動詞和動詞短語.doc

第四講 動詞和動詞短語概說：動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞。英語動詞有人稱、數(shù)、情態(tài)、時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣等多個語法范疇。動詞根據(jù)其意義可以分為實(shí)義動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。實(shí)義動詞又可以分為及物動詞和不及物動詞，連系動詞介乎二者之間，反身動詞則是一種特殊的及物動詞。動詞也可以根據(jù)形式分為限定動詞和非限定動詞。限定動詞可以構(gòu)成短語在句子中作謂語，非限定動詞構(gòu)成的短語在句子中不能作謂語，但是可以起名詞短語、形容詞短語和副詞短語的作用。動詞還可以根據(jù)其語義分為動態(tài)動詞和靜態(tài)動詞兩種。英語動詞有五種基本形式，即動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去式和過去分詞。后面四種形式都是根據(jù)前面一種形式即動詞原形變化而成的。這種變化有一定的規(guī)則。按照規(guī)則變化的動詞叫做規(guī)則動詞；不按照規(guī)則變化的動詞叫做不規(guī)則動詞。短語動詞是一種動詞加副詞或介詞的組合，其作用相當(dāng)于一個動詞。與動詞組成短語動詞的副詞或介詞統(tǒng)稱為小品詞。短語動詞有五大類，即動詞+副詞（I）；動詞+副詞（II）；動詞+介詞；動詞+名詞+介詞；動詞+副詞+介詞。重點(diǎn)：動詞的種類；短語動詞的種類難點(diǎn)：規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞的形式內(nèi)容：(一) 動詞一動詞概述1.1 定義：動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞。表動作：walk greet give defeat liberate perform表狀態(tài)：live sleep hear see think hurt 1.2 語法特征：1. 英語動詞有人稱、數(shù)、情態(tài)、時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣等多個語法范疇。It feels a bit tense.（第三人稱單數(shù)）Together they wrote The Communist Manifesto.（一般過去式）We can invite them to our party.（情態(tài)意義）The water was not at all polluted.（被動語態(tài)）We took a taxi to the airport. Otherwise we would have been late.（虛擬語氣）2. 動詞有限定形式和非限定形式，兩種動詞形式和功能不同但意義相同。He smokes.（限定形式）To smoke like that must be dangerous.（非限定形式）3. 動詞可以為副詞所修飾。He was smiling hopefully.You are feeling happy today.4. 及物動詞必須有名詞短語或相當(dāng)于名詞短語的詞語作賓語。She picked a few apples for me.5. 動詞有獨(dú)特的前綴和后綴形式。widen strengthen quicken sympathize memorize symbolize 實(shí)義動詞連系動詞及物動詞二動詞的種類按意義分助動詞不及物動詞情態(tài)動詞限定動詞動詞按形式分非限定動詞動態(tài)動詞按語義分靜態(tài)動詞動詞根據(jù)其意義可以分為兩大類。第一大類是實(shí)義動詞，實(shí)義動詞是意義詞，有實(shí)義，可以擔(dān)任動詞短語的中心詞。實(shí)義動詞又可以分為及物動詞和不及物動詞，連系動詞介乎二者之間，反身動詞則是一種特殊的及物動詞。第二大類是助動詞和情態(tài)動詞，它們都是功能詞。助動詞只有五個，沒有任何意義，它們只是在動詞短語中幫助實(shí)義動詞構(gòu)成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣以及否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。情態(tài)動詞只有情態(tài)意義，不能單獨(dú)使用。動詞也可以根據(jù)形式分為限定動詞和非限定動詞。限定動詞可以構(gòu)成短語在句子中作謂語，非限定動詞構(gòu)成的短語在句子中不能作謂語，但是可以起名詞短語、形容詞短語和副詞短語的作用。動詞還可以根據(jù)其語義分為動態(tài)動詞和靜態(tài)動詞兩種。2.1 及物動詞和不及物動詞1. 及物動詞的特征就是要求有賓語。所謂及物就是主體把動作傳達(dá)到客體上，物是泛指，既可是物也可是人。只有及物動詞可以使用被動語態(tài)。及物動詞分三類：單賓語及物動詞、雙賓語及物動詞和復(fù)合賓語及物動詞。Finally he discovered the truth.（單賓語）Dont forget to buy me a box of biscuits.（雙賓語）She had cut her hair very short.（復(fù)合賓語）2. 不及物動詞的特征就是不能使用賓語。Many other struggles followed.In 1789 his big chance for a major expedition came. 3. 及物動詞有時可以用作不及物動詞，反之亦然。They will open the port to foreign ships.His understanding opened with the years.4. 反身動詞是一種必須用反身代詞作賓語的及物動詞，數(shù)量不多。Why did you absent yourself from schoool yestoday?2.2 連系動詞1. 連系動詞是一種表謂語關(guān)系的動詞，它必須后接表語。Be是最基本的連系動詞。My name is David.After all, the ball is very important.They are of great help to learners of English.2. 