高考英語單項選擇命題手段淺析.doc

高考英語單項選擇命題手段淺析一、 單項選擇試題特點 1）句子長，2）復(fù)句多，3）結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，4）語言實用性強，5）無單純語法或詞法考題，6）每題中都設(shè)置了特定的語境。-Who is the teacher?-One of my friends is _ teacher, _ teacher who works in a middle school.A. a, the, B. the, a, C. a, a D. the, the二、 單項選擇試題命題思路（一） 注重單句層次的語境設(shè)置，重點考察考生的語言運用能力。考生在具備了一定的語言能力、語言經(jīng)驗和語用經(jīng)驗，才能靈活自如地主宰單項選擇題。分析歷年考題，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)近幾年來的單句層次的語境創(chuàng)設(shè)手段有以下幾種：1 運用交際手段1） 交際語用型是指對提供的情景作出反應(yīng)，旨在考察考生的語用能力。 (1)- Can I get you a cup of tea? -_. (1998,15) A. Thats very nice of you. B. With pleasure C. You can, please D. Thank you for the tea. (2) -Wait! -_. (2000,9) A. Yes, sir? B. What? C. All right? D. Pardon? (3) -Good morning, Grand Hotel. -Hello, Id like to book a room for the nights of the 18th and 19th. - _. (2001, 21) A. What can I do for you B. Just a minute, please. C. Whats the matter D. At your service2） 交際綜合型以對話為語境依托，目的在考察語法和詞法。 (4) -When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. -They _ be ready by 12:00. (1998,13) A. can B. should C. might D. need (5) -Will you stay for lunch? -Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me. (1999,15) A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont (6) -Are you coming to Jeffs party? -Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead. (2000,15) A. must B. would C. should D. might (7) -Alice, you feed the bird today, _ ? -But I fed it yesterday. ( ) A. do you B. will you C. didnt you D. dont you 2 運用句法手段1） 運用復(fù)合句 (8) (9) The WTO cannot live up to its name _ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. (2000,21) A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though2） 運用并列句(10) I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (1997, 12) A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone3） 運用簡單句(11) The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912. (1997,17)A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing4） 運用二層次陳述(12) Wait till you are more _. Its better to be sure than sorry. (1997,13) A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain5） 運用標(biāo)點符號(13) European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. (1998,25) A. making B. makes C. made D. to make （二）單句層次的障礙設(shè)置以進行消極干擾，使試題有一定難度，用以檢測考生的分析能力。分析歷年考題，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)有以下九種設(shè)置障礙的手段：1） 多元選擇手段在一個題中設(shè)置一個以上考點的選擇問題，稱為多元選擇題。這類題具有綜合性強、干擾性大等特點，易導(dǎo)致錯誤的發(fā)散思維。對策: 采取各個擊破法. 做這類題可用“各個擊破”的方法，先找出較容易的，然后再做較難的。(14) Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food. (2000,10) A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D./; the(15) The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool used. (2001,29) A. the; the B. the; / C. /; the D./; /2） 插入語手段某些詞（態(tài)度詞）、 短語或句子，或放在句首、句中、或句末，多用逗號與句子里的其他成分分開，這些詞并非句子中的語法構(gòu)成部分。常用態(tài)度詞surely, indeed, perhaps, personally, fortunately, luckily等；短語有sure enough, most important of all, to tell the truth, generally speaking, in ones opinion, in other words, worse still, to be frank, to ones surprise等; 句子有: I dare say, Im sure, I admit, Im afraid, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I imagine, Whats worse, Whats more等。高考命題中設(shè)置障礙主要采用短語和句子插入句中的形式，以干擾視線，分散注意力，混淆句子結(jié)構(gòu)，從而加大考題的難度。對策: 采取減元法. 考生只有具備識別插入語的能力，才能解好這類題。 (16) -We havent heard from Jane for a long time. - What do you suppose _ to her? (MET 91,23) A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. having happened (17) The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2001, 22) A. until B. that C. when D. where3) 變換句子結(jié)構(gòu)-拆搭法 所謂拆搭法即命題者通過各種手段把原先在一起使用的固定搭配拆開, 將兩個毫不相干的表達(dá)搭在一起, 或?qū)㈩}干中句子的某一部分位置加一調(diào)整以此增加理解句子和選擇答案的難度。為了達(dá)到貌合神離 或貌離神合 的效果, 命題者一般從以下幾方面入手: (1) 增加提干法: 如加插入語從句等.對策(1) 采取減元法, 去除插入語或從句; (2) 蔣主從句分解為兩個簡單句; (3) 將所選選項代入原句. (18) John plays football _, if not better than, David. (NMET 94,28) A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as (19) The theory he had stuck _ to be true. A. proved B. to proving C. to prove D. to proved (20) - Thank you for the great trouble youve had _ me with my computer work. - That is nothing. A. with helping B. helpingC. to help D. to have helpedLots of time has been spent _ the job.A. to finish B. finished C. finishing D. finish (21) The harder we study, the more questions we think of _. A. asking B. being asked C. to ask D. asked (22) The plan they got down to _. A. was finished B. being finished C. have been finished D. finishing it (23) I feel the time has come _ around for a new job. A. to me to begin looking B. to me to begin to look C. for me to begin looking D. for me beginning to look (2) 移位法: 將動賓或介賓結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語通過被動語態(tài)定語從句或用疑問詞替代的方法進行移位, 使考生形成思維空缺.