初中八種基本時(shí)態(tài)講解及練習(xí)

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法（時(shí)態(tài)）be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人稱) will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人稱) would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.其它謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表：現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞do / does)amis +動(dòng)詞-ingarewill + 動(dòng)詞原形amis +going to+動(dòng)詞原形arehave +過(guò)去分詞has過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)過(guò) 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞did)was +動(dòng)詞-ingwerewould + 動(dòng)詞原形was +going to+動(dòng)詞原形werehad +過(guò)去分詞 注意 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問(wèn)題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)注意：句型變化時(shí),否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為nt (am后面not不可以縮寫)；疑問(wèn)句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特征。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) 表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來(lái),句子中可以有將來(lái)時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往?？诘牧熊嚿衔?點(diǎn)開車) 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí),句子可以有將來(lái)時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國(guó)就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來(lái)了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。表示過(guò)去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。 如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來(lái)到我們市)表示過(guò)去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.講故事、對(duì)過(guò)去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過(guò)去事件等一般用過(guò)去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)(3) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。用will構(gòu)成的將來(lái)時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無(wú)關(guān)?！皊hall”用于第一人稱,“will”用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過(guò)了) “am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會(huì)生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請(qǐng)等我回來(lái))現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來(lái)。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)) shall和will 在口語(yǔ)的一些疑問(wèn)句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎？) “be to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： now, this , these等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)) 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：Im coming now.(我就來(lái))/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)(5)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具) 用于賓語(yǔ)從句或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：She saw it happen when she was walking past.(她路過(guò)時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳掷镒邥r(shí)唱了很多歌)(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在過(guò)去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。 在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?guó))表示在過(guò)去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)口語(yǔ)中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬(wàn)本書)have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過(guò)”)表示人在這里。 如：-Where is Mr Li? He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國(guó)。)/ -Do you know something about Beijing? Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過(guò)那里三次。)(7) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)言之, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。 過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when,before等引出狀語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語(yǔ),也會(huì)有for 或since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來(lái)的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。 如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說(shuō)他以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有見過(guò)袋鼠) (8) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示在過(guò)去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常由于賓語(yǔ)從句中,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：later, soon, the next (day).在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中不可以使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻€(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(以前每次只要他有空他就會(huì)坐下來(lái)看看書)表示純粹的將來(lái)時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to (+動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過(guò)去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會(huì)隨身帶一把雨傘)(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過(guò)去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。 如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)時(shí)態(tài)綜合練習(xí)（一）1. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people _ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.A. beginB. Began C. have begun D. had begun2. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy families.A. will often seeB. often see C. are often seeingD. have often seen3. I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _?A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. Left4. What were you doing when Tony phoned you?I had just finished my work and_ to take a shower.A. had started B. Started C. have started D. was starting5. I _ you not to move my dictionarynow I cant find it.A. asked B. Ask C. was asking D. had asked6. Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _ it this morning.A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done7. Whats that terrible noise?The neighbors _ for a party.A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.A. had considered B. has been considering C. consideredD. is going to consider9. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.A. was B. were C. had been D. would be10. The discussion _ alive when an interesting topic was brought in.A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came11. Because the shop _ , all the T-shirts are sold at half price.A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing downD. had closed down12. Lets keep to the point or we _ any decisions.A. will never reachB. have never reached C. never reachD. never reached13. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I _ half of it.A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed14. You were out when I dropped in at your house.Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport.A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited時(shí)態(tài)綜合練習(xí)（二）1. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _ 50 million.A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached2. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _ her somewhere.A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen3. The crazy fans _ patiently for two hours and they would wait till the movie star arrived.A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait4. She _ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.A. would change B. has changed C. changed D. was changing5. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power _ increased enormously ever since.A. is B. was C. has been D. had been6. You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasnt sayingB. dont say C. won