直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的用法.doc

直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的用法 直接引用別人的原話叫直接引語(yǔ)。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話叫間接引語(yǔ)。直接引語(yǔ)要加引號(hào)。間接引語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，句中的人稱(chēng)、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、某些狀語(yǔ)等都要視說(shuō)話的實(shí)際情況作相應(yīng)的變化。例如： She said,“I will come this evening.” She said that she would go that evening. She said,“Where are you going?” She asked me where I was going. 陳述句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 若直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句，其變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)把直接引語(yǔ)變成由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句之前常用say、tell等動(dòng)詞。除了人稱(chēng)上相應(yīng)變化外，還應(yīng)注意如下幾點(diǎn)。 一、主句與從句時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則1)如果主句時(shí)現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)，（包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），那么賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如：He says he has returned my book to me. 2)主句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)如果是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，直接引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要做如下變化： 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 例如： He said,“I have left my book in your room.” He told me that he had left his book in my room. 他告訴我他把書(shū)丟在我房間里了。 He said,“I am busy.” He said that he was busy. 他說(shuō)他很忙。 Betty said,“Ill be waiting for your call.” Betty said that she would be waiting for my call. 貝蒡說(shuō)她將等候我的電話。 2)在下列情況下，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不發(fā)生如上相應(yīng)變化： 直接引語(yǔ)中，如果表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)表示事態(tài)發(fā)生或存在的具體時(shí)間，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；例如： Mr Brown said,“I flew to London in 1981.” Mr Brown said that he flew to London in 1981. 直接引語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去完成(進(jìn)行)時(shí)，在間接引語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)不變；例如： He said,“My brother had been a worker for two years before he came here.” He said that his brother had been a worker for two years before he came here 間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)說(shuō)話時(shí)仍繼續(xù)進(jìn)行或存在時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)不變；例如： “I am forty.”he said. He said that he is forty. 轉(zhuǎn)述習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)不變；例如： He said,“China is in Asia.” He said that China is in Asia. 引述動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞可保持原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)；例如： He says,“I have accepted her invitation.” He says that he has accepted her invitation. 如果直接引語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用原來(lái)的動(dòng)詞形式；例如： “I insist that you give up smoking,”said the doctor. The doctor insisted that he give up smoking. 如果直接引語(yǔ)中有無(wú)過(guò)去時(shí)形式的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如must,ought to等，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用原來(lái)形式，也可用其他形式；例如： He said,“All men must die.” He said that all men must die.(表示必然) He said,“You must be fond of music.” He said that I must be fond of music.(表示推測(cè))如果直接引語(yǔ)是以would like作謂語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)中would like不變； 如果直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句，like之后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語(yǔ)，間接引語(yǔ)中would like也不變；例如： He asked,“What else would you like?” He asked what else I would like. He said,“Would you like a cup of tea?” He asked if I would like a cup of tea. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，在間接引語(yǔ)中保持不變；例如： John said,“When I lived in New York, I often saw Jane.” John said when he lived in New York he often saw(had often seen) Jane. 3)直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，有關(guān)的指示代詞、地點(diǎn)及時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也作如下相應(yīng)改變： 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)This thatThese thoseago before now then today that day tonight that night this week(month) that week(month) tomorrow the next day; the following day yesterday the day before last week(month) the week(month) before next week(month) the next week(month);the following week the day before yesterday two days before the day after tomorrow two days after here there She said,“Ill come here again tonight.” She said that she would go there that night. She said,“I arrived yesterday morning.” She said that she had arrived the morning before. 4)在特定的情況下，時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也可不變。 表示具體年、月、日。例如： Mary said,“My parents arrived on April 24,1990.” Mary told me that her parents arrived on April 24,1990. 說(shuō)話和引述正好好在同一天、同一星期或同一月。例如： He said,“My brother is leaving for Hongkong tomorrow.” He told me that his brother was leaving tomorrow.(說(shuō)話和引述都在同一天) 如果說(shuō)話人所在的地點(diǎn)就是引述人所在的地點(diǎn)，那么here不再變成there。例如： “I live here,”he said. He said he lived there.(引述時(shí)地點(diǎn)改變) He said he lived here.(引述時(shí)地點(diǎn)未變) 疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，除了注意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)代詞、指示代詞以及時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)變化外，還要注意詞序的變化。