1222托?？荚嚻咸淹懈C(jī)經(jīng)伴侶終極版.pdf

TOEFL 機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 大陸 12 月 22 日考試 葡萄團(tuán)隊(duì)出品 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 1 目目 錄錄 葡萄托福伴侶本次改版說(shuō)明 2 機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 3 閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 3 聽(tīng)力機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 3 口語(yǔ)機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 3 寫(xiě)作機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 3 閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 4 聽(tīng)力機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 31 口語(yǔ)機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 74 寫(xiě)作機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 85 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 2 葡萄托福伴侶本次改版說(shuō)明葡萄托福伴侶本次改版說(shuō)明 閱讀 1 閱讀部分簡(jiǎn)化了英文背景介紹 根據(jù)文章的中文還原信息 針對(duì)難以理解的術(shù)語(yǔ) 背景添加簡(jiǎn)要中文解釋 2 閱讀部分添加了文章結(jié)構(gòu)文章結(jié)構(gòu) 通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)閱覽 考生更能便捷掌握文章的邏輯發(fā)展 并且 學(xué)生如果能夠熟悉托福閱讀常出現(xiàn)的閱讀結(jié)構(gòu) 提前預(yù)測(cè)文章重點(diǎn) 有利于 學(xué)生快速閱讀 節(jié)約答題時(shí)間 聽(tīng)力 1 聽(tīng)力部分簡(jiǎn)化了英文背景介紹 2 聽(tīng)力部分重點(diǎn)推出題目答案預(yù)測(cè)題目答案預(yù)測(cè) 基于靠譜的中文還原 葡萄團(tuán)隊(duì)采用聽(tīng)力 出題原則預(yù)測(cè)題目和答案 考生以真題為例學(xué)習(xí)出題原則和預(yù)測(cè)題目之間的關(guān)系 可以主動(dòng)把握聽(tīng)力出題趨勢(shì) 從而保證自己的聽(tīng)力能力 注 注 20122012年年1212月月2222日機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶日機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶中閱讀和聽(tīng)力學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)的材料來(lái)自中閱讀和聽(tīng)力學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)的材料來(lái)自 于各機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)的重點(diǎn)頭于各機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)的重點(diǎn)頭1010套 分別是套 分別是20112011年年0808月月2727日日 北美 北美 20112011 年年1212月月1717日日 北美 北美 20112011年年1212月月9 9日日 北美 北美 20122012年年4 4月月2020日日 北 北 美 美 20122012年年5 5月月5 5日日 北美 北美 20122012年年5 5月月2525日日 北美 北美 20122012年年5 5 月月2626日日 北美 北美 20102010年年1010月月1717日 大陸 日 大陸 20102010年年1010月月2222日日 北 北 美 美 20112011年年1111月月2626日 大陸 日 大陸 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 3 機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 1 該機(jī)經(jīng)伴針對(duì)各大機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì) 12 月 22 日的托福機(jī)經(jīng)預(yù)測(cè)的 10 套重點(diǎn)題目進(jìn)行分析 內(nèi)容包 括考生回憶的中文內(nèi)容 文章結(jié)構(gòu) 學(xué)術(shù)背景介紹 2 考生可以利用伴侶中的閱讀結(jié)構(gòu)分析 總結(jié)托福閱讀文章特點(diǎn) 3 考生可以將學(xué)術(shù)背景介紹作為課外讀物閱覽 聽(tīng)力機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明聽(tīng)力機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 1 該機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶針對(duì)各大機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì) 12 月 22 日的托福機(jī)經(jīng)預(yù)測(cè)的 10 套重點(diǎn)題目進(jìn)行分析 內(nèi)容包 括考生回憶的中文內(nèi)容 問(wèn)題預(yù)測(cè) 學(xué)術(shù)背景介紹 2 考生需要熟悉問(wèn)題預(yù)測(cè)中的題型 出題原則 問(wèn)題 和答案 學(xué)生通過(guò)使用此伴侶 學(xué)會(huì) 基本的聽(tīng)力出題原則 并能獨(dú)立運(yùn)用這些原則進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容預(yù)判 3 考生可以將學(xué)術(shù)背景介紹作為課外讀物閱覽 口語(yǔ)機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明口語(yǔ)機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 1 瀏覽機(jī)經(jīng)中所有口語(yǔ)獨(dú)立題目即 Task 1 2 2 根據(jù)每道題目后面提供的思路和要點(diǎn) 挑選 組合并寫(xiě)出適合自己的答題提綱 3 根據(jù)提綱 寫(xiě)出自己的答題段落 口頭作文 4 