高二上學期英語語法總結.doc

高二上學期英語語法總結一、 不定式不定式的被動式，當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示動作的承受者時，不定式一般用被動形式。不定式被動形式在句中可作主語、表語、狀語、補語等。如：To be obeyed was natural to her她生性讓別人聽命于她。(作主語)The problem remained to be solved這個問題還有待解決。(作表語)It needs not to be said that they are very happy together不必說他們在一起非常幸福。(作賓語)There were plans to be made at once要立即制定計劃。(作定語)He has returned only to be sent away again他回來以后又被打發(fā)走了。(作狀語)The captain ordered the flag to be raised船長命令升旗。(作賓語補足語)The book is intended to be read and not to be torn這書是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。(作主語補足語)在某些句子中，不定式雖表被動，但仍用主動形式。如：What is to pay？要付多少錢？The reason is not far to seek道理很淺顯。He gave me some books to read他給了我一些書讀。We found the report easy to understand我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些報告很容易懂。不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的功能和用法講解如下：由于不定式有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點，所以它在句中可做主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、狀語、補語等。今天只把不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的用法講解一下。1)作主語。如：To see is to believe眼見為實。To serve the people is our duty為人民服務是我們的職責。在日常英語中，常用it作為語法上的主語，即形式主語，而將真正的主語放在后面。It is our duty to serve the people為人民服務是我們的職責。2)作賓語。如：I couldnt afford to buy a new car我買不起汽車。Have you decided to marry him？你決定嫁給他嗎？有些動詞常常跟不定式作賓語，它們是：want，wish，hate，prefer，hope，continue，manage，try，ask，offer，start，forget，remember，begin，decide，agree，choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect，desire等。另外，在一些復合賓語中，常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語，而將真正的賓語不定式放在后面。如：I thought it right to do this test我認為做這項實驗是對的。3)作定語。通常都置于被修飾名詞或代詞之后。如：This is the best way to solve this problem這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。I have a lot of work to do我有許多工作要做。如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動賓關系，且這個不定式是不及物動詞，則它后面需有必要的介詞。如：He is a good comrade to work with他是一個很好共事的同志。There is nothing to think about沒什么值得考慮的。4)作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因等。如：He went home to see his parents他回家看望父母。(表目的)I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you我把收音機音量調(diào)小，以免打擾你。(表目的)The problem is too hard to understand這問題太難了，理解不了。(表結果)What have I done to make you unhappy？我做了什么事使你不高興？(表結果)Im glad to hear the news聽了這消息，我很高興。(表原因)I was surprised to see him there我真想不到會在那里見到他。(表原因)二、過去分詞作定語、表語、賓補、狀語。它們的用法講解如下：1)過去分詞作定語。如果是及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動關系，且表完成的狀態(tài)；如果是不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒有主被動關系之說，所以不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成的狀態(tài)。但有些表示思想感情的過去分詞如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主動，又不表完成。此外，作定語的過去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；作定語的過去分詞如果是動詞短語，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。如：We need more qualified teachers我們需要更多的合格老師。He stepped carelessly on some broken glass他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。The letter written by my brother is on the desk我兄弟寫的信在桌子上。The TV set made in China are good quality中國制造的電視機質(zhì)量很好。You can drink boiled water，not boiling water你可以喝白開水，但不可以喝沸騰的水。From his disappointed look，I knew he didnt pass the examination從他的失望表情看，我知道他沒通過考試。2)作表語，過去分詞作表語，多表示主語的狀態(tài)。如：This machine part is broken這個機器零件壞了。He looked very excited他看起來很激動。有些過去分詞實際上已被看成形容詞了，常見的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。3）用作賓補的過去分詞過去分詞作賓補，與前面的賓語有邏輯上的被動關系且表動作的完成。1)作表感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞的賓補，它們是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等We hear the music played by the band我們聽了樂隊演奏這首樂曲。I found her greatly changed我發(fā)現(xiàn)她變化很大。Everybody thought the battle lost人人都認為這場戰(zhàn)役輸?shù)袅恕?)作使役動詞的賓補，它們是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等When you speak，you have to make yourself understood說話時要讓人聽懂。Please keep us informed of the latest development請隨時向我們通報事態(tài)的最新發(fā)展。I must get my bike repaired我必須請人修自行車。3)作表希望或要求的動詞的賓補，它們是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動形式作賓補基本相同。Dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal我不要你們?nèi)魏稳藸可娴匠舐勚腥?。The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續(xù)下去。She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow他要此項工程明天以前完成。4）用作狀語的過去分詞無論過去分詞作狀語還是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，分詞的邏輯主語都要和主句的主語一致。過去分詞與主句的主語應是被動關系。過去分詞作狀語，表示時間、原因、讓步或伴隨等，這種過去分詞通常相當于狀語從句。下面我將舉例說明。1)表時間(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands加熱后，這種金屬會膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work這對夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧這個嬰兒。像第二句那樣當強調(diào)實踐概念時，過去分詞之前可用連詞when，while。2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldnt say a word 他大吃一驚，一時說不出話來。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair那姑娘因受老師責備，而憤憤不平。3)表讓步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldnt go即使受邀請，我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting盡管一再遭受挫敗，他們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。4)表伴隨He stared at me(he was)astonished他兩眼瞪著我，驚恐萬狀。Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought愛因斯坦漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。三、由關系代詞“that”引導的名詞性從句that引導名詞性從句時，本身沒有什么意思，它只起一個連接作用。that引導主語從句時，一般不可省略，且可把that所引導的主語從句放在后面，前面用it代替that從句；當然，當主句用了被動語態(tài)或是一般疑問句時多用it作形式主語；如主句是感嘆句時，必須用it作形式主語，把that從句放在后面。