上海高三英語輔導講義-第二講___名詞性從句.doc

輔導講義(大家認真看書，時間寶貴，等我回來把課補上，珍惜時間）課題名稱第二講 名詞性從句講義序號教學目標（1）掌握名詞性從句的種類。（2）引導名詞性從句的連接詞。（3）學會運用名詞性從句。教學重點 難點重點：名詞性從句的引導詞難點：掌握what在名詞性從句的用法教學過程第二講 名詞性從句1. 從句的分類形容詞性從句，即定語從句 狀語從句（分9種）從句 主語從句名詞性從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句2.說明：名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞，根據(jù)其在句中充當?shù)某煞?，有不同的叫法。引導名詞性從句的詞語主要有：a. 從屬連詞that，無詞義，不作句子成分；b. 從屬連詞if，whether（是否）有詞義，但不作句子成分；c. 從屬連詞as if（=as though，似乎、好像）有詞義，但不作句子成分；d. 連接代詞who，whoever，what，whatever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，how much，how many有詞義，作成分；e. 連接副詞when，whenever，where，wherever，why，how，however，how often，how soon，how far，how long作句子成分。在名詞性從句中，要用陳述語序。【例】1.I dont know where does he live.(false) I dont know where he lives.(true) 我不知道他住在哪。2.What life in the future will be like is unknown.(true) What will life in the future be is unknown.(false)不可用no matter who，no matter what等引導名詞性從句，只能引導狀語從句。一、主語從句1.定義：若處在主語的位置上是個句子，那么這個句子就叫做主語從句。2.注意事項：a. 在主語從句中，任何引導詞都不可以省去?！纠縏hat her hair is turning grey worries her.b. 在主語從句中，不用if，用whether?！纠縒hether he will come or not is not clear.(true) If he will or not is not clear.(false)c. 主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。若謂語動詞為兩個或兩個以上時，則用復數(shù)?！纠?.Where we will have a holiday hasnt been decided. 2.Where well go picnicing and how we will go arent clear.d. 主語從句作主語時，習慣上用it作形式主語，而將主語從句后置。但由what，whatever，whoever引導的主語從句，沒有這個習慣?！纠?.Its very clear that the boy was seriously ill. 形式主語 真正的主語 2.Its uncertain whether well have a meeting today. 3.It hasnt been decided when they will leave for(前往) New York.e. 以it作形式主語，把主語從句后置的常見句型有：Its certain/uncertain that 肯定/不確定Its likely/possible/probable that 有可能Its a pity/shame that 很可惜/很遺憾Its no surprise that 毫不奇怪/很正常Its said/reported/thought/believe that 據(jù)說/據(jù)報道/大家認為/人們相信It happens that 碰巧f. 當that引導的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時，必須用it做形式主語?！纠?.Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture? 2.Does it matter much that they wont come?g. 主語從句的虛擬語氣，常見句型如下： Its a pity/shame/no wonder+that+主語+(should)+ v. Its requested/suggested/desired+that+主語+(should)+ v. Its necessary/strange/important+that+主語+(should)+ v.二、表語從句1.定義：若處在表語的位置上是個句子，那么這個句子就叫做表語從句。2.注意事項：a. 引導表語從句的任何詞都不可以?。ㄔ诳谡Z中that偶爾可以省去）?！纠縏he truth is (that) I have never been there.b. 在表語從句中，不用if，用whether。c. as if（=as though）可以引導表語從句?！纠縄t looks as if its going to rain. The girl seems as though she has cried.d. 有爭議的because：有的語法家叫之表語從句，有的則稱之為強調句的省略。【例】Why was he late? It was because his bike was broken.e. reason不能和because連用，要用that代替。【例】The reason why he didnt come was that he was ill.三、賓語從句1.定義：若處在賓語的位置上是個句子，那么這個句子就叫做賓語從句。2.注意事項：引導賓語從句的that可以省，但若有兩個或以上的that引導的賓語從句時，只可以省去第一個that，其后的不省?！纠縄 find (that) he is dishonest and that he often tell lies.that引導的賓語從句位于句首時，不可以省去that。【例】That he ever said such a thing,I simply dont believe.if和whether在引導賓語從句時，可以互換，但在下列情況下不可以：a. 與or not連用時，只用whether，不用if。b. 賓語從句是否定句時，用if，不用whether?！纠縄 dont care if it doesnt rain.c. 用if引導的賓語從句，如果會產(chǎn)生歧義，應避免使用if，而用whether。【例】Please tell me if you intend to go.上例中if翻譯為“如果”、“是否”均可。d. 介詞后的賓語從句，只用whether，不用if?！纠縄t depends on whether it is fine tomorrow.e. 與不定式連用時，只能用whether，不能用if?！纠縄 dont know whether to go or not.f. discuss后接whether引導的賓語從句，不可接if。g. 將賓語從句放在句首時，只用whether引導，不用if?！纠縒hether hell come to the meeting tomorrow,Im not sure.如果賓語從句后邊還有賓語補足語時，則需用it作形式主語，而將賓語后置，此時that不可省?！纠?.We thought it strange that Xiao Ming didnt attend the meeting yesterday. 2.We find it necessary that we should ask him for advice. 3.He made it clear that anyone who broke the law would be punished.介詞后的賓語從句不可以用which來引導，用what或whatever?！纠?.Are you sorry for what you have done? 2.The Emperor was pleased with what the minister had told him about the cloth. 3.He always pays attention to whatever the teacher says.在賓語從句中，時態(tài)要一致：若主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時），從句可根據(jù)需要用在何時態(tài)?！