反復(fù)朗讀并修改自己的答題段落 直至能在規(guī)定時(shí)間 45 秒 內(nèi)流利說(shuō)出答案為止 5 模擬考試場(chǎng)景 錄下自己的答題段落 考前反復(fù)重錄重聽(tīng) 寫(xiě)作機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶使用說(shuō)明 1 按照四種分類(lèi) 瀏覽機(jī)經(jīng)上所有獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作題目 歸納每類(lèi)題目的共同特點(diǎn) 2 逐類(lèi)瀏覽范文及分析 比較同一類(lèi)題目不同寫(xiě)作思路的難易 針對(duì)每一類(lèi)題目 選擇最適 合自己的寫(xiě)作思路 3 詳細(xì)閱讀范文 主要掌握文章開(kāi)頭 結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)作模式 文章主干的展開(kāi)方式及結(jié)構(gòu) 4 按照范文框架 還原范文的內(nèi)容 5 摘抄 背誦范文主干當(dāng)中的論證以及論述句子 6 模仿范文的結(jié)構(gòu) 進(jìn)行同一類(lèi)思路下面其他文章的寫(xiě)作 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 4 閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2011 年 08 月 27 日 北美 閱讀 1 昆蟲(chóng) 2 心理學(xué) 3 中世紀(jì)歐洲的土地制度 4 地球大氣的形成 5 美國(guó)水土保護(hù) 2011 年 12 月 17 日 北美 1 蜥蜴 身體的溫度是根據(jù)環(huán)境變化的 還說(shuō)在沙漠的種類(lèi)和平常的有什么不同 學(xué)術(shù)背景 蜥蜴類(lèi)象其他爬行類(lèi)一樣 首先具有外溫 假如把蜥蜴放在實(shí)驗(yàn)室恒溫 條件下 其體溫立刻改變 與它的周?chē)鷿穸葲](méi)有差別 但是它在自然界條件下隨著 環(huán)境溫度而變化 蜥蜴類(lèi)靠陽(yáng)光熱量時(shí)刻變化來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)它的身體溫度 蜥蜴早晨從洞 穴出來(lái) 在陽(yáng)光下伸展身體取暖獲得熱量 白天 蜥蜴縮小暴露身體面積或抬起身 體向著太陽(yáng)取暖 在白天酷熱時(shí) 蜥蜴靜居洞穴 在太陽(yáng)落下和氣溫下降的傍晚 蜥蜴出來(lái)取暖 2 動(dòng)物遷移 提到 monarch butterfly grey whale 還有其他 grey whale 靠著往 南游時(shí) 海岸線在它的左手邊 往北游海岸線在它的右手邊 來(lái)記回家的路 monarch butterfly 的部份題目有陷阱 因?yàn)榈弁醯鞎r(shí)往南遷 在春天結(jié)束時(shí)先交配 夏天 飛到原本北邊才產(chǎn)卵 要特別記得是 在 A 地 mate 在 B 地產(chǎn) egg 考題在季節(jié) mints are only established when there is a critical mass of raw material to work with and that appeared in plenty with the discovery of silver in the Rammelsberg above the town of Goslar in the Harz Mountains late in the tenth century 貿(mào)易市場(chǎng)中商會(huì)間的信用機(jī)制 Monetary stability and with it market expansion could only be guaranteed when mints and markets were anchored in the context of a new or reviewed social institution the fair In this connection the international fairs transcended themselves as merchants developed a payment system based on credit instrument called lettres de foire or fair letters These documents recognized sales of merchandize but often specified payment at later fair when the total of debits and credits for a season would be computed and a final reckoning made between buyers and sellers Letters were not endorsable but could be transferred from one party to another 2 Mommoth Steppe 亞洲大陸和阿拉斯加中間的白令海域在過(guò)去 2 5 萬(wàn)年之間 有七次冰河期 反正有七次冷暖交替 猛馬象在最後一次滅絕 G 開(kāi)頭的學(xué)者認(rèn)為 一種他命名叫 MommothSteppe 的草在過(guò)去冰河期那段寒冷期間 除了最冷到最 巔峰的時(shí)間以外 都長(zhǎng)得比現(xiàn)在的草還要好 有重述題 因此可以提供足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng) 給上面大型動(dòng)物 現(xiàn)代的植物因?yàn)楸容^酸 acidic 還有一個(gè)不太重要的原因沒(méi)有辦 法帶給地上動(dòng)物足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng) 他認(rèn)為因?yàn)檫@種草在之後環(huán)境變暖了後就滅絕了 所 以猛馬象也一起陪葬了 可是有另外的學(xué)者覺(jué)得沒(méi)有化石的證據(jù)證實(shí)這種 Mammoth Steppe 真的存在過(guò) 他們覺(jué)得猛馬象消失後草才跟著一起消失的 接 下來(lái)一段在講一個(gè)例子述說(shuō)大象這種踩踏有利於草原而不適合灌木生長(zhǎng) 有一題插 入題 大意是 可是這個(gè)現(xiàn)象可以以 mommonth steppe 不易留下化石證據(jù)的理由 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 15 反駁 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 現(xiàn)象解釋類(lèi) 現(xiàn)象 猛犸象滅絕 解釋 1 食物鏈的中斷 反駁 沒(méi)有化石證據(jù) 反駁反方觀點(diǎn) 猛犸象踐踏 毀壞化石 學(xué)術(shù)背景 什么是什么是 Mammoth SteppeMammoth Steppe During the Late Pleistocene the environment of the northern territories of Eurasia