引導及物動詞的賓語從句時，在不引起歧義的情況下，that可以省略；that很少引導介詞的賓語從句(中學階段常見的能引導that從句的介詞有：except、but、in等)，如介詞引導that從句作賓語，常常在其后加it，在加that從句作賓語。that從句作表語從句，一般不可省略。that從句作同位語從句，一般不可省略。請看下列例句：That we shall be late is certain=It is certain that we shall be late我們要晚了，這是確定無疑的。It is said that hes got married聽說他結婚了。How strange it is that the children are so quiet！真奇怪孩子們?nèi)绱税察o。He told me(that)he would come to Guan the next day他告訴我第二天他來固安。He did come here in that he had another thing to do他沒來是因為他有其他事要做。You can depend on it that he is a millionaire你就放心吧，他是百萬富翁。The fact is that he doesnt understand English at all事實上他根本不懂英語。I know the fact that the doesnt understand English at all我知道他根本不懂英語(那個事實)。如何區(qū)別 where 引導的定語從句與狀語從句1where 引導定語從句時，where 是關系副詞，在從句中作地點狀語，其前面有表示地點的先行詞，where 引導的從句修飾先行詞。例如： The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here我買這本書的那個書店離這里不遠。 This is the house where I lived two years ago這就是我兩年前住的那所房子。 We will start at the point where we left off 我們將從上次停下來的地方開始。 2where 引導狀語從句時，where 是從屬連詞，where 引導的從句修飾主句的謂語動詞，where 前面沒有表示地點的先行詞。例如： Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet 武漢位于長江和漢江的匯合處。 Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions在有疑問的地方做一個記號。 I found my books where I had left them我在我原來放書的地方找到了我的書。 有時，where 引導的地點狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引導的定語從句則不能。例如： Where there is a will，there is a way(諺語)有志者事竟成。 Where there is water，there is life有水的地方就有生命。 3在有些情況下，where 引導的定語從句可轉換為 where 引導的地點狀語從句。例如： A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓。 Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often溫暖而多雨的地方最適合于竹子生長。疑問詞引導的名詞性從句 1)What you need is more practice(主語從句)2)What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad(主語從句)3)I cant imagine when we will be able to travel in space(動詞賓語從句)4)This reminded me of what he had once told us(介詞賓語從句)5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans(表語從句)6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars(同位語從句)四、虛擬語氣語氣是一種動詞形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。英語中共有三種語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。本單元所講的是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式，用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實，而只是一種愿望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。本單元要學習關于虛擬語氣的以下三個用法：1虛擬語氣在一般現(xiàn)在時的條件句和主句中的謂語動詞的形式如下：從 句 主 句過去式(be用were) would + 動詞原形例句1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original要是我懂德文，我就讀資本論的原文。2)If he were here now，everything would be all right要是他現(xiàn)在在這兒，一切就都沒問題了。3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！2虛擬語氣在wish后的賓語從句中的應用。如果該賓語從句表示一般現(xiàn)在時，其動詞一律用其過去式形式，be用were；如果該從句表示一般過去時，其動詞形式要用：had + 過去分詞；如果該從句表示現(xiàn)在進行時，其動詞形式要用werewas + 現(xiàn)在分詞；如果該從句表示一般將來時，其動詞形式要用：wouldcould + 動詞原形。例句1)I wish I werewas as strong as you2)I wish I remembered his phone number3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day4)How I wish it werentwasnt raining now！5)I wish he would try again3虛擬語氣在含有as if引導的從句中的動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句中的動詞形式相同。1)He acts as if he werewas an expert2)It seems as if it werewas spring3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years一般過去時與一般將來時中的虛擬語氣表示過去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語動詞的主要形式如下：從 句 主 句had + 過去分詞 would have + 過去分詞例句1If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train2If I hadnt taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake3You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes表示將來情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語動詞的主要形式如下：從 句 主 句were toshould + 動詞原形 would + 動詞原形 例句：1If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology2If he were toshould travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it注：在虛擬條件中，有時可以把表示假設的從屬連詞if省掉不用，在此語境中，就把從句中的助動詞had，should或were移至其主語前，如：1Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment2Were they to act like that again，we wouldshould criticize them severely3Should we fail again next time，we wouldnt lose courage 五、倒裝主語與謂語有兩種順序：一是主語在前，這和漢語是一致的，稱為自然語序或正裝語序。反之，如果謂語的全部或一部分置于主語之前，就是倒裝語序。產(chǎn)出倒裝語序主要有兩個原因：語法結構的要求；第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關倒裝語序的知識。A）完全倒裝1)There exist different opinions on this question關于這個問題存在著不同的意見。2)Here comes the old lady那位老太太來了。3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to我們期待的時刻到來了。4)Up went the arrow into the air颼的一聲箭射上了天空。5)Now comes your turn現(xiàn)在輪到你了。6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane呼地一聲在天空中飛過一架噴氣式飛機。B)否定詞置于句首，引起部分倒裝(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞移至主語前)，如：1)Never before has our country been so prosperous我們的國家從來沒有這樣繁榮昌盛。2)Hardly did I think it possible我?guī)缀跽J為這是不可能的。3)On no account should we follow blindly我們決不應盲從。C)“only + 狀語”置于句首引起部分倒裝，如：1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved只有在艱苦斗爭之后這一目標才得以實現(xiàn)。2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那里的局勢。D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝，如：1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours time萬一有人給我打電話，叫他兩小時以后再給我打。2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket要是早點通知我，我就可能不買那機票了。2表語倒裝當表語置于句首，其系動詞也就隨之移至主語前形成完全倒裝，如：1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard靠近村子南頭是一個很大的蘋果園。2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones