獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)及倒裝.doc

獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個句子。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞（過去分詞；形容詞；副詞；不定式；名詞；介詞短語）1. 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠(yuǎn)處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。2. 名詞(代詞)+過去分詞The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。3. 名詞(代詞)+不定式在“名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關(guān)系，則用被動形式。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校看上去將更美。4. 名詞(代詞)+形容詞The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse特洛伊人睡著了，于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。5. 名詞(代詞)+副詞The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散會了，校長很快就離開了會議室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。6. 名詞(代詞)+名詞His first shot failure，he fired again他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。7. 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一個背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會從那間破舊的房屋前蹣跚著走過。三、with，without 引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with ( without)+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式） Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式） The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式） The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞） He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞/代詞+形容詞）在with (without) 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。1. 作時間狀語 My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting我脫掉鞋子后，走進一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米墊子上。 The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path總督思考問題時，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。2. 作條件狀語 Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。 Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。3. 作原因狀語 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。4. 作伴隨狀語或補充說明 I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side我拿著車票還有我的奶酪，雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺。人們似乎很尊敬我，紛紛向兩邊退去。 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個學(xué)生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀(jì)最小的是個12歲的男孩。五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)注意事項1. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個句子來代替。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在，名詞或代詞與后面的分詞等邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle，表示將來的時間） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用過去分詞settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）3. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞使用的問題當(dāng)介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)劫匪手里拿著刀闖進房間。當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那兒，牙關(guān)緊閉，雙拳緊握，兩眼直視上方。 4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨立成分的異同 有些分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習(xí)慣用法。這些短語有：Generally speaking （總的說來），F(xiàn)rankly speaking （坦率地說），Judging from （從判斷），Supposing （假設(shè)），等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 總的說來，這條規(guī)則很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所說的來判斷，他一定是一個誠實的人。有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式，表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest（老實說），to be sure （確實），to tell you the truth （說實話），to cut a long story short （長話短說），to be frank （坦率地說），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實話，我犯了一個拼寫錯誤。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情況更糟的是，許多男人都去城市找工資較高的工作，而留下附近村莊的婦女來繼續(xù)承擔(dān)修復(fù)工作。5獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句。但是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，它有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語一致。If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 轉(zhuǎn)換為：Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 如果時間允許,我們最好周末去度假。When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.轉(zhuǎn)換為：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個城市更美了。還必須注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語并不總是和主句的主語一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。 Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷，花費了警察很長一段時間。（Searching短語的邏輯主語是主句中的policemen）倒裝句專練1. Only by practising a few hours every day _ (你才會使用它)(use)2. Only when you reach the standard _(你才能被錄取) the college. (admit)3. Not a single word _（她說）at the meeting so far. (say)4. Seldom _ during my past few years of working here.（我犯錯誤）(make)5. Not until I began to work _（我意識到）how much time I had wasted. (realize)6. _（他一進辦公室）when he realized that he had forgotten his report.(hardly) 7._(無論如何你不應(yīng)該)give up your dream. (circumstance)8. He is a good student, and works very hard, _（她也是）(so)9._ at the top of the hill.（有個氣象站）(stand）10. Round and round _. (飛機飛著)(fly)11._ (明天下雨)tomorrow, we would have to put off visiting Beijing.（be）12. _（學(xué)習(xí)努力）at college, you would have got a better job. (work)13._, he wont stop to have a rest.（他很累）(tired)14._（不論多晚）, mother will wait for him to have dinner together.(late)15. _ （他如此生氣）that he couldnt speak.(angry)16. Such _（是他說的）(say)17. In front of the building_.（立著棵樹）(stand)18. Never _ (他們彼此吵架), though they have been married for 20 years. (quarrel)19. Should_（你被開除）,your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（fire）.20. Never in my wildest dreams_ (我能想像)these people are living in such poor conditions.（imagine）21.Scarcely _(她看見報紙上的廣告)when she booked a package tour with Bright Travel Service.（read）22. Greatly loved in China _（是英國浪漫詩人）（poet）23. So _（我覺得難）to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.（find）24. _（盡管他是個教師），he wasnt able to educate his own child well.（as）25. No _（鈴聲一響）than the teacher came in.（sooner）26._(多么有趣啊)to usually swim in the pool in hot weather after a days hard work ! (fun)27. Standing beside the window _（是一個約6歲的孩子）（age）28. Little _（他關(guān)心自己安全），though he was in great danger himself.（care）29. At no time in Chinas history _(人們有權(quán)進入)hospitals and clinics easily and conveniently.(access)30. After that we never saw her again. Nor _（也沒收到她的信）her.（hear）31. You disliked him, _（我也不喜歡他）.（so）32. We have been told that under no circumstances_ (我們可以使用電話)in the office for personal affairs.（use）33. Such _ (它是一部動人的電影)that they were all lost in thought after it was over.（move）34. Only he told me secretly that not only_（她笨）but also she was lazy.（stupid）35. Youve no idea_(多么重要)to help the snow-bit victims out of trouble.（how）36. “I have been to many places, but nowhere else _（我能找到如此）beautiful palace”, said my father excitedly.（find）37. Scarcely_（把糧食收進來）when it began to rain.（gather）.38. Before dark, we arrived at a small town, east of which _(是一個大農(nóng)場).（lie）倒裝答案：1 will you be able to use it2 can/will you be admitted to3 has she sai