例如： He asked,“Who is he?” He asked who he was. 疑問(wèn)句種類(lèi)不同，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)也不同。1) 1) 一般疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要把原疑問(wèn)句變成由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： He said,“Are you ready?” He asked me if I was ready. He asked me,“Do you know Smith?” He asked me whether I knew Smith. 2)有的這類(lèi)問(wèn)句徒具形式，實(shí)際上并非提出問(wèn)題，只是表示一種委婉的請(qǐng)求或提出建議、勸告等。引述這種句子時(shí)，通常用“ask(或advise)+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)；或用“suggest + 動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示某種請(qǐng)求或勸告。 He said to the stranger,“Will you show me the way to the theatre?” He asked the stranger to show him the way to the theatre. “Shall we listen to the music?” He suggested listening to the music. 3)反意疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常也變成由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： “They study in No. 20 Middle School,dont they?” He asked whether they studied in NO.20 Middle School. “You have already got well, havent you?”she asked. She asked if I(或he) had already got well. 4)選擇疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常變?yōu)橛蓋hetheror(較少使用ifor)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： I asked him,“Are you satisfied or not?” I asked him whether or not he was satisfied. He asked,“Are you a doctor or a nurse?” He asked me whether I was a doctor or a nurse. 5)特殊疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要把原疑問(wèn)句變成由原疑問(wèn)詞(代詞或副詞)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： He said,“Where have you been?” He asked me where I had been. He asked,“How are you getting along?” He asked us how we were getting along. 用疑問(wèn)代詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞，有的句子可能有兩種不同的語(yǔ)序。例如： “What is the matter?”he asked. What was the matter. He asked What the matter was. He asked,“Who is that man?” Who that man was. He askedWho was that man. 祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 祈使句變間接引語(yǔ)，通常將say改為ask或tell、order等動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成ask(或tell或order)sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。原祈使句如果是否定的，要在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前加not。原祈使句中如果帶有please一詞，間接引語(yǔ)中亦不再使用。例如： “Please open the window,”he said. He asked me to open the window. He said,“Dont do that again.” He told me not to do that again. 以Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，有下列幾種形式： 1)Lets如果表示某種建議，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用“suggest+動(dòng)名詞”或“suggest+賓語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)(從句謂語(yǔ)用should+動(dòng)詞原形)。例如： Our teacher said,“Lets go boating together.” Our teacher suggested going boating together. Our teacher suggested that we (should) go boating together. 2)Let祈使句作“允許、同意”解，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可按一般祈使句變間接引語(yǔ)的規(guī)律進(jìn)行。例如： “Let her come with me, mother. Ill take good care of her.”said Tom. Tom asked his mother to let her go with him and promised to take good care of her.2) 2) Let him(或them)表示“建議”時(shí)，其間接引語(yǔ)用應(yīng)suggest + 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或suggest(或say)+賓語(yǔ)從句(從句謂語(yǔ)用should + 動(dòng)詞原形)。 Mother said,“Let him go to school.” Mother suggested his going to school. Mother suggested that he (should) go to school. 4)Lets not單獨(dú)用來(lái)回答一個(gè)肯定的建議時(shí)，其間接引語(yǔ)一般使用be against或oppose the idea等短語(yǔ)。例如： “Lets sell the old car and buy a new one,”said Peter. “Lets not,”said Mary.Peter suggested selling the old car and buying a new one,but Mary was against it. 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)練習(xí)題1He said: “Ive left my book in my room.”2She said: “He will be busy.”3She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”4She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”5The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”6The teacher said to the students, “Dont waste your time.”7The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”8The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”9My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”10The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”11He said, “We are still students.12He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”13The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”14He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” 15She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.16Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”17He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.18She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”19I said to him, “I have finished it.”20She said to us,“ Ill come here tomorrow.”21“Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.22“I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily. 23“Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls. 24“Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.25“What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)專(zhuān)練題（二）.單項(xiàng)選擇1. He asked _ for the computer. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _. A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film3. “Please close the window,” he said to me. He _ me _ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _- very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mothe