表示感覺和知覺的動詞也是連系動詞。He looks a nice, reliable man.What are you cooking? It smells delicious. 常用的連系動詞有：appear become come fall get go grow keep make prove remain seem turn2.3 助動詞和情態(tài)動詞2.4 限定動詞和非限定動詞限定動詞可以構(gòu)成短語在句子中作謂語，非限定動詞構(gòu)成的短語在句子中不能作謂語，但是可以起名詞短語、形容詞短語和副詞短語的作用。At present developed countries use too much energy.（限定動詞）The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree, with many small pieces of wood in front of him.（限定動詞）His friends tried to encourage him.（非限定動詞）2.5 動態(tài)動詞和靜態(tài)動詞1. 動態(tài)動詞大致可以分為四類：無限動詞：動作歷時無限的動詞。如：drink, eat, read, write, play, talk, live, study等。有限動詞：動作歷時有限的動詞。如：bind, produce, build, make, create, mend等。瞬間動詞：動作歷時極為短暫的動詞。如：hit, jump, tap, knock等。重復(fù)動詞：動作歷時不斷重復(fù)的動詞。如：giggle, struggle等。2. 靜態(tài)動詞也可以分為四類：心理動詞：表示心理活動的動詞。如：want, know, think, believe, forget, understand等。情感動詞：表示情緒反應(yīng)的動詞。如：care, detest, envy, fear, hate, like等。感知動詞：表示感覺、感知的動詞。如：feel, hurt, see, hear, smell, taste等。關(guān)系動詞：表示各種關(guān)系的動詞。如：belong, compare, exist, contain等。三動詞的形式 英語動詞有五種基本形式，即動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去式和過去分詞。后面四種形式都是根據(jù)前面一種形式即動詞原形變化而成的。這種變化有一定的規(guī)則。按照規(guī)則變化的動詞叫做規(guī)則動詞；不按照規(guī)則變化的動詞叫做不規(guī)則動詞。原形第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式現(xiàn)在分詞過去式過去分詞workworksworkingworkedworkedhelphelpshelpinghelpedhelpedplayplaysplayingplayedplayedlooklookslookinglookedlooked3.1 規(guī)則動詞的形式：1. 動詞原形：是前面不加to的動詞不定式形式，也就是在辭典詞目中所使用的動詞形式。2. 第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式：就是當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)而動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時應(yīng)該使用的形式。 規(guī)則：第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式一般有=由動詞原形加-s構(gòu)成。lock-locks love-loves lead-leads save-saves shout-shouts 以發(fā)咝擦音的-s，-ch，-z，-sh，-x等字母結(jié)尾的原形動詞，加-es。pass-passes catch-catches buzz-buzzes mix-mixes 以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的原形動詞，要變y為i再加-es。如-y前面是元音字母則不變。study-syudies carry-carries try-tries stay-stays play-plays3. 現(xiàn)在分詞： 規(guī)則：一般由動詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成。ask-asking suffer-suffering respect-respecting 以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾的動詞，須去掉e再加-ing。believe-believing blame-blaming devote-devoting 動詞是閉音節(jié)的單音節(jié)詞，或以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的多音節(jié)詞，末尾只有一個輔音字母時，這個輔音字母須雙寫，然后再加-ing。stop-stopping nod-nodding plan-planning 少數(shù)幾個以-ie結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞，須變ie為y，再加-ing。die-dying lie-lying tie-tying4. 過去式和過去分詞： 規(guī)則：規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞同形，由動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成。work-worked help-helped finish-finished 在以-e結(jié)尾的動詞后加-d。hope-hoped joke-joked like-liked 在以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞后，先將y變?yōu)閕再加-ed。carry-carried study-studies try-tried 以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾而末尾只有一個輔音字母時，須雙寫這個輔音字母再加-ed。