四級作文補(bǔ)充.doc

各種類型作文的寫作方法現(xiàn)象解釋型：基本方法為：描述現(xiàn)象分析原因?qū)ΜF(xiàn)象做出預(yù)測或如何促進(jìn)（限制）這種現(xiàn)象的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。對比選擇型：基本方法為：闡述一種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度，并表明這種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度正確的理由；闡述第二種（相對或相反的）觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度，并說明這種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度正確的理由；表明個人支持或反對以上觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度，并說明原因。問題解決型：基本方法為：提出問題分析問題解決問題。觀點(diǎn)論證型：基本方法為：分析主題得出結(jié)論舉例論證得出結(jié)論（證明觀點(diǎn)的正確性）。應(yīng)用文基本方法為：分析所給情景選擇寫作方法。寫作的常用句式一、寫作常用的開頭表達(dá)方式使用引語（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) （use figures or statistics）當(dāng)然對于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002. 分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說服力。提出問題（ask a question）提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。給出具體實(shí)例或報道（offer relevant examples or reports）給出具體生活實(shí)例或新聞報道，如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通過引用新聞報道的一個實(shí)例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。定義法（give definition）針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that這一句型，說明了practice makes perfect的含義。主題句法（use of topic sentence）文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。開頭段的常用核心句型： As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that . Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that . There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that . In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked. On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that. I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that . Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether 二、文章主題內(nèi)容的常用句型(1)原因結(jié)果分析1. 基本原因- 分析某事物時, 用此句型說明其基本的或者多方面的原因。e.g: 1. Why ？ For one thing For another 2.The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thingFor another Still another 3. A number of factors ， both physical and psychological affect /both individual and social contribute to 2. 另一原因- 在分析了基本原因之后, 再補(bǔ)充一個次要的或者更重要時用。e.g: 1. Another important factor is 2. is also responsible for the change/problem. 3. Certainly ，the is not the sole reason for 3. 后果影響 - 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者帶來的影響。e.g: 1. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on 2. It involves some serious consequence for (2) 比較對照句型1. 兩者比較- 比較兩事物, 要說出其一超過另一個, 或肯定一事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn), 也肯定其缺點(diǎn)的時候用。e.g: 1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.2. Indeed， A carries much weight when compared with B.3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well a spositive effects.2 . 兩者相同/相似- 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點(diǎn)時用。e.g: 1. A and B have several things in common. They are similar in that2. A bears some striking resemblances to B.三、文章的結(jié)尾形式（1） 結(jié)論性- 通過對文章前面的討論 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點(diǎn)。 e.g: 1. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that 2. In summary/In a word ， it is more valuable (2) 后果性- 揭示所討論的問題若不解決, 將產(chǎn)生的嚴(yán)重后果.。 e.g: 1. We must call for an immediate method ， because the current phenomenon of ，if allowed to proceed， will surely lead to the heavy cost of 2. Obviously ， if we ignore/are blind to the problem ， there is every chance that will be put in danger .(3) 號召性-呼吁讀者行動起來, 采取行動或提請注意.。 e.g: 1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the unde sirable tendency of 2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency .(4) 建議性-對所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, 包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法。 e.g: 1. While it cannot be solved immediately， still there are ways. The most popular is Another method is Still another one is 2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.(5) 方向性的結(jié)尾方式-其與建議性的唯一差別就是對問題解決提出總的, 大體的方向或者指明前景。 e.g: 1. Many solutions are being offered here ， all of them make some sense， but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way . 2. There is no quick method to the issue of ， but might be helpful/beneficial. 3. The great challenge today is There is much difficulty, but (6) 意義性的結(jié)尾方式- 文章結(jié)尾的時候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠(yuǎn)的意義。 e.g: 1. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success， but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit 2. In any case， whether it is positive or negative， one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly 四、表達(dá)個人觀點(diǎn)的常用句型1. In my opinion/ view 2. Personally, I prefer 3. I suppose /maintain (that) 4. As for me, I think 5. As far as Im concerned, I plan to 6. As I see it, 7. From where I stand, 8. It seems to me that 9. From my point of view, 10.Its my feeling that 五、常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞強(qiáng)調(diào) still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, aboveall, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially，Obviously,clearly. 比較 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 對比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas,unlike,yet, in contrast. 列舉 for example, for instance, such as, take for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 時間 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 順序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解釋 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 遞進(jìn) What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 讓步 although, after all, in spite of, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 轉(zhuǎn)折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately.whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 結(jié)果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 總結(jié) on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize,in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,六、用于圖表的常用句型As is shown in the graph如圖所示 The graph shows that 圖表顯示 As can be seen from the table, 從表格中可以看出 From the chart, we know that 從這張表中,我們可知 All these data/statistics/figures clearly prove the fact that所有這些數(shù)據(jù)明顯證明這一事實(shí),即 The increase of . In the city has reached to 20%. .在這個城市的增長已達(dá)到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,這個數(shù)字保持不變. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出現(xiàn)了逐漸下降的情況. 七、書信寫作常用句型1申請信1）I am writing to apply for the post of.advertised in.(申請刊登在上的.工作)2）In reply to your advertisement in, I beg to apply for the post ofin your company.3) Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for, I left it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time.(看到貴公司在報上的招聘的廣告，我馬上感到這正是我這段時間所要尋找的工作，并且我正適合)4) The kind of work in which your company is engaged particularly interests me.5) I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experience needed for the position ofadvertised in the paper.6) I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as you request.7) I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience, when I could give you further details concerning myself.8) It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me ideal preparation to assume the role of in a firm such as yours. 2. 邀請信及答復(fù)1) It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to attend the meeting.2) It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition.3) It is very kind of you to ask us to dinner this coming Saturday evening. But, to our deep regret, we cannot accept it.3. 批評、投訴信1) I am writing to complain about.2) I think its high time you realized(我認(rèn)為是你認(rèn)識到的時候了).3) I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal avtion.4) To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more.4. 感謝信1) I warmly appreciate your hospitality.2) I dont know how to thank you for your kindness to me.3) I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the lovely time we had at your party last night.5. 推薦信1) I am very pleased to write this letter of recommendation to support his application.2) I am very delighted to have been asked to write this letter of recommendation for3) Aside from the aspect of,he gives me the impression that.4) To my knowledge, he is a versatile young man.5) During his work, he had complete a lot of important research projects, and accumulated rich experience and skills in the following fields寫作模版1現(xiàn)象解釋型模板Topic sentencehas become a common part of peoples life.Andhas always aroused the greatest concern.what impresses us most is .The reasonsare varied. 