ranging from Western Europe to Alaska was generally open tending toward steppe It is known as the Mammoth Steppe a biotope remarkable for its unusual combination of mammal species when compared to the present day distribution The ecosystem of the Mammoth Steppe collapsed during the period that marks the Pleistocene Holocene transition and was replaced by the modern tundra taiga and steppe belts of Eurasia The Mammoth Steppe was very productive and characterized by a very diverse flora and fauna with a large variety in species During the Pleistocene Holocene transition a drastic rearrangement of its floral and faunal components occurred and led to a marked change in the distribution of species The geographical ranges of several species shrank and many became regionally extinct whereas others disappeared completely It was the time when species such as giant deer woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros became extinct after having survived many climatic changes during several hundreds of thousands of years It is also the period during which humans spread into Northern Siberia and crossed Beringia on their way to America Mammoth Steppe Mammoth Steppe 為猛犸象提供充足草料為猛犸象提供充足草料 In the time of the mammoths the landscape over most of their range looked very different than the barren heaths and boggy tundra surrounding the river today The air was drier cloud cover was limited and strong winds swept the electric blue skies In place of tundra grew a vast arid 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 16 grassland that paleobiologist R Dale Guthrie has called the mammoth steppe stretching from Ireland to Kamchatka and across the Bering land bridge to Alaska the Yukon and much of North America The grasses broad leaved herbs and low shrubs of the steppe provided nutritious food and in addition to mammoths nourished a profusion of other outsize exuberantly hairy mammalian megafauna woolly rhinoceroses enormous long horned bison and bear size beavers as well as the fearsome carnivores that hunted them saber toothed cats cave hyenas and giant short faced bears 氣候變暖減少適合的草料供應(yīng)氣候變暖減少適合的草料供應(yīng) After a harsh 1 500 year cold snap called the Younger Dryas about 13 000 years ago the climate began to get even warmer The rising temperatures led to a decline in woolly mammoths favored foods like grasses and willows and encouraged the growth of of lowlow nutrient conifers and potentially toxic birch nutrient conifers and potentially toxic birch Marshy peatlands developed forcing the mammoths to struggle through difficult and nutritionally poor terrain and forests became more abundant squeezing mammoths out of their former territory 地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化減少適合的草料供應(yīng)地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化減少適合的草料供應(yīng) As herbivorous animals mammoths needed large amounts of minerals to survive and they compensated for the lack of such by eating certain kinds of clay known as alkali soils at animal pastures The need to eat these clays was particularly prevalent during mating season and pregnancy Due to tectonic forces alkali soils were transformed into soils of an acid nature which were lacking in nutrients GrGrass which was a mammoth staple lacked ass which was a mammoth staple lacked necessary necessary mineralsminerals and this progressive