高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法最重要知識(shí)匯總.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng) 聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除按：本套資料省去了名詞、代詞、形容詞等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和動(dòng)詞。希望能有所幫助。第一章 名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。一主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）2. 用it作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is 名詞 從句 It is a fact that ; It is an honor that; It is common knowledge that(2) It is 形容詞 從句 It is natural that It is strange that (3) It is 不及物動(dòng)詞 從句 It seems that It happened that It appears that (4) It 過(guò)去分詞 從句 It is reported that It has been proved that It is said that 3. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2）It is said /reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation二賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 (及物動(dòng)詞) 或介詞之后。1. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如： I heard that he joined the army. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他參軍了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。 (3) 動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。2. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3. 作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如： I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。4. it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ) it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。5.* 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞 這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如： 正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6.* 不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： 正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三. 表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)從句”?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。1. 同位語(yǔ)從句的功能 同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置 同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）第二章 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。1、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2) whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)) 關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別： 1)不用that的情況：a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c) 多用who 的情況關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.先行詞為those, people 時(shí)Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時(shí)One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.在有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2) 只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí)，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開(kāi)始的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)He is not the man that he used to be.2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? Im surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.注意：在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.含有介詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面。Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的差別由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.用法區(qū)別：(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。(3)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same as; suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.第三章 狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和從句等擔(dān)當(dāng)。例如：1.Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副詞)2.We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介詞狀短語(yǔ))3.To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)4.Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (過(guò)去分詞)5.I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)的位置比較靈活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí)必須后置。狀語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下:1時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果園) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3原因狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that,My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, so that, such that,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6條件狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while (一般用在句首)，no matter ，in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.盡管我很尊敬他，我卻不同意他的建議。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8比較狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較)特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ，so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine.食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。9方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10.狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化狀語(yǔ)從句的省略狀語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)具備下列兩個(gè)條件:主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致，或從句主語(yǔ)為it；從句主要?jiǎng)釉~是be的某種形式。從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞?？墒÷浴＠纾篧hen ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.另外，比較狀語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ).The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).就狀語(yǔ)從句而言,有時(shí)為了使語(yǔ)言言簡(jiǎn)意賅,常常將狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化。狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化現(xiàn)象在口語(yǔ)中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高。因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面、透徹的了解。狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句中:由if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;由although, though, even if / though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句;由as, than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。下面針對(duì)這五種情形作一歸納。(1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it和be要完全簡(jiǎn)化掉。例如:If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的話,他會(huì)幫你擺脫困境。You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情況對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)不方便,否則你必須出席這次會(huì)議。(2)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句可以將主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)化掉。常用于以下幾種情形:a.連詞+形容詞As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小時(shí)候就學(xué)會(huì)了騎自行車。Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。b.連詞+名詞While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提時(shí)代就樂(lè)于助人。Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.盡管他曾是個(gè)農(nóng)民,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了。c.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.盡管近來(lái)他一直在學(xué)數(shù)學(xué),但他仍然沒(méi)有取得好成績(jī)。d.連詞+過(guò)去分詞He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀請(qǐng),否則他不會(huì)和我們一道去那里。The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。e.連詞+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say something.當(dāng)時(shí)他站起來(lái)好像要說(shuō)什么。He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他來(lái)負(fù)責(zé),他也解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。f.連詞+介詞短語(yǔ)She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩。He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美國(guó)之前就懂英語(yǔ)了。注意:當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如:When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.當(dāng)會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí),人們都走出了會(huì)議室。(=The meeting over,.)第四章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)一全部倒裝全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：1) There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。2) Then came the chairman.然后主席就來(lái)了3) Here is your letter.這是你的信。2. 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。2) Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：1) Here he comes. 他來(lái)了。 2) Away they went.他們走了。二部分倒裝 部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。例如：1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。注意：當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：1) I have never seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。2) The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly when , no sooner than 等。例如： 1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。 2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門(mén)時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)找她。 3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)看她。注意：只有當(dāng)Not only but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂(lè)。 3.表示也、也不 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí)，句子作部分倒裝。例如： 1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.Tom能說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，我也能。 2) If you wont go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。 注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為的確如此。例如： 1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。 2) -Its raining hard.-So it is.-雨下得很大。-的確很大。 4.only放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），全句語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。例如： Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請(qǐng)了三次才來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息。三as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句 as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如： Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來(lái)都不能令他的工作満意。注意:讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。四其他部分倒裝 1. so that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng)。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：May you all be happy.望大家開(kāi)心愉快。3.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。例如： Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。第五章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配It 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：一、It用作實(shí)詞表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象 二、It用作形式主語(yǔ) 替代作主語(yǔ)的從