定語從句講義及練習(xí)題(附答案).doc

定語從句 定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分，定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語從句分為時間狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，原因狀語從句，條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型。 限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別1.限定性定語從句: 從句不能省略,如果省略整個句子意思不完整。 非限定性定語從句: 從句可以省略,如果省略整個句子意思仍然完整 。 2.限定性定語從句: 先行詞可以用that 引導(dǎo)。 非限定性定語從句: 先行詞不可以用that 引導(dǎo)。 3.限定性定語從句: 引導(dǎo)詞有時可以省略。 非限定性定語從句:引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。 4.限定性定語從句:主句與從句不需要用逗號隔開。 非限定性定語從句:主句與從句需要用逗號隔開。 5.限定性定語從句: 從句只修飾先行詞。 非限定性定語從句:從句既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個句子或句子的一部分。 功能和形式方面的區(qū)別限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊湊，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會影響句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如： 1.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。 3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。 非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個逗點(diǎn)，隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句或句中某個成分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。 例如： The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一個兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。 （此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是：這位老人只有一個兒子 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來，句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了：這位老人有一個兒子在部隊(duì)工作，也就是說可能老人還有其他的兒子在干別的工作）1.定語從句：定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。 2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。 3.定語：定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個句子來擔(dān)任單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語。(一） 限定性定語從句 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置 2. which作賓語時，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟 3. 代表物時多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時等，這時的that常被省略 還有先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時,或先行詞就是序數(shù)詞或最高級時.以及先行詞中既有人又有物時.還有句中前面有which時,都只能用that 4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語 5. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句 6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間注值得一提的是，表示時間“time一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo) By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣. 8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時，常用there is來引導(dǎo) There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。(二）非限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分 2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。 3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。 4. 有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞 5. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.；(三）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.who指人，在從句中做主語 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend 3.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。 在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?(四）注意 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時 從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo) (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous. (3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. (6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正確) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F錯誤) 2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.(五）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1. when指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.（六）判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。） （錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （對） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。 方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案： 例1 D，例2 A 例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。 而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。 關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。初中英語定語從句練習(xí)題1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose14.Im interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him19.I dont like _ as you read.A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing.A. which B. that C. whom D. who22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it.A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who24.I lost a book, _I cant remember now.A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world.A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong.A. which B. whose C. what D./29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting.A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly.A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked afterC. that I have looked after D. I have looked after31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C.for which D.who33.That is not the way _I do it.A./ B.which C.for which D.with which34.I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them.A. who B. which C. that D. it37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph.A. that B. which C. from that D. from which38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done.A. that B. which C. who D. as39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes.A. / B. why C. when D. whose40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.A. that B. which C. it D. though41. - Did you ask the guard _ happened?- Yes, he told me all _ he knew.A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that42. I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm withthe farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which43. The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing.A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are44. During the days _, he worked as a servant at the Browns.A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed45. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A. that B. / C. which D. it46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going on inside house.A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that47. Is _ some German friends visited last week?A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where48. John got beaten in the game, _ had been expected.A. as B. that C. what D. who49. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well.A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which50. All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been初中英語定語從句練習(xí)題參考答案及解析 1. A. which用作關(guān)系代詞， 在定語從句中作主語。 2C. 和誰講話”要說speak to sb. 本題全句應(yīng)為Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是關(guān)系代詞，作介詞to的賓語，可以省略。 3. D. where是關(guān)系副詞，表 示地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。 4. C. when是關(guān)系副詞，表示 時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。 5A. which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中作forget的賓語。其他幾個答案都不能作賓語。 6C. 解析同第5題。 7. A. 解析見第3題。 8. A. 本句話的先行詞應(yīng)該是films,因此，關(guān)系代詞that是負(fù)數(shù)概念，其 謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)述的被動語態(tài)have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠詞the，則the one應(yīng)該視為先行詞。 9. A. “談到某事物”應(yīng)說talk about sth.。about是介詞，其后要用which作賓語，不能 用that。 10. A. with which是介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu),常用來引導(dǎo)定語從句.with有用的意思,介詞之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定語從句中作狀語,即he is writing with a pen.11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在從句中作狀語.12. D. with whom引導(dǎo) 定語從句.with whom放在從句中即為:my father works with the engineer.13. D. whose引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中作主語family的定語.14. A. that引導(dǎo)定語從句,因?yàn)橄刃性~是all,所以只能選用that引導(dǎo).15. D. the same.as是固定用法, as引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本句話中,as作從句的主語.16. D. such as是 固定用法,as引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本題中,as作表語.17. B. as作關(guān)系代詞可以單獨(dú)用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。這時as所指代的不是主句中某個名詞，而往往指代整個主句的含義。as在從句中可以作主語、賓語。從句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作賓語.18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定語從句.with whom放 在從句中為:I went to the concert with Li Ming.19. C. as引導(dǎo)定語從句時通常 構(gòu)成suchas或the sameas固定搭配，其中such和same修飾其后的名詞，as為關(guān)系代詞，指代其 前的名詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。 as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。Such修飾單數(shù)名詞時,要用such a.,本題中such books, such直接修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞.20. B. things和persons是先行詞.當(dāng)定語從句要修飾的先 行詞是既表示人,又表示物的名詞時,其關(guān)系代詞要用that.21. D. who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語 從句,who作從句的主語.22. C. two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.23. D. 先行詞person后有兩個定語從句,第一個從句省略了關(guān)系 代詞whom.因?yàn)? whom作從句中met的賓語,可以省略.第二個從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語,不可省略.24. A. whose title引 導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,whose title也可以說成the title of which25. A. for which 引 導(dǎo)定語從句