動詞的非謂語形式有三種.doc

動詞的非謂語形式有三種：不定式、動名詞和分詞(一) 不定式、動詞不定式的形式變化：動詞不定式有下列時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。語態(tài)式一般式完成式進行式完成進行式主動to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被動to be buildto have been build 不定式由“ to十動詞原形”構成，其否定形式是“ not to do”不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化不定式可作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語，但不能單獨作謂語不定式的邏輯主語有時用“ for十名詞或代詞賓格”構成 1不定式的用法： l) 作主語不定式短語作主語時，往往放在謂語之后，用 it作形式主語例； To see is to believe It is right to give up smoking 2)作賓語不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語。往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補足語之后，而用 it作形式賓語例： I find it interesting to study work with him.3)作賓語補足語例如： He asked me to do the work with him. 注意 ：在 feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have, let，make等詞后的補足語中，不定式不帶 to但是這些句子如果變成被動結構時，就必須帶 to例 I often hear him sing the song He is often heard to sing the song 注意：不定式動詞在介詞 but，except，besides后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞 do的各種形式，這些介詞后的不定式不帶 to，否則要帶 to如： She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go 4)作定語例如： I have some books for you to read 注作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面須有相應的介詞例如：He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是 time，place或 way，不定式后面的介詞習慣上要省去例如： He had no money and no place to live.注當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同試比較： A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎? B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎? (不定式 to be sent的動作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的 me或someone else) 5)作狀語，表示目的、原因、結果或條件例如： I came here to see you(目的) We were very excited to hear the news(原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there(結果) To look at him, you would like him(條件)目的狀語還可以用 in order to或 so as to來表示如： In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard We ran all the way so as not to be late不定式也可在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語例如： I am very glad to hear it The question is difficult to answer“ too十形容詞或副詞十不定式”作狀語例如： He is too old to do that另外句子中有 enough這個詞時，常用不定式作狀語例如： The room is big enough to hold us 6)作表語例：My job is to help the patient 7)作獨立成分例；To tell the truth， I dont agree with you. 8)不定式與疑問詞 who，which，when，where，how，what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當主語、表語、賓語等例如： He didnt know what to say.(賓語) How to solve the problem is very important(主語) My question is when to start. (表語) 注意：在與 why連用時，只用于 why或 why not開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶 to. 例如: Why not have a rest? 9)不定式在句中用主動式還是被動式。多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的，但有時的確比較復雜，請注意以下幾點： A)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式構成邏輯上的主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? B)不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系，又和該句主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系時，不定式常用主動形式 I have got a letter to write( I write letter) He needs a room to live in( He lives in a room) I know what to do( I do what) 但這句如改為下列形式，不定式就得用被動形式：I know what is to be done. 這是因為 what is to be done是賓語從句，從句中的主語 what是動詞 do的動作對象 C)不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時，不定式多用主動形式，這是因為人們往往認為形容詞后省去了 for one或 for people例如： He is hard to talk to( to talk to him) The book is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.) 但如果強調(diào)句中的受事者時，亦可用不定式被動式，例如： The handwriting is very difficult to be read. The box is too heavy to be lifted D)在 “there十be” 的結構中，當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式，如果說話人強調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動形式 There is a lot of work to do. ( Somebody has to do the work) There is a lot of work to be done ( The work has to be done.) 請注意下面兩個句子的含義是不同的： There is nothing to do. 意為無事可做，感到十分乏味 There is nothing to be done意為某東西壞了，無法使之恢復正常2不定式的時態(tài) l)不定式的一般形式所表示的動作，通常與謂語的動作(狀態(tài))同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生例如： I saw him go out 2)如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在進行，這時不定式就要用進行式例如： I am very glad to be working with you 3)如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，就要用完成式例如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 3不定式的語態(tài) 當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動形式。