纠?he is having supper now. he saw the film yesterday. he will go to Shanghai next week.I think that he was watching TV at 7:00 last night. he often goes to work by bus. he has read the magazine before.若主句為過去時態(tài)（一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時），從句也要用相應的過去時。但客觀真理、科學原理、格言等永遠用一般現(xiàn)在時，不受時態(tài)要一致的規(guī)則限制?！纠?.He said he will come to see me next week.(false) He said he would come to see me next week.(true) He said he has been there.(false) He said he had been there.(true) 他說他曾經(jīng)在這。 2. the earth goes round the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉。The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。 where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。由連詞that引導的賓語從句很少做介詞的賓語，只用在except（=but，除以外，不包括在內）、besides（除以外，包括某一范圍在內）之后，且此時的that不可省。其它一些介詞后若出現(xiàn)that引導的賓語從句時，要用it先行一步，作形式賓語，后放從句?！纠?.The girl hasnt changed at all except that she is no longer so talktive (adj. 健談的). 2.Your composition is well-written except that there are a few spelling mistakes. 3.You may depend on it that theyll support you. 4.We must see to (確保) it that everyone will be pleasant at the meeting.在賓語從句中應注意句型： what is the matter with him.(true) I dont know whats wrong with him.(true) 已是陳述語序 what wrong is with him.(false) what the matter is with him.(false)believe，think，guess，suppose在含有賓語從句的疑問句中要作“插入語”?！纠?.Do you know who he is waiting for?(true) 你知道他在等誰嗎？ Do you think who he is waiting for?(false) Who do you think he is waiting for?(true) 2.What do you suppose he is doing now? 3.Where do you believe he has been? 你相信他在哪？Im afraid/sure/sorry/certain+that-clause也叫賓語從句?！纠縄m afraid that I have a bad cold. 我害怕得重感冒。四、同位語從句1.定義：若處在同位語的位置上是個句子，那么這個句子就叫做同位語從句。2.注意事項：同位語從句要放在某些名詞之后，用來解釋或說明這些名詞的內容，常見的有：fact，news，hope，promise，idea，truth，suggestion，thought，order，question，problem，belief，doubt，fear，word(n. U消息)，possibility。在同位語從句中，不用if，用whether。常用來引導同位語從句的連詞有：that，whether，how，when，where，what。為了保持句子平衡，有時同位語從句會和它前面的名詞分開。【例】An order has come from Berlin that no language but German should be taught in the schools of France.(避免頭重腳輕)引導同位語從句的任何詞都不可省。注意區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句。定語從句：用來修飾其前面的名詞，關系詞、代詞、名詞在句中作成分；同位語從句：用來說明其前面的名詞的內容，引導詞在從句中不作成分?！颈容^】1.The news (that/which) I heard is true.(定語從句) The news that our team won is true.(同位語從句) 2.The suggestion that he put forward was turned down. He put forward the suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. 3.I have no idea when he will come back. 4.The man cant answer the question how he got the money. 5.He expressed the hope that they could come to China again next year. 6.My mother made a promise that she would buy me a new computer.【補充】1.Whoever breaks the law will be published. 2.Whoever says that is a liar. 3.Whoever heard of such a thing!五 考察重點考點之一:考查名詞性從句中that與what的區(qū)別 考例: _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what 分析: (注:劃線的選項為最佳答案,下同.)在名詞性從句中that與what的區(qū)別是:that在名詞性從句中不作句子成分,只起連接作用;而what在名詞性從句中不僅起連接作用,而且作句子成分.句子的意思是:我們不能得到的似乎比我們已經(jīng)擁有的要好.此題考查了兩個名詞性從句:主語從句和賓語從句,what在這兩個名詞性從句中都作賓語. 考點之二:考查名詞性從句中的it作形式主語或形式賓語 考例1: _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 分析:在這種名詞性從句中為了保持句子的平衡,往往用先行詞it作形式主語或形式賓語,而把真正的主語或賓語放到后面,尤其是that引導的主語從句往往用先行詞it作形式主語.此句也可以改寫為:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. 考例2: I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. this D. them 分析:此題考查的是用先行詞it作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語從句放到后面.其他幾個詞均不能作形式賓語. 考點之三:考查名詞性從句的語序 考例:The photographs will show you _ . A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 分析:在名詞性從句中,除了關聯(lián)詞要提到句首之外,一律要用陳述句語序。當關聯(lián)詞含疑問意義時,有的學生就會受習慣影響錯誤地使用疑問句語序?？朔@種錯誤的關鍵是要找準從句中的主語和謂語。本題句子的意思是:這些照片會告訴你我們村子是什么樣。本題中根據(jù)引導詞what要作介詞like的賓語,而副詞how不能作介詞like的賓語,所以首先排除C、D,而A項是疑問句語序,故只能選B?？