自然拼讀法基本規(guī)則.docx

自然拼讀法基本規(guī)則:1. 二十六個字母的讀音 (Letter Sounds).l 五個元音字母(a, e, i, o, u), 每個發(fā)兩種音：長音（其字母音）和短音l y不在單詞開頭時，一般被看做元音 2. 單元音單詞拼讀 (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant Combinations)如果一個英語單詞或音節(jié)里只有一個元音, 且元音不在末尾，這個元音一般發(fā)短音.如：Sam, cat, mat, 等等 l Beginning Consonantsl Ending Consonants l One Vowel Word, Short Vowel Sounds3. 雙元音單詞拼讀(Two Vowel Words):一個單詞或音節(jié)里有兩個元音時，一般來說，前邊一個元音發(fā)長音（其字母音），后邊一個元音不發(fā)音如：make, mail, may, hay, say, see, sea, meet, meat, key, five, nine, tie, road, coat, toe, cute等等4. 雙/三輔音在一起時的聯(lián)讀 (Consonant Blends)l Beginning consonant blends (bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, fr, pl, pr, sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, tr, tw, scr, spl, str)l Ending consonant blends (ft, lf, lm, lp, lt, mp, nd, nk, nt, pt, sk, st)l Words ending in ll, ss, ff l Consonant digraphs (ch, th, sh, wh) 5. 特殊讀法(1) 帶元音的特殊讀法(Irregular Vowels)igh, ing, ind, ild, ar, or, oi, oy, alt, alk, ost, old, er, ir, ur, ew, sion, tion, eigh, all, ow, ow, ou, ay, ous, ed, ed (t), ed (d), aw, au, oo, oo以上字母組合作為整體音節(jié)發(fā)音。需記住它們所發(fā)的音。Examples:l ar (car, far), air (hair), are (hare), au, augh (caught), aw (hawk)al, all (all, tall, mall, hall), alk (talk, walk), alt (halt, salt), ay (may, play)l ew (new, few), eigh (eight, weight), ed: usays /ed/: patted, landed, liftedusays /t/: walked, hopped, stoppedusays /d/: cried, played, chewed l er (sister, brother), ir (girl, fir, firm), ur (burn, hurt)l ie (field), ing(king, sing, dancing), ind (find, kind, behind), ild (mild, wild, child), igh (high, night, light), irel oi (oil, boil), oy (boy, toy), old (old, cold), ost (most, host), olt, oo (book), oo (tool, school), or (or, for, horn), ow (讀音一：cow, now, how, bow；讀音二：bow, low, blow, snow), ou (shout, out, loud)ould (could, would), ough (五種不同的讀音：cough, through, ought, slough, plough), ought, , ous (famous, nervous), l ue (cruel), ui (fluid)l tion(attention, fiction), sion (passion, expression), l ending sounds : ang, ong, ung, edge, le6. 特殊讀法(2)l 如果一個單詞或音節(jié)里只有一個元音,而且元音在末尾，這個元音一般發(fā)長音（其字母音） (Vowel at the end)如：me, hi, go, baby, table, humor，hibernate 等等。l Y在末尾 (作為元音處理）（y at the end）：u 單音節(jié)詞, 沒有其他元音，y發(fā)”I”(one syllable word, y at the end (pronounced as “I”): my, why, fly, skyu 多音節(jié)詞, y發(fā)”E” 的音(two or more syllables, y at the end (pronounced as “E”): daddy, mommy, baby，honey, crazy7. 特殊讀法(3) - 固定讀音的單詞 (Sight Word): is, are, the, a, to, here, hey, have, son, love, come, give, field 等.它們不遵守前邊的發(fā)音規(guī)則，需要死記硬背。8. 