畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文翻譯文章(智能卡-現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)的應(yīng)用和技術(shù)).pdf

Smart cards mesent and future applications Grid techniques Smart cards or IC cards have recently begun to appear in many applications e g banking telephony and TV decoders So far their use has been restricted to a set of very specific purposes However a smart card contains a microprocessor and a memory so that it can be used for many functions that are presently performed by other devices such as papers keys purses and also sometimes other computers Smart cards provide a high level of security and enable a new family of information systems to be designed 100 million IC cards will be manufactured in 199 1 throughout the world The paper is both a survey of the existing technology and an attempt to describe some future possibilities V M Cordonnier 1 Introduction The idea of inserting a chip into a plastic card is an old one The first patents are now fifteen years old but practical applications only emerged a few years ago because of some limitations of magnetic cards Progress in storage capacity security and circuit technology for example EEPROMs will lead to new generations of cards and more ambitious applications Over the last four years there has been an increasing demand from national administrations and large companies such as telephone operators banks and insurance companies More recently another market has begun to open up in local and town administrations hospitals universities clubs etc From a technical point of view smart cards can be classified into three main families automata microprocessors with simple data management and microprocessors with high level data management This last family is often known as multi application cards A common characteristic of all ELECTRONICS this implies encryption and decryption capabilities in both these devices In France the most common application for automata is the telephone card Fifty million such cards were produced in 1990 The banking system and some transportation and health applications use first generation microprocessor cards commonly known as smart cards Recently a 1 Typical smart cards INEERING JOURNAL OCTOBER 1991 207 I CARTE DE PATIENT HOPITAL DE LILLE applicatmn printing i e chip Henri Dupont 12 08 1 956 Components of a smart card w applications have emerged hich use second generation iicroprocessor cards These are metimes described as portable ata files This paper will be iostly devoted to this latter family rhich seems to offer the most romise for both technology and pplications What i s a smart card The physical support for a smart ard Fig 1 is a plastic rectangle n which can be printed iformation about the application r the issuer even advertising as re11 as readable information about le bearer for example name date f validity photograph Fig 2 The support can also carry either an extra magnetic strip or a bar code label An array of eight contacts is located in accordance with an international standard Six of thesc contacts are linked to the chip which is usually not visible They are used for power supplies ground clock reset and a serial data communication link Card chip architecture A typical architecture Fig 3 fo a smart card comprises five main components 0 the processor This is often an t bit processor the most commoi being Motorola s 6805 and Intel s 8048 New devices are I I extemal internd bur program memory ROM memory Architecture of a card chip beginning to appear in a few recent and powerful cards 1 a working memo This is used to store temporary data when the card is in use It is known as the RAM memory 1 a ROM program memory This contains a permanent code to be executed by the processor It should be noted that this program is stored through a mask and cannot be changed in any way generation of data memories were EPROMs which require an extra 25 V power supply Recent cards may contain EEPROMs which require only a single 5 V supply This type of memory can be written and erased over thousands of cycles B a communication device for exchanging data and control information between the card and the external access terminal This communication unit works in the same way as any serial asynchronous link The most frequent bit rate is 9600 bit s 4 first rule of security is to gather 311 these five elements of a card mto a single chip If this is not done the external wires linking me chip to another could represent a possible route for illegal access or use of the card IS0 standards specify the ability of a card to withstand a given set of mechanical stresses The size of the chip is consequently limited and most of the actual constraints follow from this limitation especially the data memory size Chips for cards are very reliable and most manufacturers guarantee the electrical properties of their chips for ten years or more IS0 standards specify how a card must be protected against mechanical electrical or chemical aggressions For most existing applications a card is obsolete before it becomes damaged A well known example is the French Telecarte which has a failure rate of less than three per 10 000 cards sold Basic control elements At present IC cards work as slaves The program that is contained in the ROM is only an interpreter of commands coming from the outside The protocol between the card and the co operating device is partly standardised It begins with a Reset command which is sent to the card by the device The response of the card is used to identify the card with respect to B a data memory The first 208 ELECTRONICS il is not necessary to rediscover for smart cards things which already exist This is especially true because a card contains a processor a memory and a Quantity Average Maximur value value Communications Processor clock frequency MHz 4 16 word size bits 8 16 capacity of RAM temporary store bytes 100 512 Memory data memory EPROM bytes 1K 16E data memory EEPROM bytes 100 8E communication rate bit s 9600 100 000 program memory ROM bytes 4K 20E ELECTRONICS W write R read ommunication link and is consequently an open system in the IS0 sense i e a computer even though its capabilities are at present temporarily restricted of a card to