對策(1) 還原法, 將被動語態(tài)還原成主動語態(tài); (2)將含定語從句的復(fù)合句分化為兩個簡單句; (3) 將疑問句還原為陳述句. (24) The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2001,22) A. until B. that C. when D. where (25) The director told the visitors that very little _ was made of the waste water in the past. A. cost B. value C. use D. matter (26) I wonder if this is the computer you want _. A. to have repaired B. to have it repaired C. it repaired D. to repair it (27) What way are you thinking of _ rid of the flies? A. to get B. getting C. being got D. to be getting (28) Who are you going to _ Whos who into Chinese? A. have translated B. have been translated C. have translate D. have been translating (28) We believe _ you have devoted yourself _ sure to come true. A. that, is B. all that, to be C. that all, are D. what, to is (29) The salesman scolded the girl caught and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing (30) _are parts of the same educational experience, but unfortunately they are often thought of _separate.A. Teaching or learning, to be B. Teaching and learning, as to beC. Teaching rather than learning, as being D Teaching and learning, as being (31) A group has been arranged _ Mr. Black at the airport.A. for meeting B. to meet C. for to meet D. meeting (32) Who would you rather _ you tomorrow? A. had helped B. help C. to help D. helped (33) Do you refer to the bike you _ yesterday?A. had it repaired B. had repaired C. repair D. repaired it (34) He was sung high praise _ he had done.A. for what B. for that C. for for what D. for (3) 障眼法: 即利用思維定勢. 學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中強化記憶一些基礎(chǔ)詞法、句法，這是非常必要的。但這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠， 還必須學(xué)會正確遷移。 因為強化記憶會形成思維定勢，而思維定勢可能產(chǎn)生負(fù)面效應(yīng)。正是基于這一點，高考長設(shè)置語境，考察考生靈活的遷移能力。用學(xué)生熟悉的搭配或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)干擾項.對策 (1) 移位法; (2) 分析所空部分在句子中充當(dāng)何種成分; (3) 翻譯句子句意是否通順。(35) The home improvements have taken what little there is _ my spare time. (2001,27) A. from B. in C. of D. at(36) The use he _ his spare time made him a spare-time writer.A. made up of B. made up for B. C. made of D. took(37) He is often listened _ that beautiful song.A. to to sing B. sing C. to sing D. to singing (38) I can do what I can _ you. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped (39) We should try to prevent pollution _ a happier life. A. from living B. living C. to live D. against living (40) Beautiful as they made it _ happily, they had wasted so much. A. living B. to live C. live D. to be lived (41) With the completion of the power station, it will keep the peasants in the area _ electricity. A. supplying with B. supplying by C. supplied with D. supplied by (4) 縮略法: 與方法(1) 正好相反, 通過隱含或省略部分結(jié)構(gòu)的方法使兩個不相干的部分搭在一起.對策: 增元法, 分析句子成分, 補全所缺部分, 在所有成分俱全的情況下進行判斷。 (42) He likes little of chemistry, _of physics.A. and more B.no more thanC. and still less D. not less than (43) When _, this machine must be paid great attention to. A. used B. using C. being used D. using it 4) 省略句的使用采用省略的手法減弱命題中可讀的直接信息，使其留有充分的思維余地。 省略句的命題形式分為語境性省略和選擇性省略。 語境性省略句是指采用省略的方式給出選項的語境信息的命題； 選擇性省略句主要解決省略句的關(guān)鍵詞、詞組等與信息句的呼應(yīng)問題。 省略句的命題用來考察發(fā)散性思維和創(chuàng)造性思維能力。 對策: 增元法, 解省略題命題要順著語境進行合乎邏輯的思維發(fā)散，作完型全句的理解。 (44) -How long has this bookshop been in business? -_ 1982. (NMET 94,24) A. After B. In C. From D. Since (45) I dont think Ill need money but Ill bring some _. (2000,7) A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time (46) -What are you busy doing these days?-_ the college entrance examinations. A. To make preparations for B. Preparing myself for C. To prepare myself for D. Myself preparing (47) We see him when he comes to town, but _ isnt often. A. it B. which C. as D. that (48) -What made you so sad? -_made me upset. A. I lost my wallet B. Because I lost my wallet C. Losing my wallet D. Having lost my wallet5) 利用標(biāo)點符號標(biāo)點符號是句子的組成部分之一，它雖然不能創(chuàng)設(shè)語意環(huán)境，卻能創(chuàng)設(shè)語言的結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境。標(biāo)點符號屬于學(xué)生容易忽略的內(nèi)容，又容易引起解題錯誤。對策：利用標(biāo)點符號命題的單選題常常是復(fù)句，做題時首先要分析選項句子前后的標(biāo)點，然后進一步分析此句和另一個句子的關(guān)系。(49) _ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001, 34) A. It B. As C. That D. What(50) Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. (1999,19) A. it B. that C. when D. which6) 曲折表達(dá)手段曲折表達(dá)是一種常見的命題手段，它借助于一定詞法和句法表達(dá)與語境似乎不太相符的意義，必須作轉(zhuǎn)換理解。 常見與考察情態(tài)動詞、比較級等用法。對策：解好這類題的關(guān)鍵在于語感和語言經(jīng)驗的積累。做好這類題的關(guān)鍵是能夠正確理解結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的語句的意思。如果感到有困難，可以通過英語語句結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換(transformation)來把握其意思。(51) How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _. (1996,11) A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice7) 思維空間的設(shè)置在命題中，有時依靠語境營造出某一概念的思維空間，使上下句間接地卻又密切地保持著邏輯聯(lián)系。這種命題的上下句時態(tài)表現(xiàn)形式為非一直性，旨在考察空間想象和邏輯思維能力。對策：解題時首先分析另一個完整句子的時態(tài)，然后根據(jù)這個完整句子的時態(tài)去決定空格處需要用什么時態(tài)。(52) I _ ping-pong quite well, but