例如： He asked to be sent to work in the countryside It is possible for our hopes to be realized 2.分詞的用法 l)作定語 分詞短語做定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個分詞做定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之前例如: The man standing by the window is our teacher. The excited people rushed into the building 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，它表示的動作是正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，如果兩個動作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。例如： The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的差異： 現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作定語時，不僅存在前置與后置的區(qū)別，而且存在狀態(tài)、時間與形式上的差異。 一、狀態(tài)差異 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語明顯存在狀態(tài)差異。一般來講，前置的現(xiàn)在分詞靜感強。而后置現(xiàn)在分詞動感強。學習時要注意體會這一點。 例1：The labouring people are the wisest. 例2：The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes 能前置的現(xiàn)在分詞為數(shù)不太多，常見的大都是已被形容詞化了的現(xiàn)在分詞。這一點主要表現(xiàn)在有些現(xiàn)在分詞前常有程度副詞，有些現(xiàn)在分詞甚至還有比較等級。 例3: I have brought very exciting news to you 例4：This is the most exciting story that I have ever read 二、時間差異 時間差異指現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間差異。有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時表示正在進行的動作。這些現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語從句宜用進行時態(tài)。 例5：Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise? Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise? 例6：The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday. The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時則表示經(jīng)常性動作或現(xiàn)在(或當時)的狀態(tài)。此類現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語從句宜用一般時態(tài)，而不宜用進行時態(tài)。若譯成漢語也應注意體現(xiàn)這一點。 例7：They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake. 例8：The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty. 三、形式差異 從形式來看，前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為單個分詞，而后置現(xiàn)在分詞多為短語。換句話說，若用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個分詞要前置，分詞短語要后置。但也不能絕對如此，要視情況而定。要是強調(diào)動感，即使是單個分詞也應后置。 例9：Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary 從內(nèi)容來講，前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為不及物動詞，沒有自己的賓語或狀語。后置現(xiàn)在分詞可帶賓語或狀語。有時前置現(xiàn)在分詞也可有自己的賓語或狀語，不過要置于分詞前，且中間要有連詞符號。當然，帶比較級時除外。 例10：Barking dogs seldom bite 例 11：The person translating the songs can speak seven languages. 例 12：England and America are English-speaking countries值得說明的是，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式與被動式一般都不能用作前置定語，只能作后置定語，使用時應慎重。例 13：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here 2)作狀語 分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例； Being a student, I must study hard.(原因) While reading the book, he nodded from time to time(時間) The teacher stood there surrounded by the students(方式) 注：分詞短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致 注：表示時間關系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞 while或 when引出 注：有時“with( without)十名詞(或代詞賓格)十分詞”的結構，表示伴隨狀況例； He lay half dead，with all his ribs broken 注：當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時：分詞必須有自己的主語例如: Time permitting, I will finish another lesson3)作表語例如： The news is inspiring. /The glass is broken 4)作賓語補足語例如:We saw the teacher making the experiment. 注意.感官動詞feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe，look at(一感二聽五看)及find等既可以接現(xiàn)在分詞又可以接過去分詞充當補足語，既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合賓語，也可以用不定式構成復合賓語，但兩者的含義是有差別的，用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動作正在發(fā)生，(即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結束)，用不定式表示動作發(fā)生了，(即動作全過程結束了)。例如： I saw the girl getting on the tractor I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off He had his clothes washed. (他叫別人洗了衣服) We had the fire burning all day(我們使火燃燒了一整天)。 