哥倫比亞大學(xué)中英文介紹.doc

哥倫比亞大學(xué)約市哥倫比亞大學(xué)，通稱哥倫比亞大學(xué)，是一所美國私立研究型大學(xué)，常春藤聯(lián)盟成員之一。她坐落于紐約上曼哈頓地區(qū)的晨邊高地。她是紐約州歷史最悠久的高等教育機構(gòu)，美國歷史上第五所成立的大學(xué)，也是九所美國革命前成立的殖民地學(xué)院之一。今天，哥倫比亞大學(xué)的全球中心分布于安曼，北京，伊斯坦布爾，巴黎，孟買，里約熱內(nèi)盧，圣地亞哥和內(nèi)羅畢。哥倫比亞大學(xué)最初于1754年以國王學(xué)院之名，根據(jù)英王喬治二世頒布的王室特許狀成立。美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭之后，國王學(xué)院短暫成為了紐約州下轄的一個實體，并在1784年被重命名為哥倫比亞學(xué)院。學(xué)?，F(xiàn)在根據(jù)其1787年章程被置于一個私人董事會的管理之下。1896年，她再一次被賦予了一個新名稱，即一直沿用至今的“哥倫比亞大學(xué)”。同年，學(xué)校的校園被從麥迪遜大道搬遷至她現(xiàn)在位于晨邊高地的校址。校園占地六個街區(qū)，共32英畝（13公頃）。學(xué)校本體擁有二十個學(xué)院，并且下轄許多教育機構(gòu)，包括教師學(xué)院，雖然法律上獨立于哥倫比亞大學(xué)，但實際上是學(xué)校下屬的一個院系）、巴納德學(xué)院、協(xié)和神學(xué)院、以及美洲猶太教神學(xué)院。同時學(xué)校還與美洲猶太教神學(xué)院與朱莉亞學(xué)院共同擁有本科聯(lián)合教育項目。哥倫比亞大學(xué)是每年一度的普利策獎的頒發(fā)機構(gòu)，一百零一位學(xué)?，F(xiàn)在或曾經(jīng)的學(xué)生或者教職工是諾貝爾獎獲得者。哥倫比亞大學(xué)是美國大學(xué)協(xié)會的十四個創(chuàng)始會員之一，并且是美國第一個授予藥學(xué)博士的學(xué)校。哥倫比亞大學(xué)包括其前身國王學(xué)院的著名校友包括五位美國開國元勛官；二十位在世的億萬富翁；二十八位奧斯卡獎獲得者；二十九位各國元首，包括三位美國總統(tǒng)。校區(qū)晨邊高地大多數(shù)哥倫比亞大學(xué)的本科生和研究生在位于紐約市晨邊高地的主校區(qū)學(xué)習(xí)根據(jù)塞斯洛十九世紀晚期的觀點，大學(xué)所有的教學(xué)任務(wù)都應(yīng)該可以在一個校園內(nèi)完成。校園設(shè)計由麥金姆米德懷特公司的建筑師們主持，采用布雜風(fēng)格為設(shè)計思路。校區(qū)占地超過六個街區(qū)，32英畝（13公頃），且在她的周圍還坐落著很多高等教育機構(gòu)。哥倫比亞大學(xué)在晨邊高地擁有7,800套公寓，用來提供給教職工以及研究生們居?。涣硗鈳缀跛械亩鄠€本科生公寓（包括起初作為學(xué)生公寓設(shè)計建造的以及后來改作學(xué)生公寓的建筑）都位于校園附近或晨邊高地地區(qū)。學(xué)校擁有發(fā)達且歷經(jīng)一個世紀的地下隧道系統(tǒng)，最古老的部分甚至要早于晨邊高地的主校區(qū)。其中有一些仍然對公眾開放，而其余部分則已經(jīng)被封鎖了起來。通常被稱為巴特勒圖書館的尼古拉斯穆瑞巴特勒圖書館是哥倫比亞大學(xué)圖書館系統(tǒng)中最大的單體圖書館，也是學(xué)校規(guī)模最大的建筑物之一。該圖書館起初是由前校長尼古拉斯穆瑞巴特勒提出作為擴展洛氏紀念圖書館的“南館”建造，圖書館由愛德華哈克尼斯他同時也是耶魯大學(xué)住宿學(xué)院系統(tǒng)的資助人資助建造，由巴特勒校長最中意的建筑師詹姆斯甘博羅杰斯設(shè)計。圖書館于1934年建成，并在1948年改名為巴特勒圖書館。圖書館采用新古典式設(shè)計。其正面由一排愛奧尼亞式石柱裝飾，石柱上方鐫刻著古希臘與古羅馬時期許多偉大作家，哲學(xué)家與思想家的姓名，他們中大多數(shù)人的作品是選修哥倫比亞學(xué)院“核心課程”學(xué)生的必讀書籍。到2012年，哥倫比亞大學(xué)圖書館系統(tǒng)的收藏量已經(jīng)超越了1,100萬，是美國第八大圖書館系統(tǒng)，同時在美國高校圖書館系統(tǒng)收藏量排名中位居第五。 晨邊高地校區(qū)的許多建筑被列入了美國國家史跡名錄。作為美國國家歷史地標以及校區(qū)核心的的洛氏紀念圖書館因其重要的建筑價值被收入該名錄。哲學(xué)樓則因為其作為調(diào)頻收音機發(fā)明地的原因被收錄。另外一個美國國家歷史地標，同時是物理系與天文系所在地的普平樓也被收入了美國國家史跡名錄。人類歷史上第一次鈾裂變的實驗就是在這里由恩里科費米主持進行，在丹麥哥本哈根完成的人類歷史上第一次原子分裂的十天后。在洛氏紀念圖書館前方臺階的中心有一座名為“母?！钡牡裣?，雕像由丹尼爾切斯特法蘭奇創(chuàng)作。法國人是受麥金姆-米德-懷特公司的邀請，為使校園中央的洛氏圖書館與其前方廣場更加協(xié)調(diào)而展開設(shè)計。雕像中的女神身穿學(xué)袍，頭戴桂冠，安坐于王座之上。王座扶手的前端是兩盞明燈，代表著睿智與訓(xùn)導(dǎo)。女神膝上打開的書本象征著知識，一只代表智慧的貓頭鷹藏在學(xué)袍的褶皺中。女神右手手持一柄由四束麥穗裝飾的權(quán)杖，權(quán)杖頂部象征國王學(xué)院的王冠表明了學(xué)校于1754年初創(chuàng)之時曾為王室特許機構(gòu)的歷史。 女神的部分創(chuàng)作原型據(jù)說是一位名叫瑪麗勞東的當(dāng)?shù)匮輪T。雕像于1903年9月23日以羅伯特戈萊特先生及其夫人的名義正式贈送給學(xué)校。起初雕像的桂冠以金葉覆蓋，在1968年哥倫比亞大學(xué)抗議行動中，一枚炸彈對雕像造成了損壞，不過隨后得到了修復(fù)。