clap-clapped stop-stopped plan-planned3.2 不規(guī)則動詞的形式： 所謂不規(guī)則變化，指的是后面兩種形式，即過去式和過去分詞，前面兩種形式即第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式和現(xiàn)在分詞永遠(yuǎn)是規(guī)則的?，F(xiàn)代英語中不規(guī)則動詞的總數(shù)不過200多個，但是它們的使用頻率卻相當(dāng)高。不規(guī)則動詞可以分為三類。原形第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式現(xiàn)在分詞過去式過去分詞cutcutscuttingcutcutsitsitssittingsatsatholdholdsholdingheldheldbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebroken1. 第一類不規(guī)則動詞：原形、過去式、過去分詞同形。burst-burst-burst cast-cast-cast cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cutshed-shed-shed put-put-put shut-shut-shut hit-hit-hitset-set-set let-let-let2. 第二類不規(guī)則動詞：過去式和過去分詞同形。bend-bent-bent build-built-built creep-crept-crept dig-dug-dugflee-fled-fled keep-kept-kept leave-left-left get-got-got/gottenhang-hung/hanged-hung/hanged light-lit/lighted-lit/lighted3. 第三類不規(guī)則動詞：原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。do-did-done rise-rose-risen see-saw-seen speak-spoke-spokengo-went-gone begin-began-begun give-gave-givenbear-bore-born/borne forget-forgot-forgotten/forgot(二) 短語動詞一短語動詞概述：1.1 短語動詞的定義：短語動詞是一種動詞加副詞或介詞的組合，其作用相當(dāng)于一個動詞。1.2 小品詞的含義：與動詞組成短語動詞的副詞或介詞統(tǒng)稱為小品詞。小品詞在形態(tài)上是不變的。不是所有的副詞和介詞都可以與動詞組成短語動詞。小品詞一般可分三類：只用作副詞的（away, back, out, together等）；只用作介詞的（against, as, among, at, for, into, of, upon, with等）；兼用作副詞和介詞的（about, after, along, before, by, down, off, over等）。1.3 搭配形式：在英語中，動詞與副詞或介詞搭配有三種形式。1. 非習(xí)語性組合：這是一種自由組合。在這種組合中，動詞與副詞或介詞可以自由替換，而且各自保持著原來的詞匯意義。Tea was brought in, but no one touched it.The old man brought out 30 years old port wine for us.2. 半習(xí)語性組合：這種組合相對比較固定，不能隨便用一個動詞替換另一個動詞，或者用一個副詞或介詞替換另一個副詞或介詞。在這種組合中，動詞保留了原來的意義，但是副詞或介詞的意義不太容易分辨出來。Her parents found out that she had a boyfriend.He always cuts up his food before he eats it. 3. 全習(xí)語性組合：這種組合非常固定，動詞與副詞或介詞都不能隨便替換。在這種組合中，動詞與副詞或介詞一起產(chǎn)生出一種慣用意義。Joe was born in Texas but brought up in Oklahoma.The police have turned up a lot of new information about the wanted man.二短語動詞的種類：2.1 動詞+副詞（I）：相當(dāng)于不及物動詞，不能有賓語。How did these differences come about?Fierce wars between Native Americans and European settlers broke out. 2.2 動詞+副詞（II）：相當(dāng)于及物動詞，必須有賓語。Please turn off the electricity and the water at the end of the week.After the war, he married and set up home in London.2.3 動詞+介詞：相當(dāng)于及物動詞，因?yàn)榻樵~必須有賓語。After many hours talk, the committee arrived at a decision.Which pieces of advice do you disagree with?2.4 動詞+名詞（短語）+介詞：相當(dāng)于及物動詞，名詞或名詞短語是動詞的賓語，介詞也必須有賓語。這類短語動詞又可分為兩類，在第一類中，動詞、名詞和介詞是固定的；在第二類中，動詞和介詞是固定的，而名詞短語是可以替換的。Why doesnt she make use of her singing talent?You should pay more attention to your health.They plied the young man with food.This clothing will protect you from the worst weather.2.5 動詞+副詞+介詞：必須有賓語，相當(dāng)于及物動詞。I reached out to Annies hand.After tea, they went up to the bedroom and waited.He came up to them and asked in English.