some typical values Table 1 shows average and maximum values for presently available cards 3 Current applications is new and requires considerable investment use of the card was first promoted by various administrations professional groups and large companies The requirement was to identify precisely an application which could be used by millions of people The French telecarte which replaces telephone tokens the banking card which provides security and the social security card which provides both security and storage are good examples of first generation applications A more recent family of applications meets the needs of smaller groups of users for more sophisticated cards A card can be used by an individual for a variety of or more complex services A public transportation card for use within a limited area on trains subways or buses will allow the bearer to travel hrom any one place to any other A student card could support academic data as well as library restaurant and photocopy services A health card will be a common link between physicians laboratories and hospitals These applications can be described in terms of services Identification of bearer The card is used by the bearer as an automatic device to present and prove his identity If more security is required the user must present a PIN personal identification number code and this is compared with the version contained in the card In the It is easy to limit the description Because smart card technology 210 future biometric comparison of fingerprints voice signature pattern of the back of the eye dynamic hand written signature etc has good prospects Support of resources The second family of services comprises all possible production consumption processes where production and consumption are separated by time distance or functionality Everybody thinks of money but many other resources can be considered as relevant to the same management model The basic process involves two partners the producer who makes a deposit of a dedicated resource in the card money tokens facilities etc and the consumer who can draw this resource out of the card Both of these processes are initiated by the bearer when and where he wants He can sometimes modulate or personalise the production consumption operations Portable data file provision The third family of services is the portable data file application set This comprises any collection of documents that an individual must carry on his person and present in certain circumstances These documents may require either to be written once for reading many times or to be frequently updated Of course a single card may contain documents issued by more than one office administration or more generally partner The advantage of such a multi application card is that it limits the number of cards required by an individual and also reduces the cost of each application by sharing a common physical device The problem of organising data management in a portable data file has still to be resolved One approach is to give a main issuer the overall authority for card management This issuer can specify and create dedicated areas for other applications but the logical design of the card is produced by this unique issuer Many people are beginning to think in terms of multi issuer cards Such a card will be purchased as an empty folder and the owner will be able to load into it any compatible application that he needs Of course the management of the card must be supported by an internal operating system that has to maintain the required level of security for each imported application A portable data file will be used 50 0 20 0 1 0 0 p 5 0 3 2 0 B 1 o 0 5 l I D 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 year 5 Improvement in speed of general purpose and card microprocessors I ELECTRONICS he first one is memory size This an be solved in various ways uch as a higher component iensity or even multichip devices ommunicating by encrypted nessages The other problem is ecurity Imported programs have nuch more capability than a esident read only programme iecause any imported program odd be used in an incorrect way r modified for illegal uses More generally the card will irogress to the status of a mature omponent in an information ystem It will then have to assume nore complicated jobs and to ihare distributed tasks with other omponents in a more flexible nanner More precisely it will x obably move from its present ole of slave to the role of actor rhis will require cards to be iesigned in future with a better 3alance between hardware ROM software and imported software It is likely that future card applications will require more powerful tools to integrate the card component into the information processing system These tools are 0 0 general purpose 0 extremely distributed data base 0 high level data management 0 simulation and validation Fig 6 illustrates a multiservice application of smart cards A student can use the card in a variety of academic educational or social aspects of his life Development of the application has been based on regarding the card as the most significant element of the information system and assuming that it is the common basis of any data processing application 5 Application The potential of a smart card containing the technological and software capabilities that have been briefly mentioned here can be illustrated in the following way pick a dozen people in the street and take out everything they are carrying in their pockets then every object except the analysis of a card application communication software models languages software landkerchief can be replaced by a ard These include i Keys and any facility access device A few bits of memory are necessary A purse for either money or dedicated payments such as tolls or for telephone transportation photocopy etc services Credit cards store cards health cards A wallet with passport driving licence and professional cards The applications of this family require only a dozen 32 bit words 1 3y adding a convenient interface Nith the user the list of ipplications can be extended to D A diary general purpose notebook telephone and address book b A pocket calculator with various facilities budgeting D A sophisticated cloc