decrease in proper nutrition caused various and this progressive decrease in proper nutrition caused various pathological processpathological processes in bones some so painful that the poor animals es in bones some so painful that the poor animals couldn t even move much less forage for food and more likely become couldn t even move much less forage for food and more likely become someone else s food someone else s food 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 17 3 生物應(yīng)該是生態(tài)類(lèi)的題目 第一段大意是說(shuō)人們都覺(jué)得群居動(dòng)物是演化程度比 較高的 因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)互相合作 其實(shí)這不是絕對(duì)的 獨(dú)居的動(dòng)物 Solitary 也是有他 們生存上的優(yōu)勢(shì) 後面繼續(xù)說(shuō)了群居的壞處 有兩點(diǎn) 一個(gè)是群居動(dòng)物需要耗費(fèi)精 力爭(zhēng)奪社會(huì)階層 Social rank 另外群居也比較容易有傳染病 就生物學(xué)上的角度 來(lái)說(shuō) 生物要耗費(fèi)精力在處理這些負(fù)面影響是演化上不利的條 像是某種蜜蜂就需 要幫蜂蛹加熱幫助猛種黴菌 fungus 的感染 有題 但是整體上 物種會(huì)演化成群居 生活一定是整體利益大於那些單身生活不利的條件 反之亦然 舉例 一種 B 魚(yú)嘴 巴很小 會(huì)跟另外一種C魚(yú)合作趕走想要吃魚(yú)卵的入侵者 相反地 跟B魚(yú)同科的D 魚(yú)則喜歡獨(dú)自生活 不喜歡合作 他們有天生得大嘴巴可以趕走入侵者 所以自己 生活 ok 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 對(duì)比類(lèi) 對(duì)比 1 競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 對(duì)比點(diǎn) 獨(dú)居和群居 對(duì)比 2 疾病傳染 對(duì)比的結(jié)果和意義 物種會(huì)演化成群居生活一定是群體生活利益大于獨(dú)立生活利益 反之亦然 學(xué)術(shù)背景 Social animals 群居動(dòng)物 Solitary animals 獨(dú)居動(dòng)物 Pros 優(yōu)勢(shì) 1 Protection against predators 2 Better chance to catch larger prey 3 Opportunity of learning from others 1 No needs to share resources 2 The solitary often is the top predator so it does not need to cooperate for protection 3 The brain is less activated since the solitary animal spends less time in communicating 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 18 詞匯題 Tactic strategy potential possible inhibit prevent 4 Making the physical environment more tolerable developing and maintaining relationship and learning to work together so the large brain required for social activity is not necessary It takes less food to power that small computer Cons 劣勢(shì) 1 The more animals there are in a group the more food the group needs 2 There may be competition within the group for resources in addition to food For example there can be competition for mates and subordinates may find themselves unable to reproduce 3 Diseases generally spread more easily when there are more animals together 1 Less likelihood of capturing large animals 2 Vulnerable to harsh weather conditions 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 19 2010年10月17日 大陸 第一篇 prehistoric diet P1 many ways to know the prehistoric diet one way indirect 通過(guò)看 當(dāng)時(shí)的natural environment和農(nóng)業(yè)可以大概知道他們吃什么 有題 however the flaw of this method can t know what s the most important part of their diet 有題 P2 another way direct 通過(guò)food remains in the garbage heaps or other sites problem the food remains usuallly fragile 詞匯題 a solution by scientists 一般是連土一起取回實(shí)驗(yàn)室 用一種liquid可以使之分離 因?yàn)閒ood remains是organic 可以在這種liquid里面浮起來(lái) 句子簡(jiǎn)化題 P3 通過(guò)看牙齒和wear on the teeth得到general info about their diet for example dog teeth meat 有題 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 現(xiàn)象解釋類(lèi) 理論 1 觀察外界環(huán)境 駁斥觀點(diǎn) 不能觀察到最重要的飲食組成 現(xiàn)象 史前飲食證據(jù) 理論 2 研究食物垃圾 駁斥觀點(diǎn) 食物垃圾容易分解 理論 3 觀察尸骨殘骸中的牙齒部分 第二篇 morphography P1 same species of plant