學位英語重點復習資料.doc

英語重點復習一語法重點串講語法是三級英語統(tǒng)考的一個重點，它將體現(xiàn)在所有五個題型中，但重點將集中在以下幾個方面。1、時態(tài)：常用的1011種 2、語態(tài)：被動語態(tài)3、情態(tài)動詞 4、虛擬語氣 5、動詞的非謂語形式三種 6、各種從句（主、賓、表、定、狀、同位語從句） 7、主謂一致 8、倒裝句 9、強調句 10、附加疑問句第一章 語法重點串講第一節(jié) 動詞的時態(tài)考試重點：一般現(xiàn)在時（if 從句和as soon as 從句）；進行時表將來；現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別；完成時瞬間動詞以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的區(qū)別；過去完成時的時間狀語；將來完成時。一、一般現(xiàn)在式：1、表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等時間狀語連用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是眾所周知的客觀事實，所以一般不用時間狀語。例：The earth is round. 地球是圓的。3、有些表示心理狀態(tài)或感情的動詞往往用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：I dont think you are right.我以為你錯了。4、在時間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作：常用的連詞有as soon as，when，till，if。（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finishedB. finishC. finishedD. was finishing（答案：B）（2）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heatB. will be heatedC. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）二、一般過去時：1、表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)：常和過去時間狀語連用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。例：Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed（答案：A。有具體的時間狀語要用過去時。）2、used to do sth：過去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我過去是在早晨散步。（意味著現(xiàn)在不在早晨散步了。）3、it is high time（that）句型中，謂語動詞用過去時。例：Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（答案：B）三、一般將來時1、will（shall）+原形動詞：表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例：He will come and help you. 他會來幫助你的。2、be going to +動詞原形：表示馬上就要發(fā)生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去聽這個演講嗎？3、be to +動詞原形： 表示安排或計劃好了的動作。例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三環(huán)路將在國慶節(jié)前通車。4、be about to +動詞原形：表示即將發(fā)生的動作。例：The lecture is about to begin.講座即將開始。5、某些表示開始、終結、往來行動的動詞如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的現(xiàn)在進行時可表示將來。（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我們明天動身去北京。（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外賓今晚到達濟南。四、過去將來時表示在過去預計將要發(fā)生的動作，常用于賓語從句。例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道會議何時開始。五、現(xiàn)在進行時1、表示此時此刻（說話時）正在進行的動作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 這位老師正在同他的學生交談。2、表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作，但此刻并不一定在進行。例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京參加一個會議。六、過去進行時1、表示在過去某一段時間正在進行的動作。常需用表示過去的時間狀語或通過上下文來判斷時間。例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七點到九點他正在做作業(yè)。2、when 和while 的用法（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played（答案：A。連接詞when 表示時間上的點，其所引導的句子用過去時，while 表示持續(xù)的一段時間，其所引導的句子用過去進行時。）（1998年43題）（2）When you _ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking（答案為B）（1999年35題）（3）One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping（答案為D）（1996年23題）3、過去進行時表示過去將來的動作?，F(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來的動作，同樣，過去進行時也可以表示從過去某時間看將來要發(fā)生的動作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要離開此地了。七、現(xiàn)在完成時1、表示動作剛剛結束（常和just, now, already, yet等詞連用）；或表示動作的結果（一般不用時間狀語）。（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明剛剛把燈關上。（說明現(xiàn)在燈已經(jīng)關上了）（2）I have lost my pen. 我把筆丟了。（說明過去某時丟的，現(xiàn)在我還沒有找到這支筆。）2、表示過去某時開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去（常用since引導的短語或從句，或由for 引導的短語連用）。（1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在這兒已經(jīng)三十年了。（現(xiàn)在還住在這兒）（2）Theyve known each other since childhood. 他們從小彼此相識。（現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)來往）3、非延續(xù)性動詞的完成時和it is +時間+since.