英語八級(jí)應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)-校對(duì)與改錯(cuò).doc

英語八級(jí)應(yīng)試指導(dǎo) 校對(duì)與改錯(cuò) (Proofreading and Error Correction)1語法錯(cuò)誤(1)詞的誤用A.詞性的誤用1Theres no evidence that slow students are necessary unintelligent, or that unintelligent students are incapable of learning a language.2.But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessarily physical abuse.3.Bad weather effects peoples health.B.詞義的誤用1.I am easily hurt because I am very sensible.2.The garage, where there is a distinctive smell of oil, lies on the first floor, next to the shoe house.英語中這樣的例子還有很多，形容詞如：credibleeconomichistoricefficientimaginativeintelligentcredulouseconomicalhistoricaleffectiveimaginaryintellectual容易混淆的動(dòng)詞和名詞的例子，如：maintainrenewinstinctrewardsustainrestoreintuitionaward另一種詞義的誤用則表現(xiàn)在固定詞組中動(dòng)詞的誤用，如：get an advantage over: 勝于，優(yōu)于take advantage of: 利用C.介詞的誤用1.It was market day, so people and traffic had been pouring into the town from early morning.2.It has been estimated that the earths surface temperature has increased to one quarter to three quarters of a degree since 1805.3.The place did not appear to be popular, for it was completely deserted, and in any case inaccessible for traffic.4.The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods.D.連詞的誤用1.Through it all, women in summer clothes threaded their way, laughing and chatting but children darted in and out of the crowds shrieking with laughter or sobbing with fear because they were lost.2.Although she was tired, but she went to work.E.代詞的指代錯(cuò)誤1.Air and water are also social goods in the sense that when we have used them, we can almost always dispose of it in someone elses backyard.2.No matter what your interests are, you will find that a library can be a great place to enjoy oneself while you learn.F.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤1.He is by no means considered to be a great explorer.2.Every means has been tried.3.There are many woman doctors.4.The fire has caused great damages to the factory.(2)詞的遺漏A.冠詞的遺漏1.They were selling peaches, melons and grapesharvest of their fields.2.The composers themselves banded together into committee and this in turn sponsored a plan.B.連詞的遺漏1.Ben is as talented, if not more talented than, the other actors.2.Language provides a means of saying and doing things, teaching is generally divorced from the use we make of language.3.Most people seem to need about eight hours sleep a day, curious and disturbing things begin to happen when the ratio is changed.C.介詞的遺漏1.With properly designed courses, students, learning to do what they need to t he language, can rise to unprecedented levels of competence.2.I hate being laughed at.3.I wondered about the cost of building the ship which we were traveling.D.其他形式的遺漏1.Many bribes still believe and abide by ancient laws.2.Henry preferred the hotels in Pittsburgh to in Boston.3.Some say that Ella Pitzgeralds renditions of Cole Porters songs are better than any other.4.Chicago is larger than any city in Illinois.(3)詞的多用A.介詞的多用1.We teach for an unapplied system, rather than teaching students directly to do things that they need to do through language.2.The ships exterior lights cut lovely shafts through these depths (of the sea), yet even as I admired about the beauty, there seemed something odd about the sight.B.冠詞的多用1.Mr. Harold Black, the president of the union, will give a speech next Friday.2.Slum dwellers usually live in the huts, which are built of anything thats available.3.So when we talk about the white or the colored, we are apt to imply and to believe that each adjective tells us more about the person in the question than it can.C.代詞的多用1.They believed that they could introduce into politics the note of honesty and human concern that American seemed to need it so badly.2.There seemed something odd about the sight, something lonely that I couldnt initially explain it.D.詞的贅述1.His work is more perfect.2.He is more superior to you in every aspect.2句法錯(cuò)誤(1)主謂一致錯(cuò)誤1.The president of the college, together with the deans, are planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.2.Nevertheless we teach students to do and say things with language, which is fundamentally insignificant to them as persons, and consequently they say these things formally and impersonally.3.80% of all human illnesses is related to diet.(2)時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤1.E. Wilson (1996) reported that positive rein for cement alone is a less effective teaching technique than a mixture of positive rein for cement and constructive criticism. 2.Tolemy taught that the sun revolves around the earth.(3)語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤1.The fact that sleep is essential to life has known for hundreds of years.2.During the latter part of last century the roads were fully capable of meeting all demands made on them by the horse-drawn traffic for which they built.(4)語氣錯(cuò)誤1.In part, technology has caused the population explosion; many of us wont now be alive if it werent for advances in medical care, agriculture and industry.2.We strongly suggest that Smith is told about his physical condition as soon as possible.