different in different light conditions P2 two examples can only live well in specific light environment while others can adapt to various light conditions P3 在弱光下 moss 生長(zhǎng)出長(zhǎng)的stem 這叫elongation 在強(qiáng)光下 生長(zhǎng)短 但是diameter 增加 P4 甚至大家以為的不會(huì)有這種情況的闊葉樹(shù)也會(huì)展示出elongation的特性 and they can compete for light 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 20 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 對(duì)比型 對(duì)比對(duì)象 1 只能在特定光線下生長(zhǎng)的植物 對(duì)比點(diǎn) 植物對(duì)于光的反應(yīng) 對(duì)比對(duì)象 2 能靈活適應(yīng)各種光線的植物 舉 例 moss 舉例 闊葉樹(shù) 對(duì)比的結(jié)果或意義 不同的植物對(duì)于光的反應(yīng)不同 學(xué)術(shù)背景 Morphology 形態(tài)描述學(xué) the systematic investigation tabulation and description of the structure of animals including comparative anatomy histology and embryology and the distribution of animals in time and in space with special reference to their classification general or systematic zo logy 第三篇 深海生物 p1 以前大家一直以為 深海底無(wú)生物 但19th century 發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)生物 然后lead to many researches p2 以前一直以為深海生物都是小snails啊worms啊 但是后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們其實(shí) 都是很野蠻的 reason lack of competition abundance in food and lack of juvenile 有題 這個(gè)單詞要認(rèn)識(shí) p3 antarctic 被發(fā)現(xiàn)竟然有上百種魚(yú) P4 Antarctica有一種barrier可以阻礙冷水魚(yú)出去 warm魚(yú)進(jìn)來(lái) 然后暖流 也不會(huì)進(jìn)來(lái) 這些魚(yú)有一種special blood protein which bind to the crystal so that they can survive P5 深海底的bacteria和其他organism承受了上千的pressure 但是如果放到 小于300的pressure的時(shí)候他們反而不能生存 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 現(xiàn)象解釋類(lèi) 事物特點(diǎn)類(lèi) 理論 1 深海無(wú)生物 駁斥觀點(diǎn) 19 世紀(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了生物 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 21 現(xiàn)象 深海生物 理論 2 深海生物都是弱小生物 駁斥觀點(diǎn) 這些生物很野蠻 特點(diǎn) 1 南極存在天然的隔離帶 阻礙內(nèi)外生物的交流 特點(diǎn) 2 深海的生物習(xí)慣了深水壓力 在淺水區(qū)不能生存 2010年10月22日 北美 1 講鳥(niǎo)怎么學(xué)唱歌 三種方式 遺傳 聽(tīng)自己唱然后不斷糾正 聽(tīng)別個(gè)成年鳥(niǎo)唱然 后學(xué) 證明遺傳是說(shuō)有些鳥(niǎo)把蛋下在別個(gè)窩里 然后幼鳥(niǎo)由別個(gè)養(yǎng)大但是一樣能唱 歌 證明學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)說(shuō)聾鳥(niǎo)雖然也能唱但是不完整 最后說(shuō)鳥(niǎo)的唱歌很精確到有很多 dialect 然后鳥(niǎo)夫妻們利用這種 dialect 的區(qū)別來(lái)找到對(duì)方 最后一段是說(shuō)他們之 間相互模仿能夠達(dá)到唱到一樣的程度 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 現(xiàn)象解釋類(lèi) 事物特點(diǎn)類(lèi) 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 現(xiàn)象解釋類(lèi) 事物特點(diǎn)類(lèi) 理論 1 遺傳 證明觀點(diǎn) 由非唱歌類(lèi)鳥(niǎo)撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的鳥(niǎo)能唱歌 現(xiàn)象 鳥(niǎo)會(huì)唱歌 理論 2 后天學(xué)習(xí) 證明觀點(diǎn) 聾鳥(niǎo)雖然能唱歌但不完整 唱歌特點(diǎn) 不同的方言 用方言尋找配偶 相互模仿 學(xué)術(shù)背景 1 1 遺傳遺傳 Inherited Vocal AbilityInherited Vocal Ability Some species of birds including flycatchers are born with the species specific song patterns genetically encoded in each individual bird s make up 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 22 實(shí)驗(yàn) 1 According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology attempts to confuse young Alder flycatchers into learning the songs of another flycatcher species failed Researchers played recordings of Willow flycatchers to 10 day old Alder flycatchers that had been removed from the nest The youngsters still sang the song of their own species Experiments involving this bExperiments involving this bird group ird