過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ).doc

過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，它只是一種形式，從意義上講，它具有完成和被動(dòng)兩大特點(diǎn)。一. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)1. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞或只帶副詞的單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，具有形容詞的特性，一般放在被修飾詞的前面。a broken window, an honored guest, a retired teacher, the fallen leaves2. 過(guò)去分詞修飾some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代詞或指示代詞those等時(shí)，或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，要置于被修飾的名詞之后。They reduced the number of animals used in experiments.There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.3. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系：（1）及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞可改為動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)形式的定語(yǔ)從句。 lost time= time which is lost;a beaten team= a team which is beaten;a well-known writer= a writer who is well-known.（2）部分不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可改為動(dòng)詞完成式或表示狀態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。retired workers = workers who have retired;a sunken ship = a ship which has sunk二. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)，大多說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句的主語(yǔ)。Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被濃煙嗆著了，幾乎不能呼吸了。Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks significant. 從山頂看這座城市時(shí)，它看起來(lái)很壯麗。She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. 她的小女兒跟著她走出了家門(mén)。有時(shí)分詞為了加以強(qiáng)調(diào)或明確其意義用連詞when，once, if, though, although, even if, even though, unless, than, as (像)等后面接過(guò)去分詞。When told of the news, she got very excited.I wont go to the party unless invited.綜上所述：做有關(guān)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)的題時(shí)要把握兩點(diǎn)：（1）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，看是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)；（2）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系，看其與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后?！具呂蜻吘殹?. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. boughtC. been bought D. buying2. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring 3. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _. A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted4. The dog, _, will be made a good watchdog.A. to train properly B. being trained properlyC. properly to train D. trained properly5. _ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Asking B. To ask C. Ask D. AskedKey：1-5BABDD透過(guò)高考試題解讀過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞有兩個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)，即：從時(shí)間上講，表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；從語(yǔ)態(tài)上講，表示被動(dòng)的概念，但是如果是不及物動(dòng)詞用作過(guò)去分詞形式，則只表示時(shí)間上的過(guò)去，而沒(méi)有被動(dòng)意義。過(guò)去分詞在句中通?？梢宰鞅碚Z(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，本文擬結(jié)合歷年高考試題重點(diǎn)討論其作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題。一、作定語(yǔ)1定語(yǔ)的位置 1）單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞及由過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常置于被修飾詞之前，但修飾代詞時(shí)，需置于被修飾詞之后。如：the developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家；well-trained policemen訓(xùn)練有素的警察；man-made satellites人造衛(wèi)星；everybody invited所有被邀請(qǐng)的人注意：leave的過(guò)去分詞left表示“剩余的、剩下的”意思時(shí)，置于被修飾詞之后。如：There is only one minute left就剩下一分鐘了。2）過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要后置，即要放在被修飾詞之后。如：Dont use words，expressions，or phrases _only to people with specific knowledge（上02）Abeing known Bhaving been known Cto be known Dknown 3）部分過(guò)去分詞置于被修飾詞前后的位置不同，則意義也不相同。如： an adopted child收養(yǎng)的孩子；a plan adopted被采納的方案。2作限制性定語(yǔ)或非限制性定語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)可以是限制性定語(yǔ)，也可以是非限制性定語(yǔ)，并且可以與對(duì)應(yīng)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如：1）The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century此句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為：The first textbooks that（which）were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century2）The Olympic Games，first held in 776BC，did not include women competitors until1912此句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為：The Olympic Games，which was first held in 776BC，did not include women competitors until 19123表示情感的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般由表示情感或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常不可以修飾無(wú)生命物，有些此類(lèi)過(guò)去分詞已經(jīng)完全形容詞化，常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)過(guò)去分詞有：disappointed（失望的），moved（感動(dòng)的），interested（感興趣的），touched（被感動(dòng)的），surprised（感到驚訝的），shocked（震驚的、震撼的），puzzled（迷惑不解的），frightened（受驚嚇的）等等。如： a frightened driver嚇壞了的司機(jī);a disappointed girl感到失望的女孩.4不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一些不及物動(dòng)詞也有過(guò)去分詞形式，由于不及物動(dòng)詞不可以直接跟賓語(yǔ)，所以不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作的完成，而沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的意義。如： newly-arrived goods新到的貨；fallen leaves落葉；faded flowers凋謝的花。一、 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞表示的意義是被動(dòng)的和完成的，單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)常常放在被修飾詞的前面，而分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常置于被修飾詞的后面，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。且分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與其所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。1Most of the artists _ to the party were from South AfricaMET90 Ainvited Bto invite Cbeing invited Dhad been invited 【簡(jiǎn)析】句中的most of the artists與invited之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選用過(guò)去分詞，相當(dāng)于who were invited，答案為A。 2The computer centre，_ last year，is very popular among the students in this schoolNMET93 Aopen Bopening Chaving opened Dopened 【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就開(kāi)業(yè)了，表示完成的動(dòng)作；而且open與the computer centre又存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，句意為：去年開(kāi)辦的計(jì)算機(jī)中心在這所學(xué)校里受到學(xué)生們的歡迎。答案為D。 