注意：“ have十賓語十現(xiàn)在分詞”表示主體使客體處于某狀態(tài)或干什么事；“ have十賓語十過去分詞”表示動作是別人做的或與主體意志無關If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air moving against your face.The air can be felt moving against your face, if you wave your book in front of your face.The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead.The next morning the man was found lying in bed, dead. 2.表示“致使”動詞get，have，leave等既可以接現(xiàn)在分詞又可以接過去分詞充當補足語。-Good morning. Can I help you?-Id like to have the package weighed, madam.(MET89)3.表示“意欲；命令”的動詞如like，want，wish，order等常接過去分詞充當補足語。如：You must tell us exactly what you would like done.你必須準確地告訴我們該做什么。The father wants his daughter taught the piano.這位父親想讓女兒學鋼琴。I wish it done quickly.我希望很快將此事做完。注意：set，start，catch常跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，make常跟過去分詞作賓語補足語。如：He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.(2004年北京春季卷)典例精析：1. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (2007全國I)A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt答案：A。解析：smell something burning“聞著什么東西在燃燒而發(fā)出糊味”強調(diào)這個動作正在進行。burning作賓語補足語。something burnt “燒焦了的東西”表示一種狀態(tài)。所以選A。2. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. (2007年上海卷)A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call答案：A。解析：hear sb. doing sth.意為“聽到某人在做某事”。動詞+ing表示主動，the child heard his mothers voice calling him表示“孩子聽見他母親喊他”。hear sth. done表示“聽見某事被做了”。所以選A。3. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. (2007年福建卷)A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve答案：A。解析：have sth. done表示“使某事被做”，have her written English improved “使她的書面英語得到提高”。動詞+ed形式作賓語補足語表示被動。have sb. doing sth.意為“使某人一直在做某事”表主動。have sb. do sth.意為“使某人做某事”表主動，do前必須省略to。所以選A。4. - Did Peter fix the computer himself?- He _, because he doesnt know much about computers. (2007安徽)A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it答案：C。解析：have sth. done表示“使某事被做或請別人做某事”，動詞+ed形式作賓語補足語表示被動。由because he doesnt know much about computers可判斷出2011年高考英語非謂語動詞考點及精品練習題(十)典型陷阱題分析1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A. enter B. to enterC. entering D. entered【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學一看到空格前的情態(tài)動詞 could 就斷定此處應填動詞原形 enter?！痉治觥科鋵嵳_答案應是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動詞 do，若把句子補完整應為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語的，而不是與情態(tài)動詞(could)一起構成謂語。請再看類似例句：(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。值得指出的是，這也并不是說今后只要遇到類似結構的題就一定選帶to不定式。請看以下試題：(4) He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus.A. to hope B. hopeC. hoping D. hoped此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語。(5) He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A. practise B. to practiseC. practising D. practised此題答案選 C，這與前面動詞 spent 的搭配有關，即 spend (in) doing sth。若將此句補充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could _D_ his oral English.A. improve B. to improveC. improving D. to improving此題答案選D，注意兩點：一是 devote to 是固定搭配，意為“把貢獻給”；二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，后接動詞時要用動名詞。2. He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to doC. being doing D. to be done【陷阱】容易誤選B，根據(jù) cant help doing sth 這一結構推出?！痉治觥科鋵嵈鸢笐xA。比較以下結構：cant help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事cant help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事又如下面一題，答案也是 B：She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.A cleaning B. to cleanC. cleaned D. being cleaned再請看以下試題：While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A. to persuade B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded此題應選C，句中的 cant help 意為“禁不住”（注意根據(jù)句意用被動形式）。3. All her time _ experiments, she has no time for films.A. devoted to do B. devoted to doingC. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選?！痉治觥看祟}最佳答案為B?，F(xiàn)分析如下：(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻身于”，主要用 devoteto或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，故后接動詞時要用動名詞，不用不定式。(2) 選A錯誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨立主格結構，用作狀語。(4) 選C錯誤：因為all her time 與 devote 為被動關系，故應將devoting改為devoted。(5) 選D錯誤：若單獨看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒有錯，但問題是逗號前后兩個簡單句沒有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或將D將中的is 改為 being也可選它。