英語專業(yè)四級(jí)語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)(精).doc

形容詞副詞1 前置修飾語的排列順序可以置于冠詞前的形容詞(all both such -冠詞,指示形容詞,所有格形容詞,不定形容詞(a an the this your his any some-基數(shù)詞(one 序數(shù)詞(first- 表示性質(zhì),狀態(tài),質(zhì)量的形容詞(good useful-表示大小,長短,形狀的形容詞-表示年齡,新舊,溫度的形容詞-表示顏色的形容詞-表示國籍,產(chǎn)地,區(qū)域的形容詞-表示材料,用做形容詞的名詞-動(dòng)名詞,分詞2.后置修飾語由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞3.形容詞修飾由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等組成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),必須后置4.enough作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)既可放前又可放后,但當(dāng)它作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),必須后置5.有些形容詞本身就有比年長,比優(yōu)等的意思這些形容詞后面用介詞to 而不用than6.much too 作為副詞短語修飾形容詞或副詞,不修飾名詞7.more 不能用來修飾比較級(jí)8.與名詞連用的more of a . ./ as much of a. / more of a. 意為更像9.as much of a意為稱得上,less of a 意為算不上10.none other than(不是別人,正是=no other than11.any/sone/every與other連用時(shí),其后若用可數(shù)名詞,一般為單數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.can 用于否定句cannot(helpbut表示不能不,只能(but后跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式2.must 表示禁止,一定不要時(shí)的否定式為mustnt當(dāng)它表示有把握的推斷時(shí)意為一定準(zhǔn)是時(shí)它的否定形式為cant3.need doing=need to be done 這個(gè)句型表示被動(dòng)意味4.need not have done sth 表示本來沒有必要做某事(經(jīng)?？继摂M語氣1.It is (high/about/thetime. 謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r表示早該做某事而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有點(diǎn)晚了2.It is the first(second/thirdtime后的that從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞要用完成體來表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)3.as if/though 的虛擬要點(diǎn)1 對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)事實(shí)的假設(shè),從句謂語用過去式,be動(dòng)詞一律用were2對(duì)過去事實(shí)的假設(shè),從句謂語用過去完成式3對(duì)未來事實(shí)的假設(shè),從句謂語用would+動(dòng)詞原型專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)比較級(jí)比較等級(jí)的含義英語中形容詞與副詞有三個(gè)比較等級(jí),即原級(jí),比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。一般來說,表示等于時(shí)用原級(jí)。Eg. Im just as busy today as I was yesterday.表示二者的比較時(shí)用比較級(jí)eg. Im much busier today than I was yesterday.表示“最”時(shí)用最高級(jí)Eg. That was the busiest day of my life.存在句形容詞與副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成構(gòu)成原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)單音節(jié)詞尾加er, est great greater greatest單音節(jié)詞尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫big bigger biggest輔音字母加er,est少數(shù)以y,er,ow, ble結(jié)尾雙音節(jié)詞尾加er,est happy happier happiest(y前為輔音字母去y加clever cleverer cleverester,est其它雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,前加more, difficult more difficult most difficultmost不規(guī)則變化副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成大致與形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成相同,但以后綴ly結(jié)尾的副詞用more和most。hard hardest hardestearly earlier earliestquickly more quickly most quickly不規(guī)則變化形容詞與副詞比較等級(jí)的基本用法A. 基本形式“as +原級(jí)+as” 結(jié)構(gòu)eg. Hes as tall as I.B.否定的同級(jí)比較常用not as as或not so aseg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.C.變體1 as + much/many + 名詞+ as2 as +形原級(jí)+ a + 名詞+as3 as + 形+ 不可數(shù)名詞+ as4 名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as +形+ as5 the same as/ be similar to比較級(jí)A.基本結(jié)構(gòu)“比較級(jí)+than” 結(jié)構(gòu)eg.He is taller than I .She sees me more often than she sees her brother.B.變體1形比較級(jí)+ 名+ than2名+ 形比較級(jí)+ than3the + 形比較級(jí)+ of + the two4superior/ inferior to最高級(jí)A. 常用“the +最高級(jí)+比較范圍”eg. This is the best picture in the hall.He sings the best in the class.B. 變體1 more than any other2 Not + 比較等級(jí)關(guān)于比較結(jié)構(gòu)用法的補(bǔ)充說明1morethan是而不是,與其說是不如說是eg.She is more been than wise.He is more a writer than an artist.2not so much as與其說是不如說是eg. It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested.3not more/er than與no more/er thaneg.He is no richer than I= as poor asHe is not richer than I4 more and moreeg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.5. The more the moreeg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.6more than 多于eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.7more than 不止,超過eg. She is more than pretty.8 more than 簡直不eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)并列結(jié)構(gòu)并列結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意義相關(guān)、層次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列連詞或其他并列手段連接起來的語法結(jié)構(gòu)序列叫做并列結(jié)構(gòu)。1. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的各種形式1詞與詞的并列you and me2詞組與詞組的并列 a teacher and a student3分句與分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us.2. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的連接手段1并列連詞2標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)3.并列結(jié)構(gòu)的插入語在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目之前插入一個(gè)詞語,使這個(gè)項(xiàng)目處于更加突出的地位。4.并列結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱組合成對(duì)組合的辦法使整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊。3. 并列連詞的意義和用法1.以and為代表的表示語義引申的并列連詞and, bothand, not only but also, notnor, neithernor等。這一類并列連詞在語義上表示其連接的成分是對(duì)前項(xiàng)的補(bǔ)充和引申,包括肯定和否定兩種意義的引申。And除表示語義增補(bǔ)外還有其他意義.還有一些and連接的語法結(jié)構(gòu)形似并列結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際并非并列結(jié)構(gòu).Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm. Ill go and see my friend. = ( go to see2.以or 為代表的表示選擇的并列連詞這類連詞包括or和eitheror3.以but為代表的表示語義轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比的并列連詞這類連詞包括but, not but, while, whereas, only, yet.4. 補(bǔ)充說明:1 bothand 只連結(jié)成分不連接句子;只連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)Eg. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news.2 not only but also連結(jié)成分和連接句子;只連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)Eg.Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.3 either or連結(jié)成分和連接句子;連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)或不對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)Eg.Either you or I am going to shanghai.He can either stay at home or leave.He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to the theatre.4 neither nor連結(jié)成分和連接句子;連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)或不對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes poetry.并列連詞與連接性狀語And與moreover;furthermore whats more Eg.He is a good teacher and a good friend.He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.but與howeveror與otherwiseSo與as a result , consequently .存在句(There be存在句的結(jié)構(gòu)特征存在句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式是:There + be + NP + Locative Expression (+ Temporal Expression存在句的引導(dǎo)詞There在句中位于主語位置,實(shí)義主語是隨后的名詞詞組,There起形式主語的作用,在疑問句中,它和操作詞倒裝。注意存在句的引導(dǎo)詞There和句首狀語There的區(qū)別。存在句的實(shí)義主語實(shí)義主語的名詞詞組通常是非確定特指,即通常帶有不定冠詞、零冠詞及其他非確定意義的限定詞, some, any, many, much, a lot of, enough, littl e基本句型凡帶有非確定特指的名詞詞組,一般都可用There 存在句轉(zhuǎn)化。存在句的謂語動(dòng)詞存在句的謂語動(dòng)詞主要是動(dòng)詞be的某種形式,分限定形式和非限定形式。限定形式:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成體、過去完成體和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+不定式。除be外,某些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞如:exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等,能用于there 存在句。地點(diǎn)狀語前移,there可省。Eg.There can be very little about his guilt.There are many desks in the classroom.There used to be a hospital round the corner.There appears to be no doubt about it.There stands a house behind the tree.Behind the tree (there stands a house.存在句的非限定形式1存在句的非限定形式there to be 和there being結(jié)構(gòu)2there to be 和there being結(jié)構(gòu)用法與區(qū)別there to be:作for 介詞補(bǔ)語作動(dòng)詞(except, want, like, prefer, hate的賓語eg.They planned for there to be another meetingMembers like there to be plenty of choice.there being : 作除for外的介詞的補(bǔ)語作主語和狀語eg.John was relying on there being another opportunity.There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.存在句的非限定形式與限定形式的轉(zhuǎn)化eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)It 句型It 句型1. Basic structure:There + be + subject + adverbial2. Non-finite structureThere to be - for ; VerbThere being -in,on.; noun;adverbialThere being a lawn extends from the river to the house.There is a lawn extending from the river to the house.There extends a lawn from the house to the river.From the house to the river lies a lawn.From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.It:1. Reference it:Beijing is a big city. It is the capital of China.2. Non-reference itA. Empty itB. Anticipatory itC. Cleft itIt 句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主語的三種句子:第一種是以it作形式主語的表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣等意義的句子;第二種是以it作先行主語的句子;第三種是以it作引導(dǎo)詞的分裂句。