3The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th centuryNMET94 Ahaving written Bto be written Cbeing written Dwritten 【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，我們應(yīng)選D，因?yàn)閣rit- ten既表示被動(dòng)又表示完成的動(dòng)作。A不能作后置定語(yǔ)，B是不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，C表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，均不合題意。 4The Olympic Games，_ in 776 BC，did not include women players until 1912NMET97 Afirst playing Bto be first played Cfirst played Dto be first playing 【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)題意可知，the Olympic Games與play之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此可以排除A和D，另外B表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，也應(yīng)排除，故答案為C。它可還原成一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：which was first played in 776 BC。 二、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它常與句子的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。作條件、原因、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞短語(yǔ)常位于句首；作伴隨、方式、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞短語(yǔ)常位于句末。 5_ more attention，the trees could have grown betterMET90 AGiven BTo give CGiving DHaving given 【簡(jiǎn)析】句子主語(yǔ)the trees與give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案選A，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)Given more attention作條件狀語(yǔ)，放于句首。 6_ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of himNMET96 ALosing BHaving lost CLost DTo lose 【簡(jiǎn)析】be lost in thought為固定搭配，意為“陷入沉思”，因此答案選C。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) Lost in thought與句子主語(yǔ)he構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。 注意：過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)可以與一些連詞連用，如：when, while, if, until, once等，這實(shí)際上是過(guò)去分詞在省略句中的應(yīng)用。 7The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change itNMET2002 Abegins Bhaving begun Cbeginning Dbegun 【簡(jiǎn)析】答案為D。once begun在句中作條件狀語(yǔ)，它是狀語(yǔ)從句once it is begun的省略形式，句意為：這項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究事先計(jì)劃的如此完好，以致于一旦開(kāi)始，什么也無(wú)法改變它。 8Generally speaking, _according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003上海) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken【簡(jiǎn)析】完整的說(shuō)法應(yīng)是when the drug is taken according to the directions,由于主句的主語(yǔ)和從句的主語(yǔ)相同，因此可以省略從句的主語(yǔ)the drug和謂語(yǔ)的一部分is,答案為B。當(dāng)然也可以省去when。分詞作定語(yǔ) 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)： 1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。 2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。 He rushed into the burning house他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。 The child standing over there is my brother站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房間是我們的教室。 Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。 下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義，這點(diǎn)要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如： Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見(jiàn)那位將從北京請(qǐng)來(lái)的醫(yī)生嗎？ Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見(jiàn)那位正在辦公室里寫(xiě)病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？ 分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 （1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。 現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。 1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后將門(mén)隨手關(guān)上。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。 2）過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果對(duì)這些樹(shù)多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。 Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。 2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開(kāi)頭，除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。 Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在專(zhuān)心讀書(shū)，他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因) Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔細(xì)讀書(shū)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間) Reading carefully，youll learn something new只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件) 作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，如果動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞； 如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系或者表示狀態(tài)，用過(guò)去分詞 we left him crying outside the gate. we found his hands tied behind his back. we found the world outside changed. 狀態(tài) 動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)既可用“to動(dòng)詞原形”表示, 也可用“in order to動(dòng)詞原形”或“so as to動(dòng)詞原形”表示。例如: He came here to borrow my bike. 他到這里來(lái)借我的自行車(chē)。 The rich woman spent all her time and all her money in order to be well dressed. 這位富婦人為了穿得漂亮, 她不惜花掉她全部的時(shí)間和金錢(qián)。 Igotup early so as to be in time for morning exercises. 我起得很早, 以便于及時(shí)做早操。 使用它們時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下要點(diǎn): 一、用“in order to 動(dòng)詞原形”比“to動(dòng)詞原形”作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)而且文體較正式。例如: People there killed many lions in order to protect the deer. 那里的人們?yōu)榱吮Ｗo(hù)鹿, 殺掉了許多獅子。 二、一般來(lái)講, “in order to 動(dòng)詞原形”與“so as to 動(dòng)詞原形”可以互換。但是, 如果不定式兼有“結(jié)果”的涵義時(shí), 一般應(yīng)用“so as to 動(dòng)詞原形”。例如: Ishallgo on working late today soas to be free tomorrow. 我今天要工作得晚些, 明天就可以沒(méi)事了。 三、“in order to.通?？梢苑旁诰涫? 使其表示的目的更加明顯; “so asto. 也可放在句首作目的狀語(yǔ)”。例如: In order to get there before eight I started early. 為了在八點(diǎn)以前趕到那里, 我很早就動(dòng)身了。 So as to make a study on kangaroos, he came to Australia. 為了研究大袋鼠, 他來(lái)到了澳大利亞。 四、當(dāng)不定式的否定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 一般用“in order not to.或“so as not to., 不用“not to., 因?yàn)楹笳呤墙Y(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。試比較: Im going to get up now in order not to（so as not to）miss the early bus. 為了不誤早班公共汽車(chē), 我現(xiàn)在得起床。 He came in quietly in order not to（so as not to）wake the child. 他輕輕地走了進(jìn)來(lái), 以免吵醒孩子。 He must be deaf not to hear what I have said. 連我說(shuō)的話都聽(tīng)不見(jiàn), 他一定是聾了。（表結(jié)果） 五、在“enough to., only to., too. to.等結(jié)果中的不定式皆表結(jié)果, 但在“soadj. adv. as to.結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式既可表目的, 又可表結(jié)果, 判斷二者時(shí), 一要看句子意思和上下文, 二要看語(yǔ)言環(huán)境才能確定。例如: The boy is old e