group demonstrate the inherent ability to produce the correct song even demonstrate the inherent ability to produce the correct song even when raised away from their own species when raised away from their own species 實(shí)驗(yàn) 2 one way to approach the problem would be to take some newly laid birds eggs incubate them separately in soundproof chambers hand rear each young one also in individual and acoustic isolation and then see as each bird grew up what sounds it produced At Cambridge England some chaffinches were reared in these exacting conditions Even when nearly a year old they sang very Even when nearly a year old they sang very simple songsimple songs representing as the experiment intended the inborn s representing as the experiment intended the inborn component of the ponent of the song 2 后天習(xí)得 Vocal Learners True songbirds of the Oscine suborder of Passeriformes such as canaries finches sparrows and thrushes are vocal learners that learn to sing by listening to adult birds of the same species If young birds of these species are removed from members of their own species they will still vocalize and produce songs but the songs do not follow the normal species specific patterns 實(shí)驗(yàn) 1 William Thorpe pioneered scientific research on song learning in the late 1950s He showed that chaffinches Fringilla coelebs raised in a laboratory as nestlings without exposure to adult males of the same species develop abnormal songs Thorpe 1958 However when young of the same species were exposed to taped recordings of a wild chaffinch song tutor songs they sang species specific songs as adults This demonstrated that birds must learn songs early in This demonstrated that birds must learn songs early in life life 實(shí)驗(yàn) 2 Classic studies of the White crowned Sparrow showed that a nestling taken from a nest at eight or nine days of age and raised alone in a laboratory would develop an abnormal song However young WhiteHowever young White crowned Sparrows crowned Sparrows 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 23 housed with a tutor a singing adult Whitehoused with a tutor a singing adult White crowned Sparrow crowned Sparrow learned their songs fromlearned their songs from that bird that bird 3 3 后天習(xí)得的時(shí)間段 后天習(xí)得的時(shí)間段 Stages of LearningStages of Learning Some songbirds such as canaries and starlings are called open learners They have the ability to learn new songs even after reaching adulthood However most most juvenile songbirds learn to sing in two phases juvenile songbirds learn to sing in two phases with the sensitive or critical period being the time when they memorize new songs by listening to the adult males of their species Once this period has passed and the birds enter the second learning phase they begin to practice what they previously memorized The two phases vary in length depending upon species 4 4 方言方言 Dialects Dialects Birds of the same species but living in different geographical regions sing similar songs but often produce distinct dialectic variations Young birds learn to sing in these dialects much like human babies learn dialects by listening to the accents of the adults around them Birds can even find their mates by detecting the Birds can even find their mates by detecting the differences in the dialect differences in the dialect 結(jié)論 結(jié)論 ConclusionConclusion No one knows the relative importance of inheritance and learning in each and every one of the world s 9 000 species of bird Comparatively few have been studied But among the typical songbirds it seems that learning partly by imitating elders as in the chaffinch example is probably quite widespread 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 24 2 講海龜靠什么導(dǎo)航 一開(kāi)始說(shuō)不可能是星星 因?yàn)楹｝斞凵癫缓?