(5)平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤A.并列連詞引導(dǎo)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的錯(cuò)誤1.At Lincoln High School, vandalism can result in suspension or even being expelled from school.2.Many states are reducing property taxes for homeowners and extend financial aid in the form of tax credits to renters.B.關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的錯(cuò)誤1.The shutters were not only too long but also were too wide.2.I was advised either to change my flight or take the train.C.比較連詞引導(dǎo)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的錯(cuò)誤1.It is easier to speak in abstractions than grounding ones thoughts in reality.2.He couldnt persuade me that giving is as much a joy as to receive.D.選擇連詞引導(dǎo)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的錯(cuò)誤1.I believe it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.2.I decide to write rather than telephone.3.I would rather stay at home than go for a walk.4.I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.(6)其他形式的句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤A.混淆限定定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別1.The bridge was destroyed by the flood, that made it impossible for people to cross the river.2.By 1914 women had the right to vote in 11 states, and their efforts were crowned with final success in the 19th Amendment to the constitution, that was ratified in 1920.B.混淆單句與獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的差別1.Tome soon appeared again, his blue eyes bore no trace of the agony that had earlier filled them.C.分詞使用錯(cuò)誤1.Some grammarians have called grammatical words “empty” words as opposed to the “full” words of vocabulary. This is rather a misled way of expressing the distinction.2.The tribes consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods.3邏輯錯(cuò)誤(1)邏輯前后矛盾(2)邏輯混亂附件1. His urge to go is held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest.(97)2. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings(04)3. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education.(05)4. serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference between these noises and language proper.(07)5. practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling. (02)6. When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any other infant, provided neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. (98)7. The English speaker has at his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers.(06)8. We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours(02) 9. For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be “species specific” to the human race.(98)10. to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (04)11. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meaning as well as agreed conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message(06)12. after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”（03）13. It is often said, of course, that the language originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, but the necessary evidence is entirely lacking;. (07)14. Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media. (04)15. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (05)16. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. (01)17. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than. (03)18. His politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise.(97)19. there is a sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is veil”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. (00)20. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. (01)21. and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.(02)22. their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. (03)23. There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results.(04)24. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective of fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of business firms. 25. This is “natural”, therefore ,that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle;(02)26. our handwriting is something which we almost always know. (02)27. As we know, life would only be possible on the surface of a planet had temperatures somewhere with this range.(96)28. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, students evaluations of teachers,(05)29. .sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them.(98）30. whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.（07）31. they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in such a way that it can acquire language. (02)32. The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.(01)33. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their European counterparts. (03)34. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and that which he recognizes, increases in size as he grows old, as a result of education and experience.(06)35. there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries than we find in English. (07)36. the poor ones job prospects, the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.