（過去時）英語中有些動詞不能延續(xù)， 因此不能和表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。（1）He has _ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into（答案：C。用現(xiàn)在完成時表示“繼續(xù)”的概念時，只能用含有持續(xù)意義的動詞，不可用瞬間性動詞。）（1995年49題）（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我離開上海已經(jīng)三年了。（如果是非延續(xù)動詞，這時常用 it is +時間+since 的句型代替，從句用過去時態(tài)。）4、have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的區(qū)別have（has ）been to：去過某地（表示某人的一種經(jīng)歷），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 連用。have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已經(jīng)離開此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般來說此句型只用于第三人稱），此句型不能與上述時間狀語連用。（1）He has gone to America.（意思為他已經(jīng)去了美國，現(xiàn)在不在此地）（2）He has been to America twice. 他去過美國兩次。八、過去完成時1、表示在過去的某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動作（即過去的過去）。這個過去的某一時間可用by, before等介詞或連詞引導的短語或一個從句來表示。例：About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _ paper.A. inventedB. had inventedC. have inventedD. had been invented（答案：B）（1997年35題）2、表示從過去某一時間開始，一直持續(xù)到另一個過去的時間的動作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on（答案：A）（1995年24題）3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等連詞引導的狀語從句的復合句中，由于連詞本身可以明確表示動作發(fā)生的先后順序，因此，主句和從句都可以用一般過去時表示，而不用過去完成時。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我剛一到就給他打電話。4、過去完成時常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子到裝。（1）No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. thanB. whenC. asD. while（答案為A）（1997年50題）（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他剛打開門，蠟燭就被一陣風吹滅了。九、將來完成時：表示在將來某一時間以前完成的動作。1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _.A. will haveB. leavesC. will have leftD. is leaving（答案：C）（1995年25題）2、I _ writing the article by the time you get back.A. shall finishB. must have finishedC. have finishedD. shall have finished（答案：D） （2000年24題）十、現(xiàn)在完成進行時：表示從過去某時一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個動作，這個動作一般會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去，或是到說話時結束， 但是強調到說話時為止一直在做的動作。例：I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking（答案：D）（1998年49題）第二節(jié) 被動語態(tài)考試重點：感官動詞和使役動詞的被動語態(tài)；動詞短語的被動語態(tài)；情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)；用主動表示被動的含義。一、感官動詞及使役動詞（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主動語態(tài)中用無to不定式做賓補，改為被動語態(tài)時要加to。1、The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. cameB. comeC. to comeD. have come（答案為C）（2000年58題）2、We were made to study harder. 我們被要求努力學習。二、有些動詞后面接一個介詞或副詞，構成短語。變被動語態(tài)時，短語動詞做及物動詞用。1、The children are well looked after. 這些孩子得到了很好的照顧。2、The doctor has been sent for. 已經(jīng)派人去請大夫了。三、情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構成：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。1、The work must be finished before lunch. 這項工作必須在午飯前干完。2、Nothing can be seen from here. 從這兒什么也看不見。四、用主動表示被動的含義常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主語大多為物）例：My room is a mess. It needs _.A to be tidying upB. tidying upC. to tidy upD. tidied up（答案為B）（2000年47題）第三節(jié) 情態(tài)動詞考試重點：情態(tài)動詞+完成時情態(tài)動詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動詞無人稱變化，在句子中和動詞原形一起構成謂語。根據(jù)這幾年的考試看，著重測驗情態(tài)動詞接完成時的用法。一、must +現(xiàn)在完成時表示對已發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定的猜測。1、Mr. Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have receivedB. must have failed to receiveC. must receiveD. must fail to receive（答案：B）（1998年44題）2、I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have hadB. could have hadC. should have hadD. must have had（答案為D）（2001年58題）二、should （ought to ）+完成時表示應該做的事情而沒有做，否定式表示不該做的事情做了。