Empty it虛義it是一種非指代性it,以區(qū)別于人稱代詞it,常用作沒有具體意義的主語,出現(xiàn)于表示氣候、天氣、溫度、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、距離等意義的句子中。也用來表示一般的籠統(tǒng)的情況。也用于一些結(jié)構(gòu)及習(xí)慣語中。Eg.Its fine today, isnt it.It was dull when Mary was away.It looks as if the college is very small.Hop it. (Go away專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)It 句型Anticipatory itit用來充當(dāng)形式主語或形式賓語,后面的真正主語或真正賓語通常是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性分句。It的這種用法叫作先行it。eg.It is quite important for us to form a good studying habit.I think it important to finish the task in time.it用來充當(dāng)形式主語,后置的真正主語往往可以取代先行it的位置,出現(xiàn)在句首。Eg. To form a good studying habit is quite important for us并非所有先行it結(jié)構(gòu)都可轉(zhuǎn)化,下邊句子只能作如下轉(zhuǎn)化。eg.It seems that John is not coming after all.John doesnt seem to be coming after all.Cleft it :Task1. 句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)2 .分裂句的本質(zhì)3 . 分裂句的結(jié)構(gòu)4 .假擬分裂句句子結(jié)構(gòu)主語+謂語已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心Eg. I told him the news yesterday.分裂句的本質(zhì)Eg. I told him the news yesterday.Eg. It is I that told him the news yesterday分裂it分裂句是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。它的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是:It +be 的一定形式+中心成分+that /who分句。通過這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語動(dòng)詞以外的大多數(shù)句子成分。說話人通過分裂句分別強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、間接賓語、直接賓語、狀語,使之成為信息中心。分裂句中的謂語可以采取復(fù)雜形式Eg.It is I who am to blame.It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.It was in Shanghai that I got my Masters Degree.主語補(bǔ)語通常不作分裂句的中心成分。賓語補(bǔ)語可以這樣用。*It is beautiful that she is.It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式Do 的適當(dāng)形式Eg. I Do give you the book.擬似分裂句Pesudo cleft要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞,就得采用另外一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。這種句型叫作擬似分裂句。擬似分裂句的主語通常是由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句,分句的主動(dòng)詞通常是do的一定形式。分句的主語補(bǔ)語根據(jù)主動(dòng)詞do的適當(dāng)形式而采取相應(yīng)的形式。擬似分裂句可采用下列幾種形式what分句+be + 動(dòng)詞的不定式eg. He gave her a book.-What he did was (to give her a book.what分句+be + 動(dòng)詞的分詞He will be taking a plane to Beijing-What he will be doing is taking a plane to BeijingHe has finished his homework.-What he has done is finished(finish/to finish his homework. Pesudo - cleftI gave him a letter.What I did is give him a letterdo/did/does-dodoing -doingdone -donewhat分句+be + 名詞詞組名詞詞組+be+ what分句Eg. He gave her a book.What he gave her was a book.A book was what he gave her.專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式Do 的適當(dāng)形式Eg. I Do give you the book.擬似分裂句Pesudo cleft要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞,就得采用另外一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。這種句型叫作擬似分裂句。擬似分裂句的主語通常是由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句,分句的主動(dòng)詞通常是do的一定形式。分句的主語補(bǔ)語根據(jù)主動(dòng)詞do的適當(dāng)形式而采取相應(yīng)的形式。擬似分裂句可采用下列幾種形式what分句+be + 動(dòng)詞的不定式eg. He gave her a book.-What he did was (to give her a book.what分句+be + 動(dòng)詞的分詞He will be taking a plane to Beijing-What he will be doing is taking a plane to BeijingHe has finished his homework.-What he has done is finished(finish/to finish his homework. Pesudo - cleftI gave him a letter.What I did is give him a letterdo/did/does-dodoing -doingdone -donewhat分句+be + 名詞詞組名詞詞組+be+ what分句Eg. He gave her a book.What he gave her was a book.A book was what he gave her.專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)附加疑問句Tag QuestionHe must be a clever boy, _?He must be studying in the room,_?He must have worked hard last night, _?He must have finished his work, _?He said he would go with Mary, _?If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, _?I think he is a good student, _?I dont think he is a good student, _?You have a new book, _?He had to go now,_?I have read the book , _?Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,_?We used to live in the country,_?We never used to live in the country, _?There beThere is a book on the desk.There is a book and two pens on the desk.There _( come the last bus .There _(go the last spoon of ice-cream.并列結(jié)構(gòu)both and 只連接詞與詞組Not only but also; either or ; neithernor 不但連接詞與詞組,還