特殊讀法(4) 輔音的特殊讀法l 有一些輔音不發(fā)音 (silent consonants)u Silent b: comb, lambu Silent h: ghostu Silent k: knife, knock, knob, knowu Silent w: write, wrist, wreck l c和 k 在一起時，發(fā)一個音: quick, black等.l q總是和u在一起：quite, quick, quit, quilt等.之所以指出這一點, 是在這里u不能再被認(rèn)為是元音, 而是和q一起組成一個輔音組合. 于是, 在quite這個單詞里只有兩個元音, 是雙元音單詞, 第一個元音i發(fā)字母音,第二個元音e不發(fā)音.l p和 h在一起, 發(fā)/f/的音:phone, photo.l 復(fù)數(shù)s及末尾s的讀音(Plural s and the sounds of ending s)l c和g 的兩種讀音:u 如果i(或y)或者 e跟在c或者g的后邊, c發(fā)/s/, g發(fā)/j/的音:center, cigar, nice, mice, gem, giant, gym, page.u 其他情況下, c發(fā)/k/, g發(fā)/g/: can, clap, cup, great, glad, got, goat, log.u 特殊情況： get, give9. 多音節(jié)單詞和復(fù)合詞 (Words with multiple syllables and compound words)l 多音節(jié)單詞: believe, multiple, syllable, compound l 復(fù)合詞: homework, highway, sidewalk, inside, outside自然發(fā)音二十八條拼讀規(guī)則1 字母q總是與u在一起，讀做/kw/, 此處u不作元音. 2 字母c在字母e, y, i前讀做/s/ (cent, city, cycle), 其他字母前讀做/k/(cut, cap, cop). 3 字母e, i, y之前的字母g可以讀做/j/(page, giant, gym), 其中字母e, i之前的g也可以不讀做/j/(get, girl, give); 其它字母之前的g讀做/g/(gate, go, gust). 4 元音a, e, o, u在音節(jié)結(jié)尾(開音節(jié))一般讀做字母音(長音a, e, o, u), 有助于學(xué)生正確劃分并拼讀元音字母+輔音字母+元音字母的不熟悉單詞(re portrather than rep ort). 5 字母i和y經(jīng)常讀做/i/(big, gym), 但是也可讀做I(silent, my, type).6 一個英語單詞用字母y而不是i的結(jié)尾(my, by). 7 有五種情況末尾的字母e不發(fā)音.(如me, she, 和 he的短單詞末尾的字母e讀做e, 較長的單詞末尾的e不發(fā)音) 尾字母e不發(fā)音應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是”having a job” (承擔(dān)一項工作) 7.1 bake gene time/type code cute 使他前面的元音字母發(fā)字母音. 7.2 love give blue true 使我們不要以一個v和一個u結(jié)束一個單詞. 7.3 chance bodice charge allege 使g和c讀軟音/j/和/s/. 7.4 lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle 避免一個音節(jié)沒有一個元音字母. 7.5 are nurse raise bye ewe owe cause 這一條被Spalding女士叫做無工作尾字母e; Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e, 并說前四條之外的不發(fā)音尾字母e都叫做老工作尾字母e. 7.5.1 使一個不是復(fù)數(shù)形式的單詞不要以s結(jié)尾(dense而不是dens, purse不是purs, false 不是 fals). 7.5.2 加長短的主意詞(main-idea),如awe, ewe, rye 7.5.3 區(qū)分同音異形詞的含義. 如or/ore for/fore. 7.5.4 中英語和外來語中(那里的尾字母e是要發(fā)音的)留下來的, 現(xiàn)在不發(fā)音. 如treatise giraffe 8.有五種字母組合發(fā)/er/的音/, 記住下面的句子. Her nurse first works early. 這個句子是按英語用法中的降序排列的. 另外,or在w后業(yè)可以發(fā)/er/的音. 還要記住有些詞尾的ar和or也發(fā)/er/的音.如dollar, doctor. 9. 1-1-1規(guī)則: 單音節(jié)單詞中, 結(jié)尾是單元音加單個輔音的, 在添加以元音開始的詞尾變化時, 需要將末尾的輔音字母再寫一次再加詞尾變化.(如hop-hop ped). 但是詞尾是x除外, 因為它由兩個音/ks/. 10. 2-1-1規(guī)則: 雙音節(jié)詞中, 結(jié)尾是單元音加單個輔音的, 在添加以元音開始的詞尾變化時, 需要將末尾的輔音字母再寫一次再加詞尾變化(be gin- be gin + ning). 第二個音節(jié)不重讀的不能雙寫末尾輔音字母(en ter, prof it, bud get). 11. 去e規(guī)則, 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單詞在添加以元音開始的詞尾變化是需要去掉末尾不發(fā)音的e.(come-coming)12. 是ie還是ei? 一般情況下, 應(yīng)該是ie, 但是1) c之后用ei; 2)發(fā)字母a的音時, 用ei(neighbor, weigh, vein). 