含有對過去的動作的責備、批評。1、They have done things they ought _.A. not to doB. not to be doneC. not to have doneD. not having done（答案為C）（1999年59題）2、Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier.A. had a telephoneB. have phonedC. should have phonedD. should be phoned（答案為C）（2000年26題）三、could +完成時表示能做的事情而沒有做。表示對過去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遺憾。1、He could have joined us, but he didnt get our invitation in time.他本來能夠參加我們的，但是他沒有收到我們的請貼。2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本來能及格的，但是沒有努力學習。第四節(jié) 虛擬語氣如果所表示的條件根本不可能實現(xiàn)或實現(xiàn)的可能性很小時，稱為虛擬條件句?？荚囍攸c：虛擬語氣的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄條件句；以wish（that）引導的表示“愿望”的賓語從句；would rather 引導的從句；以as if, as though 引導的從句；以suggest, advise, insist 等詞后引導的賓語從句；It is necessary（important）that引導的主語從句；It is time （that）句型中。一、虛擬語氣的基本形式和用法：虛擬（條件）語氣中，主句與從句中謂語動詞的形式可分為下面三類： 1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A. had knownB. have knownC. knewD. know（答案：C。與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，從句用過去時）（1995年38題）2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _ the same language?A. spokeB. speakC. had spokenD. will speak（答案：A。與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，從句的謂語動詞用過去時。）3、If Bob_ with us, he would have had a good time.A. would comeB. would have comeC. had comeD. came（答案為C。與過去的事實相反，從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時。）（1995年59題）二、if的省略形式在虛擬條件句中， 如謂語包含were , had, should等詞， 則可以把這些詞放到主語前面，省略if。1、_ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized （答案：B。虛擬條件句有時可以省略if，而將謂語中的過去式were，had，或should等移至主語之前。1996年39題）2、_, I should ask them some questions.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us （答案：A。與將來事實相反。）（1997年30題）三、含蓄條件句有時一個假設的情況不用條件從句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。常用with，without，but for。1、Without your help, we _ so much.A. didnt achieveB. would not have achievedC. will not achieveD. dont achieve（答案：B。這是一句含蓄條件句，條件暗含在介詞短語without your help中，因此要用虛擬語氣。）（1996年33題）2、But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had（答案：B。2003年28題）四、以wish（that）引導的表示“愿望”的賓語從句wish后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣，而在虛擬語氣中時態(tài)的應用類似在非真實條件中從句時態(tài)的應用。表示現(xiàn)在或將來的愿望用：主語wish 從句（主語過去時）；表示一個過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望用：主語wish +從句（主語過去完成時）；1、Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study（答案：C）（2000年53題）2、I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _ there.A. wereB. would beC. had beenD. will be（答案：C）（2001年53題）五、would rather句子（過去時）1、Id _ you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. ratherB. betterC. happierD. further（答為案：A）（1998年45題）2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. cameD. have come（答案為C）（2002年46題）六、以as if，as though引導的從句在as if，as though引導的從句中，如果談論的是不可能或不真實的情況時，它們所引用的狀語從句要用虛擬語氣，動詞形式和wish 后面的從中動詞形式變化相同。1、He talks as if he _ everything in the world.A. knowsB. knewC. had knownD. would have known（答案：B。as if（though）從句中非真實性情況用虛擬語氣。本句表示說話人對現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑，所以用過去時。）2、You are talking as if you had seen them你談的那么起勁，好像你真的見過似的。（表示想象中的過去的動作）七、以suggest，advise，insist等詞后引導的賓語從句中，從句的謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形，should可以省略。類似的動詞有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life.A. hadB. would haveC. haveD. was going to have（答案：C）（1998年28題）2、His mother insisted that he _ the coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting on（答案：A）（1999年58題）八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引導的主語從句中，從句的謂語動詞要用should+原形動詞，should可以省略。