).例如：Reading often means learning .讀書(shū)常意味是學(xué)習(xí).To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗讀英語(yǔ)有許多好處.What he said has been recorded .他說(shuō)的話已被錄音了.# 不定代詞one,every,each,everybody,everyone,one of,no one,nothing,nobody,someone,somebody,either,neither,many a 等作主語(yǔ)或是修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).例如：Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒(méi)人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng).Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.許多學(xué)生晚飯后常在校園里散步.Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每個(gè)男孩和女孩對(duì)課外活動(dòng)都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣.# 表示國(guó)家，機(jī)構(gòu)，事件，作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).例如：One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .一千零一夜給人們講了許多神秘的民間傳說(shuō).The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美國(guó)常在世界科技方面領(lǐng)先.The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs .聯(lián)合國(guó)在國(guó)際事務(wù)中起著重要作用.# a portion,a series of,a kind of,the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).例如:A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技產(chǎn)品已在展覽上展出.The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近來(lái)一些書(shū)籍里印刷錯(cuò)誤的數(shù)量讓人吃驚得要命.A substantial portion of the reports is missing .這些報(bào)告都沒(méi)有提及實(shí)質(zhì)問(wèn)題.A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人.# 由some,several,both,few,many,a number of 等詞修飾主語(yǔ)，或是由它們自身作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).另外，由and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù).例如：On the seashore,some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海邊，有些人在打排球，有些人躺著曬太陽(yáng).Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽.A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 許多即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生打算自愿去中國(guó)西部工作.# 有些短語(yǔ)，如：a lot of,most of,any of,half of,three fifths of,eighty percent of,some of,none of,the rest of,all of等后接不可數(shù)名詞，或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).例如：A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然斷電時(shí)，那家商店丟失了許多錢.A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了許多關(guān)于投資基金的書(shū)籍.意義一致（ Notional Concord )這一原則是指，從意義著眼來(lái)解決主謂一致問(wèn)題.有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)依意義亦用單數(shù)形式.1) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面接由as well as,as much as,accompanied by,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)而定.在這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語(yǔ)自身的單，復(fù)數(shù)形式，它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語(yǔ).也就是說(shuō)，我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去.從表面上我們也可以看出，它們與主語(yǔ)之間有,隔開(kāi).例如：Petroleum,along with fuel gas,has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤氣的價(jià)格上漲了.The teacher,with all his students,is going to have a picnic this weekend.老師打算這個(gè)周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊.The students,together with their teacher,are going to have a picnic this weekend.學(xué)生們打算這個(gè)周末與他們的老師一起去野炊.The warehouse,with all its stockings,was burned last night.昨晚，那個(gè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了.我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥永锸菭钫Z(yǔ)：Petroleum has recently risen in price,along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas,petroleum has recently risen in price.The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner,as well as the suitcase.2) 表示時(shí)間，金錢，距離，體積，重量，面積，數(shù)字等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其意義若是指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指有多少數(shù)量則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù).例如：Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人們常大約地將四個(gè)星期看成一個(gè)月.Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.二十年在人的一生里意味著一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期.Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十塊錢給一個(gè)學(xué)生吃一個(gè)月的伙食是足夠的了.3) 形容詞前加定冠詞即the + 形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其意義若是指?jìng)€(gè)人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指一類人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù).例如：The young,on the one hand,often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperience.一方面，青年人常認(rèn)為老年人保守；另一方面，老年人總是認(rèn)為青年人沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn).In many stories,the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在許多故事里，好人總是有好報(bào)；壞人注定要倒霉.4)當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)在意義上指同一人，同一物，同一事或者同一概念時(shí)，應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).另外，當(dāng)and 連接兩個(gè)形容詞去修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)形式的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其實(shí)是指兩種不同的事物，主語(yǔ)則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù).例如：War and peace is a constant theme in history. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平是一個(gè)歷史上的永恒的主題.Chinese and Japanese silk are good quality. 中國(guó)絲綢和日本絲綢質(zhì)量都很好.Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡與清咖啡都分別受到不同人們的喜愛(ài).5) 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)的意義：主語(yǔ)表示整體時(shí)視為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；主語(yǔ)表示集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).這類集體名詞常見(jiàn)的有：army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等，其中cattle,people,police一般看成復(fù)數(shù)形式.例如：The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜歡足球.The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社會(huì)的最小的細(xì)胞.The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.人民大眾完全有理由謹(jǐn)防職業(yè)騙局.The public now come to know the whole story.人們現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越清楚那是怎么回事了.就近原則（ Principle of Proximity )這一原則是指，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)保持一致.常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有：or,either or ，neither nor ，not only but also 等.例如：Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.不是我，就是他們要對(duì)那件事的結(jié)局負(fù)責(zé)任.Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的話，也不是那不友好的態(tài)度讓我沮喪.Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.不僅僅是他，而且是他全家人都很熱衷于音樂(lè)會(huì).Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事.Transportation systems affect the environment in many ways. Three of the many transportation related major impacts are air quality, noise generation, and energy consumption. Therefore, the environment impact analysis has become an integral part of contemporary transportation planning and decision-making. 運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)在多方面影