講練結(jié)合（一）動詞1. I dont know the restaurant, but its _ to be quite a good one. A. saidB. toldC. spokenD. talked2. What did you think of her speech?She _ for one hour but didnt _ much. A. spoke; speakB. spoke; sayC. said; speak D. said; say3. Youre _ your time trying to persuade him; hell never join us. A. spendingB. wastingC. losingD. missing4. All the leading newspapers _ the trade talks between China and the United States. A. reportedB. printedC. announcedD. published5. I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. doesB. feelsC. getsD. makes6. They _ the train until it disappeared in the distance. A. sawB. watchedC. noticedD. observed7. Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls?Yes. They have better players, so I _ them to win.A. hopeB. preferC. expectD. want8. _ him and then try to copy what he does.A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch9. Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare, you must learn to _. A. supportB. careC. spareD. share10. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A. separatedB. sparedC. lost D. missed11. The taxi driver often reminds passengers to _ their belongings when they leave the car. A. keepB. catchC. holdD. take12. If anybody calls, tell them Im out, and ask them to _ their names and addresses. A. passB. writeC. takeD. leave13. The thing that _ is not whether you fail or not, but whether you try or not. A. mattersB. caresC. considersD. minds14. The cars give off a great deal of waste gas into streets.Yes. But Im sure something will be done to _ air pollution. A. reduceB. removeC. collectD. warn15. May I speak to Mr Thomas, please?Im afraid he isnt in. Would you like to _ a message? A. take B. writeC. leave D. tell16. The manager has _ to improve the working conditions in the company.A. acceptedB. allowedC. permittedD. agreed17. Go and join in the party. _ it to me to do the washing-up. A. Get B. RemainC. Leave D. Send18. Mary finally _ Bruce as her life-long companion(伴侶). A. receivedB. acceptedC. madeD. honored19. Some passengers complain that it usually _ so long to fill in travel insurance documents. A. costsB. takesC. spendsD. spares20. Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does _ his boss. A. servesB. satisfiesC. promisesD. supports21. Have a good rest; you need to _ your energy for the tennis match this afternoon. A. leave B. saveC. holdD. take22. Why havent you bought any butter?I _ to, but I forgot about it. A. liked B. wishedC. meant D. expected23. When shall we start?Let _ it 8:30. Is that all right? A. set B. meetC. makeD. take24. Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?No, dear. They dont _ well. Put them in the fridge instead. A. keep B. fitC. get D. last25. It seems difficult to _ “hurt” from “injure” in meaning. A. judgeB. tellC. divideD. separate26. A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. A. advisedB. attendedC. attemptedD. admitted27. Theyve _ us $150,000 for the house. Shall we take it? A. providedB. suppliedC. shownD. offered28. Happy birthday, Alice! So you have _ twenty-one already! A. becomeB. turnedC. grownD. passed29. The evening news comes on at seven oclock and _ only thirty minutes. A. keepsB. continuesC. finishesD. lasts30. If you are feeling so tired, perhaps a little sleep would _. A. actB. helpC. serveD. last【答案與解析】1. A。固定搭配。題中 it 是代 the restaurant。sb / sth be said to據(jù)說某人或某物。2. B。詞義辨析。speak 除可接表示語言的名詞作賓語外，一般作不及物動詞，且著重說話的動作過程; say 是及物動詞，著重說話的內(nèi)容。第一空后無賓語，用speak，第二空后有代詞 much 作賓語，用 say。3. B。語境選擇。由“他決不會加入我們”可知“你試圖勸服他”你是“浪費(fèi)(waste)”時間。4. A。語境選擇。report(報(bào)道); print(印刷); announce(宣布); publish(出版)。5. B。語境選擇。由 good 可知應(yīng)選連系動詞，排除 A 和 D; 躺在陽光下或在涼爽的海水里游泳“感覺(feel)”真好，而非“變得(get)”好。6. B。詞義辨析。由 until 可知，要用延續(xù)性動詞，排除 A 和 C; 他們“注視(watch)”火車，而不需仔細(xì)“觀察(observe=watch carefuly)”。7. C。語境與詞義。根據(jù)“他們有更好的運(yùn)動員”可以“預(yù)料(expect)”他們會贏，而不是 “更喜歡(prefer)”或 “想要 (want)”他們贏。hope 不可接 sb to do sth。8. D。詞義辨析。模仿前需要“觀察(watch)”，而不是“快速地看一下(glance)”或“盯著看(stare)”，更不是“照看(mind)”。9. D。語境選擇。讓 Harry 和你玩你的玩具，這是“分享(share)”，而不是“支持(support)”“注意(care)”“抽出(時間)(spare)”。10. A。搭配與常識。只有 separated 能與 from 連用：get / be separated from 與分散了。常識：走進(jìn)人群，我與朋友們不會丟失或抽出，而是分散。11. D。語境選擇。乘客下車時，司機(jī)提醒乘客把自己的東西“帶走(take)”。12. D。固定搭配。leave ones name and address 留下姓名和地址。13. A。語境選擇。matter 要緊、重要。that matters=that is important 是定語從句。14. A。語境選擇。reduce(減少); remove(移開); collect(收集); warn(警告)。15. C。leave a message 留個口信; take a message for sb 給某人捎個口信。16. D。習(xí)慣搭配。accept 不接不定式; allow=permit 不能直接接不定式，要接 doing 或 sb to do; 只有 agree 后可以接 to do，表示“同意做”。17. C。搭配與詞義。leave sth to sb 把某事物留給某人。題中 it 是形式賓語，真賓語是 to do?18. B。搭配與詞義。accept卆s吶銜?/ 相信是19. B。詞語辨析。能用形式主語句式的只有 cost 和 take; 又因 cost 一般只以錢作賓語，而 take 既可用錢又可用時間作賓語。20. B。語境選擇。satisfy sb 使某人滿意; serve sb 為某人服務(wù); promise sb答應(yīng)某人; support sb 支持某人。21. B。語境選擇。save (=keep sth for future use)儲蓄; save ones energy / strength 積蓄力量 / 留著勁兒。leave 離開、留下; hold 保持(姿態(tài))。22. C。語境辨義。由 but I forgot about it. 可知“原本打算”去買的，mean to do sth 打算做某事。23. C。固定搭配。“make it +時間”意為“就定在時間吧”。24. A。語境選擇。由 cupboard 和 fridge 兩個地點(diǎn)看，是為了把 peaches“保存(keep)”好。fit 合身; last(+時間段)持續(xù)多久。25. B。搭配與詞義。tell A from B 分辨 A 和 B。separate A from B 把 A 和 B 分離開。26. C。因?yàn)閠he attempted murder意為“企圖謀殺犯”。幾個選項(xiàng)的意思是：advise建議; attend出席、注意、照顧; attempt企圖; admit允許某人進(jìn)來、接受某人入學(xué)、容納、承認(rèn)。27. D。因?yàn)锳和B后不接雙賓語，表示“給某人提供某物”的其搭配是：provide /supply sb. with sth.; 或provide sth. for sb. /supply sth. to sb.; 雖然C和D都可接雙賓語，但show是“給某人看某物”之意，與題意不符; show是“提供、出價”之意。句意是：他們出15萬美元向我們買這座房子，我們該接受嗎？順便說說，此句與朗文英漢雙解詞典offer詞條中的一個例句幾乎一樣：Theyve offered us $75,000 for the house. Should we take it?28. B。因?yàn)閠urn可以表示“達(dá)到或超過(某個年齡或時間)”，而其它幾個不能。句意是：艾麗絲，祝你生日快樂！你已經(jīng)滿21周歲了。另外，turn和become后都可接名詞，但turn后的單數(shù)名詞前通常不要冠詞; become表示業(yè)已完成，所以表示將來要用be代替; grow著重漸變的過程，且多指由小變大或由少變多，反之則用become。