5. Among the various reasons,plays an important role.6.That is to say,7.What is more,8.For example, 9When talking about，10On the one hand11On the other hand,12In brief, 2對比選擇型作文模板1.Different people have different views on2. Some people perfer,.3. Others tend to, .4.As to me, I agree with /to 5. Of course,.6.For example,7.But,8.The following reasons can account for my preference 9.The main reason is .10.A good example to illustrate is 11.Fur another,12.From the foregoing, 3問題解決型作文模板1. With the development/improvement of ,.2. It is necessary that.3. On the one hand, .4. On the other hand, 5. Therefore, how to is worth paying attention.6.Firstly7.Secondly8.For example,9. Thirdly, .10.In other words,11.In fact, ways to are countless.12.Its time that 4. 觀點(diǎn)論證型作文模板1. It is true that.2. However,.3.I think.4. can be listed as follow.5. First of all, 6. Secondly 7.For example8.Thirdly,9. A case in point is .10.It goes without saying that11.There is no doubt that 12.In conclusion 5. 求職申請信模板DateDear1. I am applying for the position of advertised in.2. I major in .3. My training in definitely meet your qualifications.4. My complete resume is attached.5. I will graduate on from6. In additionto the required courses of this program, I have.7. I also have some experience in 8. I believe that my training and experience.9. You will find me to be.10. I hope that you will consider me for your position.11.May I have a personal interview at your convenience? 12.I can be reach by telephone betweenand. Sincerely yours, Signature: 常用的名人名言1. Do not, for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)不要只因一次失敗，就放棄你原來決心想達(dá)到的目的。(英國劇作家 莎士比亞.W.)2. Dont part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain , American writer)不要放棄你的幻想。當(dāng)幻想沒有了以后，你還可以生存，但是你雖生猶死。(美國作家 馬克吐溫)3. I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man . I dont know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world .(Thomas Edison , American inventor)我想揭示大自然的秘密，用來造福人類。我認(rèn)為，在我們的短暫一生中，最好的貢獻(xiàn)莫過于此了。(美國發(fā)明家 愛迪生. T.)4. Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal , there is no secure direction ; without direction , there is no life .( Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer)理想是指路明燈。沒有理想，就沒有堅(jiān)定的方向；沒有方向，就沒有生活。(俄國作家 托爾斯泰 )5. If winter comes , can spring be far behind ?( P. B. Shelley , British poet )冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？( 英國詩人, 雪萊. P. B.)6. If you doubt yourself , then indeed you stand on shaky11 ground .(Ibsen , Norwegian dramatist )如果你懷疑自己，那么你的立足點(diǎn)確實(shí)不穩(wěn)固了。 (挪威劇作家 易卜生)7. If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads . (F. W . Nietzsche , German Philosopher)如果你想走到高處，就要使用自己的兩條腿！不要讓別人把你抬到高處；不要坐在別人的背上和頭上。(德國哲學(xué)家 尼采. F. W.)8. It is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest , but there is seldom any money in them.( Mark Twain , American writer )就是在我們母親的膝上，我們獲得了我們的最高尚、最真誠和最遠(yuǎn)大的理想，但是里面很少有任何金錢。(美國作家 馬克吐溫)9.Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. Alexander Dumas (Davy de La Pailleterie, French Writer)生活沒有目標(biāo)就像航海沒有指南針。 (法國作家 大仲馬. A.)10. The ideals which have lighted my way , and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness , beauty and truth .(Albert Einstein , American scientist)有些理想曾為我們引過道路，并不斷給我新的勇氣以欣然面對人生，那些理想就是-真、善、美。 (美國科學(xué)家 愛因斯坦 . A .)11.The important thing in life is to have a great aim , and the determination to attain it. (Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German Poet and dramatist)人生重要的事情就是確定一個偉大的目標(biāo)，并決心實(shí)現(xiàn)它。(德國詩人、戲劇家 歌德 . J . M .)12. The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds .(Mark Twain , American writer)具有新想法的人在其想法實(shí)現(xiàn)之前是個怪人。 (美國作家 馬克吐溫)13.The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)實(shí)現(xiàn)明天理想的唯一障礙是今天的疑慮。 (美國總統(tǒng) 羅斯福. F .)14. When an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory .(Abraham Lincoln , American statesman)如果一個目的是正當(dāng)而必須做的，則達(dá)到這個目的的必要手段也是正當(dāng)而必須采取的。(美國政治家 林肯. A.)15.Genius only means hard-working all ones life .( Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)天才只意味著終身不懈的努力。(俄國化學(xué)家 門捷列耶夫)16. I have nothing to offer but blood , toil tears and sweat . (Winston Churchill, British Politician)我所能奉獻(xiàn)的沒有其它，只有熱血、辛勞、眼淚與汗水。(英國政治家 丘吉爾 . W.)17. Man errs so long as he strives. (Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)人只要奮斗就會犯錯誤。 (德國詩人、劇作家 歌德. J. W.)18.My fellow Americans , ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country . My fellow citizens of the world ; ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man . (John Kennedy , American President )美國同胞們，不要問國家能為你們做些什么，而要問你們能為國家做