(05)37. And these are among most striking of human achievements. (06)38. our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animals foods.（99）39. There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient language show us language in a new and emerging state. (07)40. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months afterbirth.41. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories,(99)42. the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe.(03)43. Plant foods provide for 60 percent of the Kung diet.（99）44. outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings and to make out detailed studies of issues. (04)45. If he did not care of his guests feelings, he would simply get up out of his chair and announce his departure.(97) 46. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds like when we speak, (04)47. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. (07)48. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure.(07) 49. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival.(98)50. This is what his body wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him rise.(97)51. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for markers to improve. (01)52. One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously. (02) 53. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient languages(07)54. Less noted but more significant, the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak;(03) 一可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞beauty-a beauty paper- a paper necessity-a necessityyouth-a youth antuority-an authority power-a power antuority-an authority ice-an ice iron-an ironinterest an interest二名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1.特殊名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式Sis為ses analysis-analyses basis-bases crisis-crises diagnosis-diagnoses -um為a bacterium-bacteria datum-data curriulum-curruicula medium-media-on為-a criterion-criteria phenomenon-phenomena-us為-istimulus-stimuli nucleus-nuclei-a 為-aeantenna-antennae (天線) formula-formulae-ix 為ices appdenix-appendices (附錄)2. 單復(fù)同形詞： Chinese, Japanese, deer, fish, sheep, headquarters, means, series, species.3. 單數(shù)的集合名詞：merchandise, machinery, foliage, equipment, furniture.4. 復(fù)數(shù)的集合名詞:police, cattle, people, vermin, poultry 三易混淆的詞1.部分近形異義詞adapt-adopt affect-effect confirm-conform contact-contract beside-besides former-formal moral-morale diary-dairy industrious-industrial personal-personnel desert-dessert personal-personnel desert-dessert intelligent-intelligible principal-principle conscious-conscientious stationary-stationeryconsiderate-considerable2. 部分近形近義詞late-later farther-further healthy-healthfu effective-efficient latter-lately continual-continuous respectable-respectful historic-historical rise-arise-raise-arouse sure-insure-ensure-assure-surely3.兼有兩種形式的副詞。hard-hardly first-firstly late-lately close-closely sure-surelyhigh-highly clear-clearly四以ly 結(jié)尾的形容詞brotherly deadly earthly friendly likely leisurely lovely manly weekly yearly五形容詞比較級(jí)用“to” 的詞prior to, superior to, inferior to, senior to, junior to, perferable to六 只接不定式的動(dòng)詞 afford agree ask attemp choose decide hope expect intend learn long manage offer plan pretend promise refuse want wish 七只接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞magine, insist on mind miss practise put off risk set about suggest admit appreciate avoid cant help stand consider enjoy escape excuse finish give up 冠詞的習(xí)慣用法一、不定冠詞連用的詞語：as a whole have a colda few 一些,少數(shù)幾個(gè) a bit 一點(diǎn)兒a lot(of) 許多,大量 a little 一點(diǎn)兒a piece of 一片/塊 have a cold 患感冒have a meal 吃頓飯 have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳 have a walk 散步have a good time 過得愉快;玩得高興a long time, a little , a few, in a word, in a hurry, take a break, in a way(在某種程度上, 稍稍), have a rest, have a cold, have a fever, its a pity, have a good time, make a fire（生火）, make a study of sth, keep an eye on(照看)，have a try.have a gift for have a word with keep a diary Once in a while once upon a time at a loss For a while all of a sudden tell a lie Do sb a favor get an education at a distance Have a population of a waste of a collection of Have/take a rest get a lift/ride go on a diet 二、the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:in the morning 在早上(上午)in the early morning 一大早in the evening 在晚上in the beginning 在開頭(端)in the afternoon 在下午by the way 順便問一下in the end 最后,終于the next day 第二天at the end of 在末尾the day after tomorrow 后天at the age of 在歲的時(shí)候in the front of 在(內(nèi)部)的前面the day before yesterday 前天on the right(left)在右(左)邊三、零冠詞在英語中,許多情況下名詞前不用冠詞,通常稱為零冠詞.(1)在專有名詞前不用冠詞.例如:China 中國 John 約翰 Australia 澳大利亞No.1 Middle School 第一中學(xué)National Day國慶節(jié)(2)名詞前有指示代詞,物主代詞,不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時(shí),不用冠詞.例如:The radio is on her desk. 收音機(jī)在她的書桌上.Are there any birds in that tree 那棵樹上有鳥嗎 Some young pioneers are working on the farm.一些少先隊(duì)員正在農(nóng)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng).(3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí),名詞前不用