1、Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week.A. comesB. will comeC. comeD. may come（答案：C）（1997年29題）2、Its urgent that a meeting _ before the final decision is made.A. will be arrangedB. must be arrangedC. be arrangedD. would be arranged（答案：C）（2003年45題）九、It is time (that)引導的定語從句中，謂語動詞用過去時。1、Its high time we _ something to stop traffic accident.A. doB. will doC. didD. must do（答案：C）（1996年43題）2、Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（答案：B）（1999年31題）第五節(jié) 非謂語動詞非謂語動詞分三種，即：不定式，動名詞和分詞。下面分三部分進行介紹。一、動詞不定式考試重點：動詞不定式的基本結構和用法（尤其是復合結構，否定式，被動式，完成式等。）；stop和go on接不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別；remember，forget接不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別；have sth done 和have sb do sth?；拘问?主動形式 被動形式 一般式 （not） to make （not） to be made 完成式 （not） to have made （not） to have been made 進行式 （not） to be making在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。（一）動詞不定式的基本結構和用法動詞不定式是一種非謂語動詞形式， 由不定式符號to加動詞原形構成。1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. Im pleased _ you.A. to meetB .meetingC. to have been meetingD. to be met（答案：A）（1998年57題）2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _ their best.A. doB. to doC. doingD. done（答案為B）（1996年44題）（二）動詞不定式的被動式當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的對象時（或動作的承受者時），不定式一般要用被動式。1、The ability _ is very important for any speaker.A. to hear clearlyB. to be clearly heardC. to hearing clearlyD. to being clearly heard（答案：B。動詞不定式的被動式。）（1999年39題）2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house _ so well.A. to be decoratedB. to decorateC. be decoratedD. decorating（答案：A）（1995年22題）（三）動詞不定式的復合結構如需指出不定式動作的發(fā)出者時（即邏輯主語時）要在不定式前用for加名詞（或代詞）表示。1、It was very difficult _ me to learn Spanish.A. ofB. toC. withD. for（答案：D）2、It is necessary _ the papers immediately.A. for you to hand inB. that you hand outC. your hand inD. for your hand in（答案：A）（四）動詞不定式的完成式表示不定式的動作發(fā)生在句子謂語所表示的動作之前。1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem _ much education.A. to receiveB. to be receivingC. to have receivedD. to have been received（答案：C。表示發(fā)生在主要動詞之前的動作，要用動詞不定式的完成式。）（1997年45題）2、The book is said _ into several foreign languages up to now.A. to translateB. to have translateC. to have been translatedD. to be translated（答案：C）（五）stop 和go on后面接不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別動名詞表示停下或繼續(xù)正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _.A. on restB. at restC. restingD. to rest（答案：D?！皌o rest”作目的狀語，意思為“停下來的目的是為了休息”。）（1999年29題）2、Men will never stop _ for new ways of getting new energy.A. searchB. to searchC. searchingD. searched（答案：C）3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _ like that?A. talkingB. to talkC. doing talkingD. talk（答案：A）（六）remember 和forget接不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別remember, forget + doing sth：表示動作發(fā)生在過去。remember, forget +to do sth：表示動作尚未發(fā)生。1、Dont forget _ the window before leaving the room.A. to have closedB. to closeC. having closedD. closing（答案：B。to close表示一個在leaving 之后發(fā)生的將來的動作）（2001年28題）2、I remember giving the letter to him.我記得把信給他了。（giving表示一個在remember之前發(fā)生過的動作。）（七）have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法1、We are going to have our office _ to make room for a new engineer.A. to rearrangeB. rearrangeC. rearrangedD. rearranging（答案：C。have sth done:表示這個動作由別人來做。）（2002年50題）2、Ill _ that Im a qualified engineer. A. have you knowB. have known youC. have you knowingD. have you know（答案：A。