也不可能是 氣味 因?yàn)樵谶^(guò)程中有氣味干擾但是海龜依然能找對(duì)方向 接下來(lái)一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明磁 場(chǎng)也不可能 但是有一個(gè)結(jié)論是海龜可能是用 combine 幾種方 法 在靠近目的地 是味道是有用的 這里有題 最后一種解釋 是海龜體內(nèi)的一種 DNA 它能記錄海 龜被孵化出的地點(diǎn) 也就是他們?nèi)サ牡胤?并且由母海龜 遺傳給小海龜 最后說(shuō)有 一個(gè)例子可以證明 從前在加勒比海的一個(gè)地方有很多綠海龜 但是后來(lái)捕殺很?chē)?yán) 重海龜們就不去了 近幾年雖然又保護(hù)起來(lái)了但是海龜們 來(lái)得仍然很少 文章結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型 現(xiàn)象解釋類(lèi) 理論 1 星星導(dǎo)航 反駁觀點(diǎn) 眼神不好 理論 2 氣味導(dǎo)航 反駁觀點(diǎn) 氣味干擾 現(xiàn)象 海龜導(dǎo)航 理論 3 磁場(chǎng)導(dǎo)航 反駁觀點(diǎn) 理論 4 各種導(dǎo)航集合 理論 5 DNA 證明觀點(diǎn) 學(xué)術(shù)背景 解釋解釋 1 1 視力視力 Navigation by celestial bodies or landmark Navigation by celestial bodies or landmark 反駁 反駁 A Adult turtles of several species migrate across hundreds or thousands of kilometers of open ocean to nest on their natal beaches which are often isolated stretches of continental shores or tiny remote islands Such impressive feats are all the more astonishing in view of the fact that they are accomplished in an open ocean environment devoid of visual landmarks and by marine animals whose poor eyesight above water poor eyesight above water probably precludes the useprobably precludes the use of star patterns and other celestial cues of star patterns and other celestial cues 解釋解釋2 2 氣味 氣味 Navigation by olfactory cueNavigation by olfactory cue 反駁 反駁 Sea turtles are known to possess a high degree of olfactory discrimination and orientation mechanism involving an olfactory component has been put forward However in rHowever in recent experiment scientists found that sea turtle can find its way ecent experiment scientists found that sea turtle can find its way to the seashore even when olfactory abstractor is placed in the migration to the seashore even when olfactory abstractor is placed in the migration route route 托福機(jī)經(jīng)伴侶 2012 12 22 25 解釋解釋3 3 磁場(chǎng)磁場(chǎng) Navigation by magnetic forceNavigation by magnetic force 反駁 反駁 The ability to head in a given direction without reference to landmarks is called a compass mechanism and where magnetic cues are used to achieve this it is called a magnetic compass Here researchers study how loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings use geomagnetic cues to guide themselves during their migration around the north Atlantic gyre a current system that encircles the Sargasso Sea The results suggest that hatchling turtles can use regional magnetic fields from numerous locations along the northern segment of their migratory pathway as open ocean guideposts Exceptions may exist however in cases where regional fields have changed significantly in the recent past because of secular variation My results also suggest that the magnetic field in which sea turtle eggs incubate influences the hatchlings subsequent ability to use regional fields for navigation This finding has important implications for sea turtle na