water使用復(fù)數(shù)形式的若干場(chǎng)合.docVIP

water使用復(fù)數(shù)形式的若干場(chǎng)合本站特約作者 陳根花water 是大家很熟悉的一個(gè)詞，大家對(duì)它的認(rèn)識(shí)是，它的意思是“水”，它是物質(zhì)名詞，所以不可數(shù)，不能用復(fù)數(shù)。但是，使許多初學(xué)者感到困惑的是，我們教材上或考試試卷上卻經(jīng)常可以見到 waters 用法。為幫助同學(xué)們解決這一困惑，本文特對(duì) water 的復(fù)數(shù)用法作一歸納。一、表示江河湖海等的“水域”“水體”時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：They will cross the waters tomorrow. 他們明天要渡海。 The waters of the lake flow out over a large waterfall. 這個(gè)湖的水流出后形成一個(gè)大瀑布。 This is where thewaters of Amazon flow out into the sea. 這就是亞馬孫河入海的地方。二、表示某國(guó)的“近?！薄昂Ｓ颉薄邦I(lǐng)海”時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：British territorial waters 英國(guó)的海域 British waters were a “military area”. 英國(guó)領(lǐng)海是“軍事區(qū)”。The number of fish in coastal waters has decreased. 沿海魚的數(shù)量已減少了。The ship successfully underwent sea trials in coastal waters. 那條船在近海水域試航成功。三、表示“礦泉水”“泉水”“噴泉水花”時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：We drink table waters. 我們喝瓶裝礦泉水。A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight. 一首偉大的詩(shī)篇猶如一座噴泉，永遠(yuǎn)噴出智慧和歡樂的水花。注：take drink the waters 為習(xí)語(yǔ)，指喝礦泉水治療或到礦泉?jiǎng)俚丿燄B(yǎng)。如：He went abroad to drink the waters 他出國(guó)去進(jìn)行礦泉治療。He is taking drinking thewaters at Bath. 他在巴斯進(jìn)行礦泉治療。四、表示“洪水”等大量的水時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The flood waters are going down. 洪水漸退。 The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters. 水壩不太堅(jiān)固，擋不住洪水。 五、表示幾條不同河流或海域的水，習(xí)慣上要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The waters of the two rivers mingled (together) to form one river. 兩條河匯合成一條。六、在某些固定表達(dá)中，習(xí)慣上用復(fù)數(shù)。如：in smooth water(s) 進(jìn)展順利，一帆風(fēng)順 fish in troubled waters 混水摸魚()pour oil on troubled waters平息風(fēng)波，作和事佬，調(diào)停爭(zhēng)端 fish in muddy waters 趁火打劫，混水摸魚1. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常要用which：The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使這條河很危險(xiǎn)。He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜歡這樣的。The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 倫敦隊(duì)上一個(gè)季度打得很好，這個(gè)季度卻打得很差。2. 直接放在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要用which：She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那樣我們就要等等她。The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他們找尋的文件已找到了。This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送來一些波爾圖葡萄酒，為此我得向你道謝。注：有時(shí)“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞+which+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫長(zhǎng)夜可用來學(xué)習(xí)。He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一兩把手槍用來自衛(wèi)。3. 當(dāng)先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等時(shí)，通常用that：All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是訓(xùn)練。Have you everything that you need? 你需要的東西都有了嗎?The sleeping mans subconscious mind retained everything that was said around him. 這位酣睡的人頭腦的下意識(shí)能記住他周圍的人說的話。She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不贊同的事她絕不會(huì)做。4. 當(dāng)先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時(shí)，通常用that：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。5. 當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時(shí)，通常用that：This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應(yīng)該做的第一件事是訂個(gè)計(jì)劃。6. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用that：China is not the country (that) it was. 中國(guó)已不是過去的中國(guó)了。7. 當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)，通常用that：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談?wù)摿耸顾麄冇∠笞钌畹娜撕褪隆?. 當(dāng)要避免重復(fù)時(shí)：Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程？限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的六點(diǎn)區(qū)別區(qū)別一：形式不同限定性定語(yǔ)從句主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)也不停頓；而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常有逗號(hào)隔開，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)有停頓。區(qū)別二：功能不同限定性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識(shí)別，如果去掉，就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長(zhǎng)些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來。(若把從句去句子意義仍然完整)區(qū)別三：翻譯不同在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般把限定性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前，而把非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句分開。如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的那個(gè)人。Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請(qǐng)了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。