键c之四:考查名詞性從句中的whether, if以及that的區(qū)別 考例1: _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 分析:句子的意思是:我們明天是否去野營要視天氣而定. whether與if當是否講時的區(qū)別是:在引導賓語從句時兩者可以互換,但在引導主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句以及介詞后面的賓語從句或后面緊跟or not時通常只能用whether,而不能用if. 考例2: What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why分析:本題句子的意思是:醫(yī)生真正懷疑的是我母親是否能很快從重病中恢復過來.whether引導的是表語從句. 考例3: It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. while B. that C. if D. for 分析:本題句子的意思是:頭發(fā)變白使她有點兒不安。It作形式主語,that引導的是主語從句。whether, if以及that引導的名詞性從句的區(qū)別是:whether與if(當是否講時)引導的名詞性從句含有疑問意義;而that引導的名詞性從句不含有疑問意義?？键c之五:考查名詞性從句中的疑問詞+ever引導的名詞性從句及其與no matter+疑問詞引導的從句的區(qū)別 考例 1:It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 分析:本題句子的意思是:一般認為孩子要什么就給什么是不明智的.whatever引導的是賓語從句,A. however 和D. whenever是不能作賓語的;而C. whichever表示無論哪一個、無論哪些,表示在一定范圍內的人或事物,此處并不涉及一定范圍內的人或事物,所以也不能選. 考例2: Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 分析:本題句子的意思是:薩拉希望跟自己有共同愛好的人交朋友.疑問詞+ever引導的名詞性從句與no matter+疑問詞引導的從句的區(qū)別是:前者既可以引導名詞性從句也可以引導讓步狀語從句;后者只能引導讓步狀語從句.首先排除D.而選A. anyone則應在其后加who.從句中需要的是主語,所以whomever也不行.考點之六:考查名詞性從句的虛擬語氣問題 考例:It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language. A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master 分析:本題選B.句子的意思是:大學生至少應該掌握一門外語。It作形式主語,that引導的主語從句中謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。 (1) 在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等,謂語動詞用虛擬語氣(should) +do,常用的句型有:I. It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that. II. It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.) that. III. It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that.如: It is strange that she (should) think so.(2) 表示建議、請求、命令、要求、堅持等及物動詞后面的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣,常用的這類動詞有suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. (3) 主語是suggestion, proposal, request, decision等表示建議、請求、要求、決定等意思的詞時,表語從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣(should) +do。如: His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question.(4) 表示建議、請求、命令、要求、決定等意思的名詞后面的同位語從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣(should)+do。如: They received orders that the work(should)be done at once.課堂回顧Test yourself1. Go and get your coat. Its you left it.A. there B. where C. there were D. where there2. the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.A. Whenever B. It C. Where D. That3. The problem is he has enough time.A. if B. whether C. / D. that4. He made a promise he would help me.A. what B. when C. that D. which5. They lost their way in the forest and made matters worse was that night began to fall.A. that B. this C. what D. which6. He told me the news the Queen would visit China the next month.A. that B. which C. when D. whether7. When the holidays were drawing near, I asked my American friends was the best way to travel in the United States.A. that B. what C. such D. where8. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly .A. where he had paid for it B. what he had paid for it C. what he was paid for it D. which he had paid for it9. Sometimes we are asked we think the likely result of an action will be.A. that B. what C. which D. whether10. They have not made any decision on they are going to do to deal with the waste and control pollution.A. that B. which C. if D. what11.-Do you know it? -Yes, but I cant remember I met him for the first time.A. where B. what C. that D. if12. -Do you know Mr. Blacks address is. -He may live at No.18 or No.19 of Bridge Street. Im not sure of .A. what; which B. where; which C. where; what D. what; where13. This old computer must have been of great use to did the scientific research.A. those B. when C. whoever D. whomever14. all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded.A. What; what B. That; that C. What; that D. That; what15. -I rang you at about ten, but there was no reply. -Oh, that was probably I was seeing the doctor.A. when B. why C. what D. that16. Maria has to baby-sit. That s she cant come with us.A. why