限定詞的搭配關(guān)系及相互位置.doc

第十四章限定詞一、限定詞概述定詞是與名詞密切相關(guān)的詞類，包括冠詞（a（n），the）、形容詞性指示代詞（this，that， these，those）、形容詞性物主代詞（my，your，our，etc）、形容詞性不定代詞（both，every，much，some， etc）、數(shù)詞（one，two，etc；first，second，etc；one-third，three-fifths，etc）和特指形容詞（next，only，etc）。限定詞用于名詞的前面，限定名詞所指的范圍，表示該名詞是特指還是泛指，是定量還是不定量。限定詞的使用并非隨意，受著名詞種類及形式的制約，與名詞有著特定的搭配關(guān)系，在多個(gè)限定詞連用時(shí)相互之間還有著相對(duì)固定的位置二、限定詞與名詞的搭配關(guān)系限定詞一般不用于專有名詞，用于普通名詞時(shí)要根據(jù)名詞的數(shù)和類別來決定。普通名詞可分為如下三類：單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，如：a desk, a pencil等。復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，如：desks, pencils等。不可數(shù)名詞，如：coffee, fire等。各限定詞與三類名詞搭配關(guān)系可分為以下幾種情況：A. 能與三類名詞搭配的限定詞定冠詞the, 如：the book, the books, the bread等。物主代詞、名詞所有格，如：my / Johns bookmy / Johns booksmy / Johns breadall / some / any / no，如：all / some / any / no bookall / some / any / no booksall / some / any / no breadother / such，如：other / such studentother / such studentswh -words (eg. what, which, whose等）。Im sorry you had such terrible weather.Which John do you mean, John the baker or John the post man？Note:such經(jīng)常與不定冠詞連用構(gòu)成such + a(n) + adj + 名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Ive never lived in such a large house as this before.They havent had such a good time for ages.B. 只能與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞如：a (n), each, every, either, one等。I told every student to come.She knows every pupil of the class.You may use either hoe.C. 只能與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞如：both, (a) few, several, these / those, a (great) number of, two / three, many等。Were asking a few friends round to dinner.A great number of animals are killed every year.Note:many后面可以跟a (n)放在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，盡管還表示“許多”的意思，但動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Many a man is going to welcome the foreign guests.Many a friend has been invited to this party.D. 只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞如：(a) little, a bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, much 等。In fact I know a bit of Spanish.A large amount of money is spent on tobacco every year.E. 能與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞如：the first / second, the next, the other 等。Whats the next thing to do?John wanted to know what the other doctors suggest.F. 能與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞如：a lot of, plenty of, lots of, enough, more, most等。There is enough food for everybody.There arent enough tools to go around.G. 能與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞如：(the) least, this, that等。He hadnt the least thought of his own interests.She fainted at the least sight of blood.三、限定詞與限定詞的搭配關(guān)系在名詞詞組中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的限定詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，限定詞之間就存在前后順序問題，根據(jù)限定詞不同的搭配位置，限定詞可分為中位限定詞、前位限定詞和后位限定詞。前位限定詞（Predeterminers)：all, both, half, double, twice; one third, two thirds等。中位限定詞（Central determiners ）包括：冠詞；指示詞（this / that / these / those) ;形容詞性物主代詞，名詞所有格（my, Johns)；量詞(some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, much等）；wh-words (what, which, whose等）。后位限定詞（Postdeterminers）：基數(shù)詞；序數(shù)詞; last, next, other, another等; such; many, little, few, several, more, less等。The teacher asked his students to write their answers on every other line.老師要求學(xué)生隔一行寫出答案。Both my brothers have graduated from universities.我兩個(gè)兄弟都大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。The old men had a very good time during all these last few days.這些老人在最后一段日子里過得很愉快。在限定詞的搭配中，一般的順序都是前位-中位-后位，中位限定詞之間和前位限定詞之間是互相排斥的，即：兩個(gè)中位限定詞或兩個(gè)前位限定詞不能同時(shí)修飾中心詞-名詞，而后位限定詞則可以并列修飾中心詞。Mr Harrison showed us a few more samples.Tom broke his leg on New Years day. It took him the next few weeks to get over it.湯姆新年那天摔斷了腿，幾個(gè)星期后才恢復(fù)。The girls parents invited several hundred guests to her birthday party.