區(qū)別四：含義不同比較下面的兩個(gè)句子：I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè))I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)姐姐，她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐)區(qū)別五：先行詞不同限定性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞，而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語(yǔ)或句子；另外，當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無二性的普通名詞時(shí)，通常要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而不用限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢，希望她出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無二意義的普通名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾)區(qū)別六：關(guān)系詞不同關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，通常不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；另外，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略(參見本章有關(guān)內(nèi)容)，而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞一律不省略。倒裝形式 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)前置， only，否定副詞前置，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前置，SO前置。 AS, THOUGH的倒裝。虛擬式倒裝， HAD,WERE,SHOULD 去掉IF讓步從句，THOUGH AS,前面可接名詞，CHILD AS HE IS, 副詞，MUCH AS I LIKE HIM,形容詞，CAREFUL AS HE IS， 動(dòng)詞，TRY AS HE MAY Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 無論怎樣搜查，他們?cè)诜孔永锶匀粵]有找到一個(gè)人。Dislike him as we may, we must acknowledge his greatness. 盡管我們不喜歡他，但必須承認(rèn)他的偉大。Lose money as I did, we got a lot of experience. 錢雖然丟了，我們卻得到了許多經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Fail in the election as he did, he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，分詞Raining hard as it is, Im going out for a walk. 雖然正在下著大雨，我還是要出去散步。Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 雖然我們被敵人包圍著，但我們還是設(shè)法前進(jìn)了。Munching the apple as he was, he had got an eye for all Johns movementsTired as he was, he sat up late studying at night. 昨晚他雖然很疲倦了，但還是學(xué)習(xí)到很晚才睡。(表讓步) Tired as he was, he went to bed early. 因?yàn)楹芾郏运煤茉纭?表原因)Young as he was, he was equal to the task. 他雖年輕，卻能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。(表讓步) Young as he was, he was not equal to the task. 他因?yàn)槟贻p，所以不能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。(表原因There are now published thousands and millions of books every year. 現(xiàn)在每年出版上億冊(cè)書。On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet. 第二天舉行了盛大的宴會(huì)。THERE IS NO DOUBT,NO SENSE,POINT,DIFFICULTY, TELLING,DENYING,THERE加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，there加have，haslike, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider 加there TO BE 做賓語(yǔ)。there being為there be的非謂語(yǔ)形式之一，它在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)或作介詞賓語(yǔ)。 用作狀語(yǔ)There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于沒什么其他的事要干，所以我們就回家了。There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于沒有下雨，所以地面很干?！咀ⅰ坑袝r(shí)可與狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換：There being no further business , I declared the meeting closed. 由于沒有別的事了，我宣布閉會(huì)。As there was no further business, I declared the meeting closed. 由于沒有別的事了，我宣布閉會(huì)。用作介詞賓語(yǔ)There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute. 現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)希望可以解決這次爭(zhēng)端注意，there being 用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，只能用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，并且這個(gè)介詞不能是“a bit”和“a little”的意思幾乎相同，但兩者前面若加上 “not”，其意思就完全不同了。 “not a bit”意為“一點(diǎn)也沒有；一點(diǎn)也不”，而 “not a little”意為“很多；非?！?。如： Tom wasnt a bit surprised. 湯姆一點(diǎn)也不驚訝。 Tom wasnt a little surprised. 湯姆非常驚訝。 “a bit”和“a little” （兩者皆當(dāng)副詞用時(shí)） 在修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞時(shí)可以互換。如： The shirt looks a bit / a little large. 這件襯衫看起來大了一點(diǎn)。 但“a bit”（不可當(dāng)形容詞用）后面不能直接接名詞，若要接名詞，須使用“a bit of”。如： Give me a bit of water. 請(qǐng)給我一點(diǎn)水。 而“a little”（可當(dāng)形容詞用）后面可以直接接名詞（不可數(shù)）。如： There is a little food in the bowl. 碗里有點(diǎn)食物。 關(guān)于“not a little”，我們也可以使用“no little”或“quite a little”來表達(dá)相同的意思，這三種表達(dá)都與“much”同義，即：not a little = no little = quite a little = much （很多）它們都接不可數(shù)名詞。四、why (not)后省略to的情況在why (not)?之后的不定式不能帶to。如：Why go with him? 為什么要同他一起去？Why not ask the teacher? 為什么不去問問老師？Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事擴(kuò)展成小說呢?五、動(dòng)詞know后省略to的情況在“know+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”中，不定式有時(shí)省略to，有時(shí)不省，可分以下兩種情況討論：1. 若 know 為現(xiàn)在式，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式只限于 to be，且其中的to不能省略。如：I know him to be ill. 我知道他病了。We knew her to be honest. 我們知道她是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。2. 若know為完成式或過去式，則該結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式可以用除 to be外的其他動(dòng)詞，且此時(shí)其中的to可以省留。如：I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我從未聽說他會(huì)干那種事。Weve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我們從未聽說他撒過謊。Ive never known it (to) snow in July before. 我從未聽說過有七月下雪的事。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不定式前的to不能省略。這樣用的know不僅僅表示一般意義的“知道”，而是表示一種經(jīng)歷，因此常譯為“曾過”(用于肯定句時(shí))或“(從來)沒有過”(用于否定句時(shí))。六、介詞except / but后省略to的情況用作介詞except, but賓語(yǔ)的不定式有時(shí)帶to，有時(shí)不帶to。其大致原則是：若其前出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞 do，其后的不定式通常不帶 to；若其前沒有出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞 do，則其后的不定式通常帶 to。如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我沒有別的選擇。He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。(from )It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生氣外，沒產(chǎn)生任何效果。She can do everything except cook. 除了做飯之外她什么都會(huì)。七、主語(yǔ)帶do表語(yǔ)省略to的情況當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，用作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to。如：All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你現(xiàn)在要做的只是把這張表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前進(jìn)是現(xiàn)在唯一的出路。What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告訴她真相。八、并列不定式省略to的情況當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)作用相同的不定式并列時(shí)，通常只需在第一個(gè)不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略。如：He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那兒等他。Im really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知該怎么想怎么說。It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 說服人容易，強(qiáng)迫人難。但是，如果兩者有對(duì)比關(guān)系，則后面不定式前的to不可省略。如：To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 嘗試而失敗總比不嘗試好。九、省略不定式是否保留to在一定的上下文中，為了避免重復(fù)，有時(shí)不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符號(hào)to。如：I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去?！癉ont be late.” “Ill try not to.” “不要來晚了?！薄拔冶M量不來晚。”Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。注意：1. 若被省略的不定式為to be短語(yǔ)，則通常應(yīng)保留to be。如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原來的那個(gè)樣子了。2. 有時(shí)省略不定式時(shí)，同時(shí)也可省略to。如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。find 的用法與搭配1. 表示“找到”，其后可接雙賓語(yǔ)；若雙賓語(yǔ)交換位置用介詞 for引出間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Can you find me a hotel?=Can you find a hotel for me? 你能給我找一家旅館嗎?We found him a good job.=We found a good job for him. 我們?yōu)樗伊朔莺霉ぷ?。比較下面一句（found 后為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)）：We found him a good teacher. (=We found that he was a good teacher.) 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是位好老師。2. 表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)”時(shí)，其后可接各種形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) 賓語(yǔ)+名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Youll find it a difficult book. 你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它是一本難懂的書。有時(shí)可在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)前加上to be。如：Youll find it to be a difficult book. 你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它是一本難懂的書。(2) 賓語(yǔ)+形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：He found the room empty. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)房間是空的。I found the book easy. 我覺得這書讀起來比較容易。有時(shí)可在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)前加上to be。如：We find the story (to be) very interesting. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)故事很有趣。(3) 賓語(yǔ)+副詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Did you find her in? 你發(fā)現(xiàn)她在家嗎? I went to her house but I found her out. 我到她家發(fā)現(xiàn)她不在家。用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的副詞通常只能是in, out, up, down, upstairs, downstairs等表示處所的副詞小品詞，而不能是其他普通副詞。(4) 賓語(yǔ)+不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：He found the patient to be a small boy. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)病人是一個(gè)小男孩。用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式通常為to be（且通常可以省略），但當(dāng)find用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可以用其他動(dòng)詞。如：Her blood was found to contain poison. 她的血液里被發(fā)現(xiàn)有毒。He was found to have helped himself to public money. 他被發(fā)現(xiàn)挪用了公款。(5) 賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I found him lying on the floor. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地板上。I found him standing at the door. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他正站在門口。(6) 賓語(yǔ)+過去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：He found the door locked. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)門鎖上了。He found the city much changed. 他發(fā)