請做以下類似題（答案均選A）：(1) All the preparations for the project _, were ready to start. A. completed B. have been completedC. had been completed D. been completed(2) Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supporting D. is, to support比較以下各題，答案選B，因為句中使用了并列連詞and：(1) All the preparations for the project _, and were ready to start. A. completed B. have been completedC. had been completed D. been completed(2) Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supporting D. is, to support4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. do not make【陷阱】容易誤選C，受題干中的逗號的影響，認為是現(xiàn)在分詞表結果的用法?！痉治觥科鋵嵈鸢笐xB，句中的逗號相當于連詞 and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是對逗號前的不定式 to make life easier 的補充說明。此句的意思是“新技術的目的是為了使生活變得更容易，而不是使生活變得更困難”。兩個不定式同時用以說明句子主語 purpose 的內(nèi)容。請做以下類似試題（答案選B）：The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _ work for young people. A. provide B. to provideC. providing D. provided5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. to be tied B. being tiedC. tied D. having tied【陷阱】容易誤選B?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镃。從意義上看，hands 與 tie 的關系應屬被動關系，故排除D。在A、B、C三個選項中，選項A比較容易排除，因為不定式表示將來意義，在此與語境不符?，F(xiàn)將B和C作一比較：B為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式，它表示兩層意義，一是表被動，二是表進行，也就是說 his hands being tied 的實際意思是“他的手正在被捆住”，這顯然與語境不符。而C為過去分詞，它也表示兩層意義，一是表被動，二是表示動詞的完成或完成后的狀態(tài)，此句中的 with his hands tied behind his back 可視為手被捆在背后的一種狀態(tài)。由此可知最佳答案為C。請看下面一題：Anyone _ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police. A. finds B. foundC. being found D. will find答案選B而不選C，其中的過去分詞表示被動和完成。比較下面兩題，最佳答案是D不是A，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示被動和進行：(1) The court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are welcome to see a case _.A. argued B. to be arguedC. to be arguing D. being argued(2) The silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _.A. turned B. having turnedC. to be turned D. being turned6. Remind me _ the medicine tomorrow. A. of taking B. takingC. to take D. take【陷阱】容易誤選A。受 remind sb of (doing) sth 這一常用結構的影響?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镃。比較以下三個結構：remind sb of about sth = 使某人想起某事remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做過某事（暗示動作已發(fā)生）remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示動作尚未發(fā)生）請看兩個例句：I reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他做過的諾言。My wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾經(jīng)看過那部電影。Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我給她打電話?7. Once your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life.A. you fly B. your flightC. flight D. flying【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镈。由于空格后出現(xiàn)了constantly這一副詞，這就說明不能選B或C，因為B、C均為名詞，不能受副詞 constantly 的修飾。A和D均是可能的，因為其中有動詞 fly。但若選A，you fly 是一個主謂結構，與其后的謂語 will be 相沖突，所以只能選D，即動名詞flying在此用作主語。8. Not only should you get used _ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention _ your work well. A. to work, to do B. to working, to doingC. to work, to doing D. to working, to do【陷阱】容易誤選A，認為兩個空白處均應填不定式?！痉治觥空_答案為B，因為 get used to與pay attention to 這兩個結構中的to均為介詞，不是不定式符號，故后接動詞時要用動名詞，不能動詞原形。類似地，以下各結構中的 to 也是介詞，不是不定式符號，后接動詞時也應用動名詞，而不是動詞原形：look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事be opposed to doing sth 反對做某事object to doing sth反對做某事stick to doing sth 堅持做某事get down to doing sth 開始做某事take to doing sth 喜歡上做某事admit to doing 承認做了某事pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事devote ones time to doing sth 把某人的時間用于(奉獻于)做某事be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能勝任做某事What do you say to doing sth 你認為做某事怎么樣9. Both of my parents insisted _ a computer for me, but I dont think it is necessary.A. to buy B. buyingC. on buying D. in buying【陷阱】容易誤選B，誤認為insist后不能接不定式，但可以接動名詞?！痉治觥看鸢笐xC。其實，動詞 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接動名詞，因為insist 通常用作不及物動詞；若語義上需接賓語，要借助介詞 on或upon，即用于 insist on upon (doing) sth；但它有時的確也可用作及物動詞，不過其賓語通常只能是 that 從句，而不能是普通的名詞、代詞或動名詞。如：He insisted on seeing her home. 他堅持送她回家。I insisted that he (should) stay. 我堅持要他留下。10. “Do you have anything more _, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something