B. how C. when D. what17. surprised me most was they had finished it so quickly.A. What; what B. That; that C. What; that D. That; what18. The reason why she couldnt come to the meeting was she had not been invited.A. because B. which C. that D. why19. In some countries, is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.A. which B. that C. what D. one20. Although he knew little about the work done in the field of physics, he succeeded other experienced experts failed.A. which B. that C. what D. where21. Father made a promise I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.A. that B. if C. whether D. that if22. What I want to know is he likes the gift given by us.A. that B. if C. whether D. /23. He wanted to make sure .A. how we went there by bus B. where did we goC. what did we go there D. when we went there24. they won the game was we had expected.A. That; which B. Whether; that C. What; that D. That; what25. I really dont mind much they came to visit me or not.A. because B. why C. when D. whether26. The question came up at the meeting we had not enough money to do the research.A. whether B. that C. if D. what27. surprised me most was he was too later for the important meeting, for he was chairman of it.A. What; why B. That; how C. What; how D. That; why28. Although most of them have no doubt he will pass the exam, I still think there is something uncertain about he has really got everything ready.A. whether; that B. that; whether C. that; that D. whether; whether29. beat Xiao Wang black and blue is not known.A. Whom B. Whoever C. Who D. What30. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever31. He was never satisfied with or proud of he had achieved.A. what B. that C. which D. all which32. Can you tell me get to the railway station?A. how can I B. what I can C. how I can D. where I can33. We dont know .A. this is whose dictionary B. whose dictionary is thisC. whose dictionary this is D. whose is this dictionary34. The problem is we can finish the work within such a short time.A. that B. why C. how D. when35. the boy didnt take the medicine made his mother very angry.A. That B. What C. How D. Which36. Each blind man believed he knew just the elephant looked like.A. that; what B. what; that C. that; that D. what; what37. They have no idea at all .A. where he has gone B. where did he goC. which place had he gone D. where has he gone38. Do you know your parents are pleased youve done?A. why; with what B. how; with that C. that; with which D. how; for what39. is unfit for the office.A. It seems to me that B. It seems to me that heC. That seems he D. That seems to him that40. That is paper came into use in China.A. how B. that C. what D. which41. It looks we shall have to do the work ourselves.A. that B. like C. seeming D. as though42. is not known yet.A. When she has gone B. Where she has goneC. How did she leave D. Why did she go43. His suggestion to see the exhibition interested every one of us.A. that we go B. which we should go C. that we would go D. when we should go44. Ive got to make he told a lie.A. that clear B. it clear that C. quite clear D. this clear that45. Word came his poem won the first prize.A. that B. where C. as D. because46. Some people believe easier for small countries to become strong and rich than for large .A. that; country B. it; one C. that; countries D. it; ones47. he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter48. he said is better than he did.A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what49. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.A. while B. that C. if D. for50. -Do you remember he came? -Yes, I do, he came by car.A. how B. when C. that D. if51. It is generally considered unwise to let a child freely do he or she wants.A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever52. Can you tell me ?A. who is that woman B. who the woman