還有下面的例外情形Neither foreign sovereign seized counterfeit forfeited leisure. Plus: either weird protein heifer: 13. 音素sh用在一個基本詞的開頭或是結(jié)尾(she, dish), 還用在一個音節(jié)的結(jié)尾(fin ish), 但絕對不會在后一個音節(jié)的開頭, 除非是以ship結(jié)尾(wor ship, friend ship). 14. 音素si, ti, ci最常用在一個基本詞的第二及以后的開頭, 發(fā)音/sh/. 常?？梢酝ㄟ^考察詞根和根詞來確定發(fā)/sh/時用什么樣的音素.比如 infect to in fec tious / collect to col lec tion / potent to po ten tial music to mu si cian / space to spa cious / finance to fi nan cial soci (companion) to so cial / ancien (old) to an cient cruc (cross) to cru cial / speci (kind) to spe cial 15. 音素si在前一個音節(jié)以s結(jié)尾時(ses sion)發(fā)/sh/, 一個基本詞經(jīng)過詞尾變化后只有一個s(tense-tension), 其中的音素si發(fā)/sh/. discuss to dis cus sion / compress to com pres sion / admis to ad mis sion 16. 音素si可以發(fā)/zh/, 如vi sion, di vi sion, oc ca sion, ex plo sion. 17. 只有一個元音的單音節(jié)詞,常常雙寫詞尾的l, s, f. 比如will, off, miss. 有時雙音節(jié)詞也用到這條規(guī)則, 如re cess 18. 詞尾為長音a時, 常用ay在詞尾而不是a. (bay, day, decay) 19. 元音i和o后面有兩個輔音時,常發(fā)長音. (find, old) 20. s從不在x后, 音素x包含一個/s/音, /ks/. 21. 去L規(guī)則1: all單獨出現(xiàn)有兩個l, 但在前綴中只有一個l.(al most, al so, al though). 22. 去L規(guī)則2: till和full單獨出現(xiàn)有兩個l, 作后綴只有一個l. (un til, plen ti ful). 23. 音素dge只用在單元音后面,而且這個元音發(fā)短音(badge, edge, bridge, lodge, budge). 24. Y變I規(guī)則: 進(jìn)行詞尾變化時, 詞尾是一個輔音字母+y, 要變y為i. 下列兩種情況駐外(1)加-ing, (2)變后會引起音節(jié)分裂. city/cit ies beauty/beau ti ful play/player funny/fun ni est multiply/mul ti ply ing rely/re li able cry/cried deny/denied 25. 音素ck只用在單元音后, 而且這個元音發(fā)短音(back, neck, lick, rock, duck). 26. 字母開頭的z永遠(yuǎn)發(fā)/z/, 不會發(fā)/s/. 27. 音素ed有三個音, 基本詞以/t/和/d/音結(jié)尾, ed發(fā)/ed/(divide-divided, heat-heated); 基本詞以濁輔音結(jié)尾的, ed發(fā)/d/( lived), 以清輔音結(jié)尾的發(fā)/t/(stopped) 28. 單詞常常(always)在雙輔音間分音節(jié)但要注意不要把輔音字母組合分開(如ma the ma tic), 重讀音節(jié)的輔音才發(fā)音, 非重讀音節(jié)的輔音不發(fā)音lit tle. 自然拼音拼讀練習(xí)表第一天：a e i o u a_e e_e i_e o_e u_eAa : mat map bag cat hat fan bat appleEe:egg well red pen net hen bed bellIi: lick six bib pig pin kiss ink hillOo:ox on octopus box sock operate ostrichUu:sun umbrella cup bus nut gun uncle undercape name tape lake game make take hatethese Japanese Chinese bite five nine kite mine nice ride side rose nose rope note pose home rode those tube cube June cute huge 第二天:ai ay ee ea ey ie igh oa ow ui ueai: tail rain paint pain jail rail nail maid ay:bay ray way say hay pay May lay ee:reeds eel bee peel jeep feet see teethea:sea meat peanut eagle peach tea leaf peaey:donkey monkey jockey turkey monkey hockey key trolley ie:tie pie lie dieigh:right sight night tight hight fight high sighoa:road toast toad coal goat boat coat soapow:rainbow pillow yellow window bowl row hollow lowui:suit juice fruit ue:Sue blue glue