女孩的父母邀請了幾百名客人參加她的生日晚會(huì)。Note:限定詞使用規(guī)則：限定詞的分類比較復(fù)雜、難記。一般情況下，可以運(yùn)用以下幾條簡單、實(shí)用的規(guī)則。A.把a(bǔ)ll和both放在其他限定詞之前。如：The little boy ate all the food.All such problems should be considered.Both my hands were seriously hurt.B.把many / much, more / most, few / little放在其他限定詞之后。如：His many successes made him famous.Johns few friends speak highly of him.With the surrender of the enemy troops, no more fighting was expected there.C.感嘆句中，把what和such放在a(n)之前。如：What a lovely girl!Ive never seen such a crowd!四、幾組限定詞的用法比較（一）some, any, no的用法some, any, no同是能與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞搭配的限定詞。1.some和any表示“一些，若干幾分”等含義，一般情況下，some用于肯定句,any用于疑問、否定、條件句中。Have you got any aspirins?Mr White has some flowers in his garden.We havent invited any students to the party.If you want any glasses, Ill send you some.2.any 還可以用于實(shí)際上含否定意思的肯定句中。例如，含有never, without, hardly等詞的肯定句。The young accountant seldom makes any error in his books.I can answer your questions without any hesitations.The noise of the party prevented me from getting any sleep.3.some可以與others連用。Some people like the sea, others prefer the mountains.Some students answered Yes and others answered No.4.如果說話人預(yù)期肯定回答時(shí)，some也可用于疑問句。Dont you give him some tickets?Ive just been shopping. Oh, did you buy some rice?”some還可用在表示勸請、請求、命令的疑問句中。Wont you have some more beer?Could you buy me some clips?5.any用于肯定句中，表示“任何，無論哪一個(gè)”。Any child would know that.6.No的含義相當(dāng)于not any (a)。No cigarette is completely harmless.There were no letters for you this morning.no和any相似，它不能與另一個(gè)限定詞連用。與the, my, this, that等相遇時(shí)用none of代替。None of my friends live near my house.I like none of that music.no可以和一個(gè)帶-ing的動(dòng)詞連用，表示不允許干某事，這時(shí)不能用not any代替。No Smoking!不準(zhǔn)吸煙！No Parking!禁止停放車輛！No Waiting!禁止（車輛等）在此等候！7.有時(shí)no的意義不止是not (a)或not any，而是not at all（完全不是，決不是）。He is no fool.(= He is not a fool.）It is no easy task.(= It is not an easy task.）（二）all, both, every, each, either, neither的用法1.all, both同屬前位限定詞，但all可以與三類名詞搭配，both只能與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配，從意義上講both指兩者，all指三者或三者以上。如：How much time will you take for all this work?All children can be naughty sometimes.I got both these vases in Spain.Both cats are asleep.all和both用于否定時(shí)表示部分否定。例如：I cannot promote both of you.我不能使你們兩個(gè)都提升。All flowers in his garden are not red.他花園里的花并非都是紅色的。Both (of them) are not my brothers.他們兩個(gè)之中，只有一個(gè)是我的兄弟。另外，表示部分否定的詞還有every (everyone)。例如：Every man can not be a poet.并非人人都可以成為詩人。要表達(dá)全部否定要用none / no (nobody) , neither, either等。例如：I cannot promote either of you.你們兩個(gè)我都不能提拔。No flower in his garden is red.他花園的花都不是紅的。2.all 和every從意義上十分相近，都用來泛指人或物，然而兩者各自與名詞搭配的類別不同，every只能與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用。如：All Mondays are horrible.(= Every Monday is horrible. )all后可以跟the或this, my等限定詞，而every卻不行。例如：All the boys of this class are able to run faster than their teacher.試比較：She was here all day.她在這里呆了一整天。She was here every day. 她天天都在這里。3.every和each同屬中位限定詞，都可與單數(shù)名詞連用，且意義相近，表示每個(gè)，然而every和each并不完全一樣，every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概括，each則表示個(gè)別概念。例如：Each day is better than the one before.一天比一天好。Every player was in good form.每個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員都處于最佳狀態(tài)。如果不特別強(qiáng)調(diào)某一意義時(shí)，every和each可以互換。例如：We want every child to succeed.我們希望每個(gè)孩子都成功。Each child will find his own personal road to success.每個(gè)孩子將會(huì)找到他個(gè)人的成功之路。each可以指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或東西，every卻不能指兩個(gè)，只能指三個(gè)以上的數(shù)量。例如：Each * has its own physical and psychological characteristics.男女各有其身體上和心理上的特點(diǎn)。（不能說every *.)另外，如有其他限定詞同時(shí)修飾中心詞，each可作代詞取each of的形式，而every則只能作限定詞。例如：Each of my parents gave me presents for Christmas.過圣誕節(jié)時(shí)我父母每人都給我送了禮物。4.either 和neither 同屬中位限定詞，與名詞連用時(shí)不能和其