29. D。因?yàn)閗eep指保持某種狀態(tài)，不用來指持續(xù)多久; finishes是短暫性動詞，不與時間段連用; continue雖可指持續(xù)多久，但時間段前通常要用for; 而last表示持續(xù)多久，其后的時間段前通常省略for。30. B。因?yàn)閟erve(服務(wù))和last(持續(xù))很容易排除。help意為“有幫助、有用、減輕、補(bǔ)救、治療(=make better)”; 而act則意為“起作用、生效(=produce an effect; work)”。顯然，前者是起好作用，而后者則不一定，因此，B最佳。（二）動詞短語1. I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please _?A. turn it onB. turn it downC. turn it upD. turn it off2. It is wise to have some money _ for old age. A. put awayB. kept upC. given awayD. laid up3. She _ his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right. A. looked upB. looked forC. picked outD. picked up4. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _. A. be put upB. give inC. be turned onD. go out5. We didnt plan our art exhibition like that but it _ very well. A. worked outB. tried outC. went onD. carried on6. We thought of selling this old furniture, but weve decided to _ it. It might be valuable.A. hold on toB. keep up withC. turn toD. look after7. News reports say peace talks between the two countries _ with no agreement reached. A. have broken downB. have broken outC. have broken inD. have broken up8. Im planning to hold a party in the open air, but I can make no guarantees because it _ the weather. A. links withB. depends onC. connects toD. decides on9. Can you make a sentence to _ the meaning of the phrase? A. show offB. turn outC. bring outD. take in10. The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather _ the helplessness of the crew at sea. A. added toB. resulted fromC. turned outD. made up11. Its a good idea. But whos going to _ the plan?I think Tom and Grey will. A. set asideB. carry outC. take inD. get through12. Would you slow down a bit? I cant _ you.A. keep up withB. put up withC. make up toD. hold on to13. Smoking is bad for your health.Yes I know. But I simply cant _. A. give it upB. give it inC. give it outD. give it away14. His mother had thought it would be good for his character to _ from home and earn some money on his own. A. run awayB. take awayC. keep awayD. get away15. If you _ any problems when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring. A. come up withB. set aboutC. run intoD. put aside16. The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to _. A. make it outB. make it offC. make it upD. make it over17. Dont mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may _ the shocking ending. A. give awayB. give outC. give upD. give off18. Were going to _ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together19. He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was _ from the outside world. A. cut out B. cut off C. cut up D. cut through20. In some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has _. A. turned downB. turned overC. fallen downD. fallen over【答案與詳解】1. C。turn up 調(diào)大(收音機(jī)、電視機(jī)