true 第三天:ar er ir ur or ar: arm car armchair card cart farm park gardener:sister brother under rooster winter mermaid marker motherir:birthday circus dirty bird circle dirt girlur:turtle surfing turkey fur hurt purse nurseor:porch pork horse horn fort morning corn fork 第四天:ou ow oi oy au aw oo oo eaou:house out mouth count fountain mountain shout mouse ow:cow towel clown owl crown brown flower toweroi:coin oil point noise boil soil poison coiloy:oyster boy cowboy soy toyau:august sause sausage naughty autumn applauseaw:paw draw saw straw strawberry lawnoo:moon zoo roof rooster boots food spoon room cool fool boom foolishoo:book cook good foot look hook ea:head sweater sweat pear lead bear leather feather 第五天:ch sh wh ph th th kn wr mbch:beach lunch cheese bench church chicken chair cherrysh:sheep shirt ship fish dish push shoes shovelwh:whale white wheel wheat whip whistle wheelchair whisperph:photo elephant telephone trophy pharmacy alphabetth:brother feather leather father motherth:thumb three bathmat thirsty thief bath mouth teeth kn:knob knee knife knock knitwr:wrist wrinkle wrap wreath writemb:thumb lamb bomb comb crumb numb第六天:bl fl pl cl gl br cr gr pr fr tr drbl:blue black blouse bloom bleach blanket blonde hairfl: flat flu fly flame flute floor flag flowerpl:plane play plus planet platform plum plate plantcl:clock cloud clean clay climb close clap clowngl:glove globe glass glue glasses gliderbr:bright brook brim bride brown bread brick brothercr:crown crab cream crow crayon crocodile cry croissantgr:gray green grass grapes ground grow grandmapr:prixe price prawn press prince princess prayfr:frog frost Friday French fries fruit front friend frametr:tractor truck train tray tree triangle trunk trolleydr:dream drum dry drop draw drive dress drink第七天:sm sn sl sw sp st sc sk all ew ysm:smile small smell smoke smoothsn:snowman snow snore snake snail sneakers sneakers snacksl:slow slap sleep slide slope sledsw:switch swallow swan swim sweet swing sweater sweatsp:spider spaceship spinach spoon spellst:stockings store star stamp storm stick student stand sc:scarf scooter scanner scarecrow scale scorpion scoopsk:skunk skis skirt skatesall:call tall fall ball wall ew:dew few view hew new nephew newspaperYy: sky fly dry spy type shy cry my Yy :Miny sunny puppy dizzy dirty pony happy baby自然拼音強(qiáng)化練習(xí)：Tongue twister1.A big black bear sat on a big black bug.2.A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!3.Cat, Cat, catch that fat rat.4.A fat cat catches a mad rat.5.Blue glue gun, green glue gun.6.Black background, brown background.7.A noisy noise annoys an oyster. 8.A good cook c