雕像中隱藏的小貓頭鷹后來成為了許多哥倫比亞大學(xué)校園傳說中的主角，最為人熟知的一條是：新生中第一個在雕像中發(fā)現(xiàn)這只貓頭鷹的人將會成為最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生，而那些隨后找到的男生們將會在學(xué)校對面的巴納德女子學(xué)院遇見自己的新娘?！靶@臺階”，或者稱為“洛氏臺階”、“城市海灘”，是一個非常受哥倫比亞大學(xué)學(xué)生們歡迎的會面地點。這是一段連接校園低地部分（即南校園）與地勢較高部分的大理石臺階。受城市美化運動啟發(fā)的這一設(shè)計為哥倫比亞大學(xué)與巴納德學(xué)院的學(xué)生及教職工的日常聚會，活動與大型儀式提供了舒適與寬敞的戶外空間。同時麥金姆公司經(jīng)典的洛氏圖書館正面設(shè)計是十九世紀晚期新古典主義風(fēng)格設(shè)計的一個縮影。作為洛氏圖書館的入口，莊重的古典風(fēng)格石柱和門廊無不顯示其裝飾建筑的重要性。氣候溫暖宜人的時候，洛氏臺階經(jīng)常成為學(xué)生們享受日光浴，午餐與玩飛盤的理想去處 。其他校區(qū)2007年4月，大學(xué)購買了位于晨邊高地校區(qū)以北曼哈頓維爾的一個工業(yè)區(qū)超過三分之二，約17英畝（6.9公頃）的土地。這塊從125街延伸至133街的新校區(qū)將容納哥倫比亞大學(xué)的商學(xué)院，國際與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院，以及主要研究神經(jīng)退行性疾病，例如帕金森氏癥和阿爾茨海默氏癥的杰羅姆L格林心智、大腦與行為研究中心。這一涉及70億美元資金的擴展計劃包括拆毀除三處有歷史價值的建筑以外的所有建筑，清除區(qū)域內(nèi)所有的輕工業(yè)和儲存?zhèn)}庫，以及重新安置132幢公寓的租戶。最后這一區(qū)域?qū)楦鐐惐葋喆髮W(xué)增加6,800,000平方英尺（630,000平方米）的校園面積。但基于從財產(chǎn)保護、公平交換土地到維護居民權(quán)的許多理由，西哈勒姆區(qū)的社區(qū)活動團體反對大學(xué)的這一擴張計劃。隨后舉行的聽證會聽取了周圍社區(qū)的反對意見。后來，紐約州的帝國州發(fā)展公司通過表明曼哈頓維爾地區(qū)的蕭條現(xiàn)狀獲得了該地塊的使用權(quán)，并且在2008年12月得到了政府部門給予的，為了發(fā)展公共事業(yè)使用私人財產(chǎn)的權(quán)利。2009年5月20日，紐約州公共機構(gòu)管理理事會批準了學(xué)校在曼哈頓維爾的擴大計劃，現(xiàn)今第一座建筑正在修建中。Columbia University in the City of New YorkColumbia University in the City of New York, or simply Columbia University, is an American private Ivy Leagueresearch university located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the countrys nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Today the university operates Columbia Global Centers overseasin Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago and Nairobi. The university was founded in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. After the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. The University now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. That same year, the universitys campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights, where it occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha). The university encompasses twenty schools and is affiliated with numerous institutions, including Teachers College(which is Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Education), Barnard College, and the Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as the Juilliard School. Columbia annually administers the Pulitzer Prize，101 Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with the university as students, faculty, or staff, the second most of any institution in the world. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree. Notable alumni and former students of the university and its predecessor, Kings College, include five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme Court; 43 Nobel Prize laureates; 20 living billionaires; 28 Academy Award winners; and 29 heads of state, including three United States Presidents. CampusMorningside HeightsThe majority of Columbias graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morn ingside Heights on Seth Lows late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught in one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts principles by architects McKim, Mead, and White. Columbias main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, commonly known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as South Hall by the universitys former President Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled, the new library was funded by Edward Harkness, benefactor of Yales residential college system, and designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The librarys design is neo-classical in style. Its facade features an arcade of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College. As of 2012, Columbias library system includes over 11 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States. Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio. Also listed is Pupin Hall, anotherNational Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi，and the uranium atom was split there ten days after the worlds first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark. A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing sapientia and doctrina. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of Kings College which refers to Columbias origin as a Royalist institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired. The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a womens college. The Steps, alternatively known as Low Steps or the Urban Beach, are a popular meeting area for Columbia students.The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable and spacious outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKims classical facade epitomizes late 19th century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.On warm days when the weather is favorable, the Low Steps often become a popular gathering place for students to sunbathe, eat lunch, or play frisbee.Other campusesIn April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Streetto 133rd Street, the new campus will house buildings for Columbias Business School, School of International and Public Affa