表示讓某人做某事。）（2003年25題）考試重點：動名詞的邏輯主語，完成式，被動式，否定式；動名詞做介詞的賓語，有時介詞可省略；“to”的作用。基本形式： 主動形式 被動形式 一般時 doing being done 完成時 having done having been done 在句子中可以充當主語、表語、賓語和定語。一、動名詞的基本用法：1、We shall appreciate _ from you soon. A. being heardB. hearingC. to hearD. having been heard（答案：B。appreciate后接動名詞做賓語。）（1998年42題）2、John suggested _ anything about it until they found out more facts.A. not to sayB. saying notC. to say notD. not saying（答案：D。suggest后接動名詞做賓語，否定式要在動名詞前加“not”）（1995年53題）二、動名詞的完成時：表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生時，用動名詞的完成時。1、I dont remember _.A. ever to be sayingB. to have ever saidC. having ever said thatD. ever said that（答案：C）2、I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了這樣的事。三、動名詞的被動式1、No one avoid _ by advertisements.A. influencedB. influencingC. to influenceD. being influenced（答案：D）2、Susan was very unhappy for not _ to the party.A. to be invitedB. having been invitedC. invitingD. to have been invited（答案：B）四、動名詞的邏輯主語當動名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時可使用形容詞性的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。1、He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday party.A. I askingB. my askingC. me to askD. mine to ask（答案：B。做介詞 about 的賓語， 物主代詞+動名詞，構成動名詞的復合結構。）（1998年29題）2、I object to his （him）making private calls on the office phone.我反對他用辦公室的電話打私人電話。五、動名詞做介詞的賓語，有時介詞可省略。1、Dont risk _ the job which so many people want.A. losingB. to loseC. lostD. your life to lose （答案：A。risk后接動名詞做賓語，risk（in）doing sth.中的介詞in常省略。）（1999年57題）2、I dont think it is any use _ this matter any further.A. discussingB. to discussC. to discussingD. to be discussed（答案：A。it is no use （good）doing做沒有用（好處），動名詞做介詞in的賓語，常省略。）六、有的動詞后的to 既可以是不定式符號，又可以是介詞，使用時要特別注意。1、You dont object _ you by your first name, do you?A. for me to callB. me to callC. to my callingD. my calling（答案：C。object to 中的to是介詞，故接動名詞做賓語。）（1996年21題）2、The students are looking forward to _ their parents in winter vacation.A. seeB. watchC. seeingD. being seen（答案：C）考試重點：分詞在句中的作用；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區(qū)別；現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別；分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語是否一致；分詞的獨立主格；with（without）引導的分詞的獨立結構。-ING分詞是指由動詞原形-ING構成的、具有完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的一種非謂語動詞形式，具體形式如下：主動形式 被動形式 現(xiàn)在式 doing being done 過去時done 完成時 having done having been done 就其語法功能而言，它可以作表語、補足語、狀語和定語。一、分詞在句中的作用1、She was sitting in an armchair _ a book.A. readingB. to readC. to be readingD. to have read（答案：A。分詞短語在句中做伴隨狀語。）（1995年37題） 2、_ anything about the accident, he went to work as well.A. Not knowB. Know notC. Knowing notD. Not knowing（ 答案：D。分詞做原因狀語）（2000年28題） 3、They all returned to the village _ that the danger was over.A. convincingB. convincedC. to convinceD. having convinced（答案：B。過去分詞做伴隨狀語）（1997年57題） 4、We kept our _ all night to frighten the wolves.A. burning fireB. burnt fireC fire burningD. fire burnt（答案：C?，F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表動作正在進行）（1997年55題）二、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別1、She told me that it was the most _ gift her daughter had received.A. delightingB. delightedC. delightsD. delight（答案：A?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是事物，常譯作“令人”，具有主動、進行的意思。過去分詞修飾人，常譯作“感到”，具有被動、完成的概念。又如：a moved audience：受感動的觀眾。）（2003年38題）2、My parents are _ with my progress.A. pleaseB. pleasedC. pleasingD. being pleased （答案：B。）三、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區(qū)別。